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Personality development in juvenile delinquents
Eindhoven, 20.04.2017
Klaus Schmeck
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel / Switzerland
Personality development
Personality is codetermined by
› genetic and constitutional dispositions, on the one hand,
and
› interaction of the individual with environmental,
particularly psychosocial, features in the course of
psychological development, on the other.” (Kernberg, 2016)
Personality development is a transactional process.
| 2 26. April 2017 Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel | www.upkbs.ch |
Person-Environment-Transactions (Schneewind, 2005)
› Reactive Person-Environment-Transactions different individuals react differently to the same environment
(e.g. attributional bias of conduct disordered children)
› Evocative Person-Environment-Transactions specific personality traits or behaviours evoke certain reactions
in other people (e.g. parental reaction towards children with difficult temperament)
› Proactive Person-Environment-Transactions individuals choose their environment and have an impact on it (e.g. choice of friends, partner, profession, leisure activities etc.)
| 3 26. April 2017 Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel | www.upkbs.ch |
Cloninger‘s biopsychosocial model of personality
Personality
Temperament Character
automatic emotional reactions
(activation, inhibition and
maintenance of behavior),
„style” of behavior
Self concepts, goals and values, that
influence the ability to adapt to
oneself and the social environment
(Neuro-) biologically based, stable
dispositions, „heterotype continuity“
continuos development by
sociocultural learning
modulated by character
development is based on temperament
basis of personality ...
... what is made out of it
Four Temperament Dimensions Three Character Dimensions
Novelty Seeking
Exploratory Excitability, Impulsiveness,
Extravagance, Disorderliness
Self Directedness
Responsibility, Purposefulness,
Resourcefulness, Self-Acceptance
Harm Avoidance
Fear of uncertainty, Anticipatory worry,
Shyness, Fatigability
Cooperativeness
Social acceptance, Empathy, Helpfulness,
Compassion, Pure-hearted Conscience
Reward Dependence
Sensitivity, Openness to warm
communication, Attachment, Dependence
Self-Transcendence
Self-forgetful, Transpersonal Identification,
Spiritual Acceptance
Persistence
Eagerness of effort, Ambitious, Perfectionist
Cloninger‘s biopsychosocial model of personality
Cloninger‘ s concept of personality development
P
high
CO
high
SD
high
influence of temperament on character development
(„-“ = decrease / „+“ = increase of “mature“ character development)
“mature“
character
development +
-
+
-
RD
high
HA
high
NS
high
education /
psychosocial influences
Self Directedness
Responsibility
Purposefulness
Resourcefulness
Self-Acceptance
Cooperativeness
Social acceptance
Empathy
Helpfulness
Compassion
Conscience
Influence of temperament on character development
harm avoidance
highmediumlow
m e a n o
f S
D _ T
70
60
50
40
30
novelty seeking
low
medium
high
37
44
50
42
49
57
44
53
59
persistence
highmediumlow
m e a n o
f S
D _ T
70
60
50
40
30
reward dep.
low
medium
high
59
50
47
53
48
45
48
43
38
School Sample
350 boys, 356 girls
Schmeck (2001)
Personality and psychosocial adversity
AchseV-Lifetime-Belastung
>85-81-4,00
M itt
e lw
e rt
N V
_ T
60,0
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
53,6
52,3
48,8
45,7
AchseV-Lifetime-Belastung
>85-81-4,00
M itt
e lw
e rt
S V
_ T
60,0
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
59,1
53,053,2
52,0
Novelty Seeking Harm Avoidance
AchseV-Lifetime-Belastung
>85-81-4,00
M itt
e lw
e rt
S L
_ T
60,0
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
38,3
45,4
48,7
50,6
Self-Directedness
Correlations of JTCI personality dimensions with SDQ
Emotional Problems
(internalizing) Behaviour Problems
(externalizing) Total Problem Score
JTCI
3-6
JTCI
7-11
JTCI
12-18
JTCI
3-6
JTCI
7-11
JTCI
12-18
JTCI
3-6
JTCI
7-11
JTCI
12-18
NS .14 .19 -.06 .53 .59 .46 .69 .47 .27
HA .70 .52 .62 .10 -.03 .02 .35 .19 .46
RD .13 .02 .07 -.11 -.02 -.09 -.09 .00 -.13
P -.19 -.12 -.19 -.30 -.27 -.32 -.47 -.45 -.44
SD -.48 -.44 -.58 -.17 -.36 -.27 -.55 -.58 -.62
CO -.04 -.32 .08 -.60 -.66 -.43 -.58 -.57 -.30
ST -.05 .04 .23 .07 -.04 .02 -.06 -.03 .14
NS = novelty seeking, HA = harm avoidance, RD = reward dependence, P = persistence, SD = self directedness, CO = cooperativeness, ST = self transcendence
JTCI 3-6 (n=124) JTCI 7-11 (n=105) und JTCI 12-18 R (n=115) Goth et al. (2009)
Temperament and the development of
externalizing disorders
Low social
responsiveness
externalizing
disorders
Impaired acceptance of
societal norms and rules decreased
behavioral control
Strong behavioral
activation
Level of aggressive and delinquent behavior (YSR)
by Novelty Seeking (NS) and Reward Dependence (RD)
NVbaNVBAnvbanvBA
M itt
el w
er t
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Dissozialität
Aggressivität
p
Samples and study-instruments
Samples:
• Community sample (N = 840, 12-18y.; 480 boys, 360 girls)
• MAZ-project in Swiss juvenile justice institutions (N = 592; 402 boys,
190 girls)
Instruments:
• Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) – Self report Questionnaire
(50 Items to assess the three factor model of psychopathy)
• Self reported delinquency (Boers & Reinecke, 2007)
YPI to assess psychopathy in adolescents (Andershed et al. 2002; German version Schmeck et al. 2005)
Dishonest Charm
Grandiosity
Lying
Manipulation
Interpersonal
(grandiose, manipulative)
Remorselessness
Unemotionality
Callousness
Affective
(callous, unemotional)
Impulsiveness
Thrill-Seeking
Irresponsibility
Behavioral
(impulsive, irresponsible)
26.04.2017 Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel | www.upkbs.ch | 14
Description of the samples
Institutions, gender, age, country of birth
Residential care N=592
School N=894
Data collection 2007 – 2011 2007 – 2009
Institutions 64 17
Male 402 (67.9%) 508 (56.8%)
Female 190 (32.1%) 386 (43.2%)
Age range 5.2 – 26.8 10.9 – 22.5
Mean age (SD) 15.9 (3.0) 17.6 (1.7)
Born in Switzerland 484 (81.8%) 763 (85.3%)
YPI and Delinquency in Males
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
Interpersonal
Affective
Behavioral
Total Score
no offence (n=21)
low-level offence (n=24)
moderate offence (n=25)
severe offence l.v. (n=76)
severe offence h.v. (n=76)
P < 0,01 = **
P < 0,05 = *
N = 222
Mean
** **
**
**
YPI and Delinquency in Females
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
Interpersonal
Affective
Behavioral
Total Score
no offence (n=11)
low-level offence (n=13)
moderate offence (n=19)
severe offence l.v. (n=24)
severe offence h.v. (n=11)
P < 0,01 = **
P < 0,05 = *
Mean
**
**
**
26.04.2017 Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel | www.upkbs.ch | 17
0%
5