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Perspectives on Source-to-Sink: Methods, Tools and Development for Subsurface Energy Exploration and Exploitation
Ole J. Martinsen*, Tor Sømme**, Allie Thurmond*, Jakob Skogseid*, Ian Lunt*, Les Leith*, William Helland-Hansen***Statoil Norway **University of Bergen, Norway
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Contents
• Development and application of source-to-sink for resource exploration
– What are we looking for?
• Paleo Source-to-Sink
– Role of topography
– Dynamic landscapes, segments and segment boundaries vs. stratigraphy
• Onshore-to-shelf boundary
• Conclusions
Tana River and delta, northern Norway
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Challenge and Need
• Rationale
– Combining processes, resulting landscapes, and source-to-sink for prediction of lithologies that store natural resources
– Problem to solve: most subsurface systems are not complete source-to-sink systems or lack significant data…
60kmFrom the Millennium Atlas
East Shetland Platform (UK) Stord Basin (Norway)W E
1000m
South Viking Graben Utsira High
Paleocene slope-basin floor wedge
”S2S becomes increasingly important with increasing time scales” (Chris Paola)
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Current S2S Model and Challenges• Holistic approach
• Need a model to be able to predict
• Static segments and segment boundaries
• Temporal and spatial scale independence?
– Semi-quantitative for good reasons!
• Uniformitarian approach– Present/Recent systems
are recognizable in the stratigraphic record?
Sømme et al. 2009 (Basin Research)
Sink
Source
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Segments and Segment Boundaries• Static geomorphic model vs. dynamic stratigraphy
Sømme et al. 2009 (Basin Research)
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Morphological Approach: Linked Segments
Sømme et al. 2009 (Basin Research)
Can information from one segment provide quantitative information about other segments?
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Sømme et al. 2009 (Basin Research)
Linkage of Segments
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100 1000
Slope length (km)
Leng
th o
f lon
gest
rive
r cha
nnel
(km
) River length vs. slope length
Small active
Large active
Passive
Mixed
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Paleocene Ormen Lange Fan and Catchment: Inversion to Test Model
Sømme et al. (2009)
• Paleo source-to-sink analysis yields
– Slope length: ~5-15 km
– Water depth 1000-2000 m
– Catchment ~20 000 km2
– Longest river channel ~200 km
• Potential for prediction of deep- water reservoirs
• Global application
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Earth Sciences and Source-to-Sink
• Integration between earth sciences
– Geodynamics, paleoclimatology, sedimentary geology, geomorphology…
• But is and should Source-to-Sink be ”everything” ?
– Linkage and prediction essential
– Scaling: spatial vs. temporal challenges
– Simplification is needed to apply to the stratigraphic record
• Common denominator: ”Topography”
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Role of Topography• Generated by tectonics and sea level
• Generator of sediments
• Controls climate
• Common factor for earth resource generation, distribution and storage
– Hydroelectric power
– Hydrocarbons
– Renewables (wind, wave, tidal)
– Water
• Paleotopography and Source-to-Sink
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Coupling Landscapes to Stratigraphy: Segments and Segment Boundaries
Late Pleistocene-Holocene forced regressive shorelines and incised valleys, Arctic Norway
Shoreline position 15000BP
Shoreline position 10500BP
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Source-to-Sink vs. Sequence Stratigraphy Complementary Approaches to Predict Sediment Partitioning
• Holistic basin analysis
• Process-oriented
• Integration of earth processes
• Natural systems with inherent complexity
• Map-view and volumetric focus
• Stratigraphy-dominated
• Product-oriented
• Sink-focused
• Model-oriented 3D concepts, 2D practice
• Cross-sectional/depth focus
Dave Hunt, unpublished
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Dynamic Stratigraphy = Dynamic Segments
Chris Kendall, USC website
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Catchments (A Topographic Derivative): Useful for Prediction of Ancient Segment Boundaries?
Dendritic Parallel Rectangular Radial
Trellis DerangedCentripetal
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Post-Glacial Basin (15000 BP-Present), Finnmark, Northern Norway
1000 m
17.1 km2
8.2 km2
1.7 km2
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Main Catchment and Basin 15000 BP
1000 m
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1000 m
>Present: ”Static” Catchment and Incision: The Sink Did Not Become the Source
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Fennoscandia: Topographic Inheritance, Catchments and Segment Boundaries
Modified from Lidmar-Bergstrøm & Näslund (2002)
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SW Fennoscandia: Catchment Formation and Correlation to Offshore
• 4 main morphologically different catchments
• Influenced by
– Structural inheritance from Caledonidian orogeny
– Cenozoic uplift
– Glacial influence
• Offshore sedimentary rocks studied extensively
– But effects of onshore processes such as drainage and geomorphology less understood
Martinsen et al. (2010)
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II II
III
IV
Incision phases
Nesje and Whillans, 1992
Original catchment
Later incision and extension
Segment boundaries
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Effects of Dynamic Segments and Boundaries
• Overestimation of paleocatchment size
• Prolonged storage in some segments
– Stranded alluvial sediments because of entrenchment
• Changed morphology of segment boundary
– Stretching and narrowing of segment boundaries
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Conclusions and Applications
• Topographic understanding is critical
• Segments and segment boundaries are dynamic
• Major impact for resources: prediction in frontier basins and of lithology
• Also huge potential for water resources, paleoclimate understanding and natural disasters
• In summary: we are concerned with margin- and basin-scale features to be able to predict and increase probability
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Key Points from Conference
• Details do matter but scaling crucial
– 100 ky scale bridging time scale (Dave Mohrig)
• 4 key dimensions to consider for bridging
– Space2 (strike and dip)
– Time
– Climate (icehouse vs. greenhouse)
• Partly abandon uniformitarianism!
• Need to identify common ground