personality development in childhood and adolescence ... personality development personality is...

Personality development in juvenile delinquents

Eindhoven, 20.04.2017

Klaus Schmeck

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel / Switzerland

Personality development

Personality is codetermined by

› genetic and constitutional dispositions, on the one hand,

and

› interaction of the individual with environmental,

particularly psychosocial, features in the course of

psychological development, on the other.” (Kernberg, 2016)

Personality development is a transactional process.

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Person-Environment-Transactions (Schneewind, 2005)

› Reactive Person-Environment-Transactions different individuals react differently to the same environment

(e.g. attributional bias of conduct disordered children)

› Evocative Person-Environment-Transactions specific personality traits or behaviours evoke certain reactions

in other people (e.g. parental reaction towards children with difficult temperament)

› Proactive Person-Environment-Transactions individuals choose their environment and have an impact on it (e.g. choice of friends, partner, profession, leisure activities etc.)

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Cloninger‘s biopsychosocial model of personality

Personality

Temperament Character

 automatic emotional reactions

(activation, inhibition and

maintenance of behavior),

„style” of behavior

 Self concepts, goals and values, that

influence the ability to adapt to

oneself and the social environment

 (Neuro-) biologically based, stable

dispositions, „heterotype continuity“

 continuos development by

sociocultural learning

 modulated by character

development  is based on temperament

 basis of personality ...

 ... what is made out of it

Four Temperament Dimensions Three Character Dimensions

Novelty Seeking

Exploratory Excitability, Impulsiveness,

Extravagance, Disorderliness

Self Directedness

Responsibility, Purposefulness,

Resourcefulness, Self-Acceptance

Harm Avoidance

Fear of uncertainty, Anticipatory worry,

Shyness, Fatigability

Cooperativeness

Social acceptance, Empathy, Helpfulness,

Compassion, Pure-hearted Conscience

Reward Dependence

Sensitivity, Openness to warm

communication, Attachment, Dependence

Self-Transcendence

Self-forgetful, Transpersonal Identification,

Spiritual Acceptance

Persistence

Eagerness of effort, Ambitious, Perfectionist

Cloninger‘s biopsychosocial model of personality

Cloninger‘ s concept of personality development

P

high

CO

high

SD

high

influence of temperament on character development

(„-“ = decrease / „+“ = increase of “mature“ character development)

“mature“

character

development +

-

+

-

RD

high

HA

high

NS

high

education /

psychosocial influences

Self Directedness

Responsibility

Purposefulness

Resourcefulness

Self-Acceptance

Cooperativeness

Social acceptance

Empathy

Helpfulness

Compassion

Conscience

Influence of temperament on character development

harm avoidance

highmediumlow

m e a n o

f S

D _ T

70

60

50

40

30

novelty seeking

low

medium

high

37

44

50

42

49

57

44

53

59

persistence

highmediumlow

m e a n o

f S

D _ T

70

60

50

40

30

reward dep.

low

medium

high

59

50

47

53

48

45

48

43

38

School Sample

350 boys, 356 girls

Schmeck (2001)

Personality and psychosocial adversity

AchseV-Lifetime-Belastung

>85-81-4,00

M itt

e lw

e rt

N V

_ T

60,0

55,0

50,0

45,0

40,0

53,6

52,3

48,8

45,7

AchseV-Lifetime-Belastung

>85-81-4,00

M itt

e lw

e rt

S V

_ T

60,0

55,0

50,0

45,0

40,0

59,1

53,053,2

52,0

Novelty Seeking Harm Avoidance

AchseV-Lifetime-Belastung

>85-81-4,00

M itt

e lw

e rt

S L

_ T

60,0

55,0

50,0

45,0

40,0

35,0

38,3

45,4

48,7

50,6

Self-Directedness

Correlations of JTCI personality dimensions with SDQ

Emotional Problems

(internalizing) Behaviour Problems

(externalizing) Total Problem Score

JTCI

3-6

JTCI

7-11

JTCI

12-18

JTCI

3-6

JTCI

7-11

JTCI

12-18

JTCI

3-6

JTCI

7-11

JTCI

12-18

NS .14 .19 -.06 .53 .59 .46 .69 .47 .27

HA .70 .52 .62 .10 -.03 .02 .35 .19 .46

RD .13 .02 .07 -.11 -.02 -.09 -.09 .00 -.13

P -.19 -.12 -.19 -.30 -.27 -.32 -.47 -.45 -.44

SD -.48 -.44 -.58 -.17 -.36 -.27 -.55 -.58 -.62

CO -.04 -.32 .08 -.60 -.66 -.43 -.58 -.57 -.30

ST -.05 .04 .23 .07 -.04 .02 -.06 -.03 .14

NS = novelty seeking, HA = harm avoidance, RD = reward dependence, P = persistence, SD = self directedness, CO = cooperativeness, ST = self transcendence

JTCI 3-6 (n=124) JTCI 7-11 (n=105) und JTCI 12-18 R (n=115) Goth et al. (2009)

Temperament and the development of

externalizing disorders

Low social

responsiveness

externalizing

disorders

Impaired acceptance of

societal norms and rules decreased

behavioral control

Strong behavioral

activation

Level of aggressive and delinquent behavior (YSR)

by Novelty Seeking (NS) and Reward Dependence (RD)

NVbaNVBAnvbanvBA

M itt

el w

er t

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

Dissozialität

Aggressivität

p

Samples and study-instruments

Samples:

• Community sample (N = 840, 12-18y.; 480 boys, 360 girls)

• MAZ-project in Swiss juvenile justice institutions (N = 592; 402 boys,

190 girls)

Instruments:

• Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) – Self report Questionnaire

(50 Items to assess the three factor model of psychopathy)

• Self reported delinquency (Boers & Reinecke, 2007)

YPI to assess psychopathy in adolescents (Andershed et al. 2002; German version Schmeck et al. 2005)

Dishonest Charm

Grandiosity

Lying

Manipulation

Interpersonal

(grandiose, manipulative)

Remorselessness

Unemotionality

Callousness

Affective

(callous, unemotional)

Impulsiveness

Thrill-Seeking

Irresponsibility

Behavioral

(impulsive, irresponsible)

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Description of the samples

Institutions, gender, age, country of birth

Residential care N=592

School N=894

Data collection 2007 – 2011 2007 – 2009

Institutions 64 17

Male 402 (67.9%) 508 (56.8%)

Female 190 (32.1%) 386 (43.2%)

Age range 5.2 – 26.8 10.9 – 22.5

Mean age (SD) 15.9 (3.0) 17.6 (1.7)

Born in Switzerland 484 (81.8%) 763 (85.3%)

YPI and Delinquency in Males

5

7.5

10

12.5

15

Interpersonal

Affective

Behavioral

Total Score

no offence (n=21)

low-level offence (n=24)

moderate offence (n=25)

severe offence l.v. (n=76)

severe offence h.v. (n=76)

P < 0,01 = **

P < 0,05 = *

N = 222

Mean

** **

**

**

YPI and Delinquency in Females

5

7.5

10

12.5

15

Interpersonal

Affective

Behavioral

Total Score

no offence (n=11)

low-level offence (n=13)

moderate offence (n=19)

severe offence l.v. (n=24)

severe offence h.v. (n=11)

P < 0,01 = **

P < 0,05 = *

Mean

**

**

**

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0%

5