perspectives in psychology new

7/27/2019 Perspectives in Psychology New

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PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY

There are different perspectives or

viewpoints in psychology

Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Humanistic,

Biological, cognitive, Socio-cultural &

Evolutionary perspectives are some

example

Each perspective focus on the subjectmatter of psychology in somewhat different

way


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Psychodynamic perspective

Propounded by Sigmund Freud

Holds that behavior is the function of

unconscious mind, personality structure

and early childhood experience

Because these factors do play role in

behavior psychology should focus its

attention on such factors to understand

behavior


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Psychody

Personality of each individual has three

competing forces The Id, Ego and

superego

Id operates according to pleasure principle

Ego operates according to Reality

principle

Superego operates according to Morality

principle


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Till the ego is able to balance thedemands of Id and Superego individual isnormal

Thus the interaction between Id, Ego &Superego play vital role in both normaland abnormal behaviors

Each individual passses through fivestages of psychosexual stages: oral, analphallic, latency and genital


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For individual to be normal he shouldsuccessfully resolve the conflict arouseddue to

Individuals get sexual pleasure fromvarious parts of the body (ErogenousZones) in different stages of psychosexualdevelopment.

Undersatisfaction or over satisfaction ineach stage results in fixation


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Fixation is excessive investment of

psychich energy in a particular stage

Fixation results in various psychological

problems


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REFRESH YOURSELF

AMAZING HOTELS OF WORLD


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Behavioral Perspective

Contributed by Watson, Pavlov & Skinner

Holds that behavior results from learning

Human beings are neutral at birth and it islearning that contribute for both normal

and abnormal behavior of individual

Heredity and unconscious mind have littleor no role to play in behavior


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Behavioral contd

Focus should be paid in reinforcement and

punishment because these are the factors

that play role in learning and behavior


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Humanistic perspective

Key contributors: Carl Roger, Maslow Assumption: Human beings are positive &

have enormous power for growth

Behavior results from inherent need forgrowth (Psychological growth: need to

become what one is able to be)

Focus on free will, subjective experience(Psychology should focus on individuals

subjective experience) & uniqueness of

individual


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Evolutionary Perspective

Key Contributor D.M. Buss This theory is influenced by Darwins theory

of natural selection

According to this theory, behavior isinfluenced by Inheritance, Variation within

& among species & natural selection

Variation refers to the fact that organismsbelonging to a given species vary in many

different ways


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Inheritance refers to the fact that some of

these variations can be passed from one

generation to the next

Selection refers to the fact that nature

always selects those who are best in

adaptation : Those who are unable to

adapt will gradually decrease


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Evolutionary

Believe that most of the behaviors that

human show are the result of evolution.

Psychology should focus on evolution to

completely understand the behavior


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CLONING

THIS WILL BE THE RESULT IF CLONINGGOES WRONG


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Social and Cultural (Socio-

Cultural) perspective

Major contributors of this perspective are

Janet Hyde and David Matsumoto

this perspective believe that behavior is

the result of socio cultural factors

explains how our personality, belief,

attitude, skill and values are shaped by our

culture, ethnicity, gender, religion and

other important socio-cultural factors


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Cognitive Perspective

key contributors of this approach are George

Miller, Jerome Bruner and Ulrich Neisser

focuses its attention on the role of cognition

in behavior : the mental act or process by

which knowledge is acquired

cognition refers to the processing of

information that we receive through senses

It is the cognition that determines our

response


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Abnormal behavior results from problem in

cognitive process

perspectives in psychology new

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