perspectives, research, and moving forward april 10, 2008 mandy carr, ph. d. executive director,...

Perspectives, Research, and Moving Forward

April 10, 2008April 10, 2008

Mandy Carr, Ph. D.Mandy Carr, Ph. D.Executive Director, Beef Safety ResearchExecutive Director, Beef Safety Research

National Cattlemen’s Beef AssociationNational Cattlemen’s Beef Association

Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety

History to the approachHistory to the approach Focus 880,000+ cattle at 35+ processing facilitiesFocus 880,000+ cattle at 35+ processing facilities

This began efforts to develop multiple interventionsThis began efforts to develop multiple interventions

Stocker Feedlot PackerProcessor

Retailer

FoodserviceConsumer

Seed Stock

Cow/Calf

800,000+

2,70085%

3595% 280,000,000+

19921992 19941994 19961996 2002200219981998 20002000 20042004 20082008

2008Video of BPs

Carcass microbial mapping

2003E. coli Summit

1997Founding of BIFSCo

Steam/thermal pasteurization

Acidified sodium chlorite

Steam vacuum

Organic acid wash

Safety Interventions & Best Practices

1993Blue Ribbon Task Force

20062006

Best Practice evolution and Safety Summits

19901990

Hide wash

Cattle washing

Vaccine

Sodium chlorate

On farm ecology

Neomycin

Direct fed microbials

2006

BIFSCo cited as model for other industries

Transportation and lairage


Interventions Interventions (at plant, part of post-harvest)(at plant, part of post-harvest)

Hide on washHide on washWaterWaterWater w/chemicalWater w/chemical

SpraysSpraysOrganic acids - lactic, aceticOrganic acids - lactic, aceticAcidified sodium chloriteAcidified sodium chlorite

TemperatureTemperatureHot water Hot water Steam vacuumSteam vacuumSteam pasteurizationSteam pasteurization

Carcass Interventions


Many options availableMany options available

Industry’s dedication to implementationIndustry’s dedication to implementation

19921992 19941994 19961996 2002200219981998 20002000 20042004 20082008

2008Video of BPs


2003E. coli Summit




Steam vacuum

Organic acid wash

Safety Interventions & Best Practices


20062006


19901990

Hide wash

Cattle washing

Vaccine

Sodium chlorate

On farm ecology

Neomycin


2006




Key knowledge learned for pre-harvest Key knowledge learned for pre-harvest HidesHidesTransfer to the carcassTransfer to the carcass


Interventions (at plant pre-harvest)Interventions (at plant pre-harvest)Live washLive wash


Key knowledge for pre-harvest Key knowledge for pre-harvest EnvironmentEnvironment

Prevalence of food-borne pathogens in air samples collected from clean loadout areas and dirty, dusty

loadout areas in beef feedyards

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

% p

os

itiv

e

E. coli O157 Salmonella

clean

dusty

PenPen 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 TotalTotal

# of Animal# of Animal 3535 3636 3030 3232 3030 3131 2929 3232 3232 3232 319319

Sep Feces % PositiveSep Feces % Positive 66 66 77 33 77 33 33 66 66 33 55

Oct Feces % PositiveOct Feces % Positive 4343 6767 6060 1919 8383 3636 1010 4747 2222 1616 4040

Nov Feces % PositiveNov Feces % Positive 3434 6161 6767 3838 6767 3939 1010 7272 6363 3838 4949

Dec Feces % PositiveDec Feces % Positive 2626 4242 8383 3131 4343 2626 77 3838 3434 66 3434

Jan Feces % PositiveJan Feces % Positive 33 88 1010 66 2323 33 33 1919 33 33 88

Feb Feces % PositiveFeb Feces % Positive 00 00 77 00 1717 33 00 66 00 00 33

Mar Feces % PositiveMar Feces % Positive 00 00 00 00 1010 33 33 66 1313 00 33

Apr 04 Feces % PositiveApr 04 Feces % Positive 00 00 33 00 33 00 00 33 00 1313 22

Apr 18 Feces % PositiveApr 18 Feces % Positive 33 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 99 9494 1111

May 02 Feces % PositiveMay 02 Feces % Positive 00 00 00 00 00 33 33 00 1919 8888 1111

Fecal prevalence for E. coli O157:H7

PenPen 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 TotalTotal

# of Animal# of Animal 3535 3636 3030 3232 3030 3131 2929 3232 3232 3232 319319

Sep Hide % PositiveSep Hide % Positive 3737 4242 6060 6666 7373 7171 7979 4747 4141 2828 5454

Oct Hide % PositiveOct Hide % Positive 8989 100100 100100 9494 100100 100100 100100 100100 100100 100100 9898

Nov Hide % PositiveNov Hide % Positive 9191 100100 100100 100100 9797 100100 9797 9797 100100 100100 9898

Dec Hide % PositiveDec Hide % Positive 4949 9797 100100 100100 100100 100100 8686 8888 3838 8484 8484

Jan Hide % PositiveJan Hide % Positive 33 9292 6767 1616 100100 8787 5252 100100 7878 4747 6464

Feb Hide % PositiveFeb Hide % Positive 33 1111 1313 99 9797 1616 33 8484 99 33 2424

Mar Hide % PositiveMar Hide % Positive 00 00 00 00 6060 1313 33 3131 00 00 1010

Apr 04 Hide % PositiveApr 04 Hide % Positive 00 00 00 00 77 1919 1414 33 33 9797 1414

Apr 18 Hide % PositiveApr 18 Hide % Positive 6666 4444 6363 5656 2727 8484 5959 3838 9494 100100 6363

May 02 Hide % PositiveMay 02 Hide % Positive 33 1717 00 66 33 00 00 66 4444 9191 1717

Hide prevalence for E. coli O157:H7


Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)

Research to demonstrate effectivenessResearch to demonstrate effectiveness

In approval processIn approval process

Direct Fed MicrobialsDirect Fed Microbials

Approved for animal health and performance, NOT as a pre-Approved for animal health and performance, NOT as a pre-harvest intervention for pathogensharvest intervention for pathogens

Cumulative proportion of steers that were positive culture-positive for E. coli O157:H7 by treatment group and by sampling period.

4 Year Cumulative Summary Reduction of E. coli O157 in Beef Feedlot Cattle Using NP 51

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2001 2002 2003 2004

Pe

rce

nt

po

sit

ive

fo

r E

. co

li O

15

7

Control

NP 51


Interventions (prior to Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)plant pre-harvest)PhagesPhages

Viruses that target specific Viruses that target specific bacteria bacteria

Have been widely used in Have been widely used in Eastern Europe in place of Eastern Europe in place of antibioticsantibiotics

Invade targeted bacteria, Invade targeted bacteria, replicate, kill the bacterium, replicate, kill the bacterium, but not other bacteriabut not other bacteria

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Controlphage

E. coli O

157:

H7

stra

in 9

33 (

log 10

CF

U/g

dig

esta

)

Tissue

Rumen Cecum Rectum

a b

P < 0.05


Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)Sodium chlorateSodium chlorate

Phages target and invade specific bacteriaChlorate kills bacteria that have the enzyme nitrate

reductase onlyKills E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella but not other

bacteria

10

100

1000

104

105

106

107

-40-30-20-10 0 10 20 30933 control933 chlorate86-24 control86-24 chlorate6058 control6058 chlorate

E. coli O157:H7 in cows


Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)NeomycinNeomycin

Labeled for use in cattleLabeled for use in cattle‘‘treatment and control of colibacillosis (bacterial treatment and control of colibacillosis (bacterial

enteritis) caused by enteritis) caused by Escherichia coliEscherichia coli’’

In-feed and in-water preparationsIn-feed and in-water preparations1-day withdrawal period1-day withdrawal period

O157 Reduction in Prev• Feces – 98.2%• Hides – 95%Theuninck - Cargill

O157 Reduction in Prev• Feces – 100%• Hides – 78.9%Belk - CSU


Prevalence of cattle shedding E. coli O157:H7Summer 1999 / 2002

44 pens of cattle

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43

pens ranked by prevalence

Pre

vale

nce

Prevalence of cattle shedding E. coli O157:H7Winter 2000 / 2001 / 2002

30 pens of cattle

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

pens ranked by prevalence

Pre

vale

nce

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

2001 2002

Summer Winter

http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPHS/ecoltest.htm

Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)VaccinesVaccines

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

An

ima

ls te

stin

g p

osi

tive

Post Challenge Sampling Days

Fecal prevalence of E. coli O157:H7

Trt P = 0.03Day P <.0001

Controls

SRP Vaccinates

Challenge Study

10.4

2.531.48 0.91

0

4

8

12

16

20

Fecal prevalence Fecal concentration

Fiel

d Effi

cacy

Stu

dy 2

: 200

7

Measure of effect Magnitude

• Vaccine Efficacy(%) 86% reduction

• Concentration 98% reduction

• Performance No effect (P>0.60)

Both comparisons associated with P ≤ 0.02

““The most important finding of The most important finding of this study was that vaccinated this study was that vaccinated cattle were less likely to be cattle were less likely to be colonized at the TRM.” colonized at the TRM.”

““Vaccinated cattle were 98.3 Vaccinated cattle were 98.3 percent less likely to be percent less likely to be colonized by colonized by E. coliE. coli O157:H7 O157:H7 in TRM (odds ratio = 0.014, in TRM (odds ratio = 0.014, PP<0.0001).” <0.0001).” 0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Vaccine Placebo

Treatment

Pro

babi

lity

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

HALFVAC NOVAC ALLVAC

Vaccination treatment

Pro

bab

ilit

yCattle in the vaccinated region were 62% less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 than cattle in the unvaccinated region (p=0.002)

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

NO YES

Vaccination treatment

Pro

bab

ilit

y

Within commingled pens vaccinated cattle were 58% less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 than unvaccinated cattle (p=0.005)


Interventions, both pre- and post-harvest Interventions, both pre- and post-harvest are vital parts of a system of hurdles in are vital parts of a system of hurdles in beef production and processingbeef production and processing

No “silver-bullet” for common application No “silver-bullet” for common application and because of the multi-hurdle system, and because of the multi-hurdle system, one intervention does not have to beone intervention does not have to be

These procedures These procedures cannotcannot be applied to be applied to replace…replace…

Good manufacturing practices such as:Good manufacturing practices such as: Equipment hygiene during productionEquipment hygiene during production Employee hygiene and hand washingEmployee hygiene and hand washing Sanitation – before, during and after operationsSanitation – before, during and after operations

Proper chilling:Proper chilling: proper time & temperatureproper time & temperature product and carcass spacing to insure air flowproduct and carcass spacing to insure air flow

Continuous employee training for proper Continuous employee training for proper techniquetechnique

Beef Safety FY 2007 Priorities Pathogen ManagementPathogen Management

Pre-harvest - pathogen ecology, management Pre-harvest - pathogen ecology, management practices, interventionspractices, interventions

Post-harvest – sustained activity of multiple Post-harvest – sustained activity of multiple interventionsinterventions

Key knowledgeKey knowledge

Non-O157Non-O157 In In 10,159 samples10,159 samples (carcass, trim and ground beef), (carcass, trim and ground beef),

15 isolates15 isolates are serotypes that match CDC top 6; a are serotypes that match CDC top 6; a fraction of these have the ability to cause diseasefraction of these have the ability to cause disease

Distillers grainsDistillers grains Few studiesFew studies Variations of corn with DG Variations of corn with DG Conflicting data - too early to tellConflicting data - too early to tell

MDR SalmonellaMDR Salmonella Strains in cattle not the same as those linked to human illnessStrains in cattle not the same as those linked to human illness

Effectiveness of interventionsEffectiveness of interventions MDR SalmonellaMDR Salmonella Non-O157Non-O157 O157O157 SalmonellaSalmonella

Beef Industry Food Safety CouncilBeef Industry Food Safety Council Best practices evolvementBest practices evolvement Beef Industry Safety SummitBeef Industry Safety Summit Unify industry to address major safety issuesUnify industry to address major safety issues www.bifsco.orgwww.bifsco.org update and redesign update and redesign

Education/DisseminationEducation/Dissemination Research Annual ReportResearch Annual Report

Fact sheets, executive Fact sheets, executive summaries, web resourcessummaries, web resources

Develop educational modules Develop educational modules and meetingsand meetings

Host industry meetingsHost industry meetings

www.beefresearch.orgwww.beefresearch.org

Beef Safety FY 2008 Priorities

Safety Threat ResearchSafety Threat Research Pre-harvest – pathogen ecology, management Pre-harvest – pathogen ecology, management

practices, interventions, emerging pathogens, practices, interventions, emerging pathogens, resistance developmentresistance development

Post-harvest – survey use of BP and interventions, Post-harvest – survey use of BP and interventions, risk assessment for processed product, optimization risk assessment for processed product, optimization of current interventions of current interventions

Projects completed May 2009Projects completed May 2009

Safety Threat MonitoringSafety Threat Monitoring

BIFSCoBIFSCo Safety SummitSafety Summit Small plant outreachSmall plant outreach Best PracticesBest Practices VideosVideos

Implementation & Knowledge TransferImplementation & Knowledge Transfer Annual report, executive summaries, white papers, Annual report, executive summaries, white papers,

fact sheetsfact sheets Web resourcesWeb resources

19921992 19941994 19961996 2002200219981998 20002000 20042004 20082008

2008Video of BPs


2003E. coli Summit




Steam vacuum

Organic acid wash

Safety Interventions & Best PracticesSafety Interventions & Best Practices


20062006


19901990

Hide wash

Cattle washing

Vaccine

Sodium chlorate

On farm ecology

Neomycin


2006



Perspectives, Research, and Moving Forward

Mandy Carr, Ph.D.Mandy Carr, Ph.D.

Executive Director, Beef Safety ResearchExecutive Director, Beef Safety Research

National Cattlemen’s Beef AssociationNational Cattlemen’s Beef Association

perspectives, research, and moving forward april 10, 2008 mandy carr, ph. d. executive director,...

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