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Persian Calendar 2576Solar Calendar 1396

Gregorian Calendar 2017-2018

The Moment of Nowruz or March Equinox in USA

6:28:40 AMMon. March 20Eastern Zone

5:28:40 AMMon. March 20Central Zone

4:28:40 AMMon. March 20Mountain Zone

3:28:40 AMMon. March 20Pacific Zone

All Rights ReservedNo part of this book may be reproduced in any

form or by any means without the written permission of the Author and the Publisher

Author, Commercial Writer Format and Design

Mason Balouchian

PublisherMason Balouchian

[email protected]

407-970-5486

Sponsor Commerce International

Orlando, Florida

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The History of a few Persian Festivals

NowruzNowruz, the Persian New

Year, is the most respected festi-val in Iran. It starts on the first day of spring which falls on 19-21st March. It is called the March Equinox in the northern hemisphere and coincides the moment the sun crosses an imaginary plane stretching above the equator as the earth revolves around it.

Nowruz lasts for fifteen days. There are many cus-toms related to this festival including house-cleaning, haft-seen table (arrangement of seven items that start with the letter “s”) such as seeb (apple), sabzeh (wheat-grass), sekkeh (coin), etc. Other items set at the table are, a mirror, goldfish in a bowl, and painted eggs. They symbolize sky, animals, and fertility respectively. Other practices in-clude making visits and calling family, relatives, friends, and giving gifts to children and acquaintances. Chaharshanbe-Su-ri (Wednesday or Fire Festival), and Sizdah Bedar (Camping day, a day out in parks or countryside to pass the bad luck of the thirteenth day of Farvardin) are other rituals related to Nowruz.

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Chaharshanbe-Suri Festival Wednesday (Fire) Festival

Chaharshanbeh Suri oc-curs on the last Wednesday of every year. It dates back to 1700 BC and the early Zoroastrian era. The festival starts on Wednesday eve-ning by lighting fire which is kept alive until the follow-ing dawn. The etymology of this term includes the word Chaharshanbeh (Wednesday), and Suri which refers to fire. During this festival, people light fire in their yard and chant, take my illness away and give me your purity while jumping over it. This action signifies cleansing. In other words, they want the fire to take all their difficulties and ailments away and replace them with warmth, energy, and strength. This festival is not a religious ceremony.

Sádeh Festival Midwinter Festival

Sádeh, an ancient Per-sian festival is celebrated in mid winter about Jan. 29th by lighting fire near water in the evening. It symbolizes defeating the forces of dark-ness. Sád means one hun-dred and refers to number of the days past summer. The fire is kept alive all night. According to Zoroastrian tradi-tion the fire is blessed and the following day, people carry a portion of that to their homes. Then they would transfer the remaining fire to the temple to join with the eternal fire. This festival lasts three days. The people prepare food which is distributed among the poor. They also sing and play different games.

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Yalda Festival The last night of Autumn

Yalda or Chelleh is the longest night of the year in the northern hemisphere. It begins from twilight on the final day of autumn (about Nov. the 20th) to the break of dawn on the following day (the first day of winter). Traditionally, the Persians stay up all night and party with family and friends. During this festival, they eat rich food, and fruits left from summer and fall such as pomegranate, watermelon, mel-on, and nuts and celebrate until daybreak.

Mehregan FestivalThanksgiving

Mehrgan, after Nowruz, is the most important Per-sian Festival. The word Mehr refers to the Sun, Love and Friendship. This festival be-gins about October the 7th and continues for six days. Since at this time of the year farmers start gathering their crops, Mehregan has been attributed to farmer’s festivity and thanksgiving for the harvest and food they store for the cold season. It is also said that on this day Fereydun, the legendary king of Iran vanquished Dahaka, the myth-ological devil, and imprisoned him in Mount Damavand. Whatever the origin, Mehregan is celebrated for love, life, thanksgiving and happiness.

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Etymology of the words Iran and Persia

The name Iran comes from the word “Aryanam” meaning the land of Aryans. It was used by Irani-ans in 1000 BC. In the book of Arda Virap written in middle Persian during the late antiquity, at some point the narrator refers to the country as Iran. A stone tablet from Parthian period (247 BCE–224 CE) at Naghshe Rostam1 near Persepolis2 uses the word Aryan. At the same site, the Sassanid Empire (224-651 CE) inscription names it Eran.

A second word that has been used interchangeably with Iran is Persia. It originates from the Old Persian Pār-sa, a tribe of Aryans who lived in Iranian central regions. At present, there is a province in the central part of Iran called Pars. In ancient times, however, it was not a prov-ince, but the country ruled by Achaemenid3 Empire. Greek historians referred to the whole empire as Persia.

The original inhabitants of the Iranian land descended from the ancient civilizations dating back to about 7000 BC. Pottery remains excavated at different archaeological sites indicate evidences to such civilized societies. Ary-an tribes from around the Caspian sea had been gradual-ly migrating into Iranian plateau for thousands of years. Early 2000 BC, the migration took a faster rate. They sep-arated into three groups and settled in different areas—the Persians in the center, the Medes in the west, and the Parthians in the east. They founded diverse systems of gov-ernment in these regions.1 Necroplis for Achamenid kings curved into rock formation near Persepolis.

2 The city of Persians remains in the province of Pars in Iran.

3 The empire founded by Cyrus The Great.

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The origin of Ethnic Groups in Iran

In prehistoric period, races descending from an ancient civilization dating back to about 7000 BC established urban societies in Iran. Pottery remains excavated at different ar-chaeological sites indicate evidences to such civilized soci-eties. Elam centered at the kingdom of Anshan4 was one of the leading political forces in that region about 3000 BC. During this period, Aryan tribes from around the Caspi-an sea had been gradually migrating into Iranian plateau for thousands of years. Early 2000 BC, the migration took a faster rate. They separated into three major groups and settled in different areas—the Persians in the southwest and central areas, the Medes in the west, and the Parthi-ans in the east. They founded different systems of govern-ment in these regions. Since that period, many events have led to the appearance of diverse groups who share Racial and Cultural heritage.

The Persians form about 51% of the population and are scattered all over Iran with major concentration in Pars province and other central regions. Gilakis and Mazenies living in central north are also Persians. The Kurds living in Zagros areas form 7% of the population and are of the Median descent. They speak Kurdish language. Baluchies who originate from Parthians form 2.5% of the population and live in Eastern Iran. Another group, Lurs, living in the Southwest form 2% of the population. They are the aborig-inal people of Iranian plateau before Aryan tribes occupied it. All these groups share different dialect of the Persian language. 4 A region in southwestern Iran in 3rd millennium BC

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The Jewish community living in Iran immigrated to Persia after the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus the Great. At present, the majority of them reside in Tehran and an area in northeastern Isfahan called Jewbareh. There is a large community of Armenian (Christians) populations who im-migrated from Julfa to Isfahan and settled in southwest of the city during Safavid Period. There are few countries in the world bringing together so many diverse ethnic groups in such a “Melting pot of Civilizations”.

Ancient Persian innovations

During the prehistoric and historical period, the Per-sians mastered many techniques to promote public health and welfare. These innovations include the following structures and techniques which will be discussed in de-tail throughout a series of articles added to this yearbook annually. In this issue, Kariz or Qanat System has been added.

3 Caravansary (Lodge) - Courier House 3 Wind Catcher 3 Ice-House 3 Kariz or Qanat System

• Water Reservoir• Persian Garden• Chartaghi - Desert Beacon• Traditional House• Zoorkhaneh - Power House• Treasury (Bank)• Bazaar - Mall, Plaza• Drip Irrigation (farming in desert)• Road Stone Relief (Billboard)

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Courier Houses - Caravansary

The construction of courier houses in Iran began 2500 years ago during Achaemenid Empire. The need for carrying messages to distant destinations across the Persian territories required a safe place where messengers could rest and exchange horses. The Greek historian and philoso-pher, Herodotus refers to the existence of 111 such constructions that served as courier houses along 2800

kilometer road between Susiana and Sardis. He emphasizes that it took caravans three months to travel along this road. The caravans traveling long distances also needed a safe place to rest at night. Because of this essential need many caravanserai’s were built along the main roads all over the ancient Persia.

Although these caravansary may look the same from out-side, yet the variety of interior designs indicates the talent to achieve beauty and harmony. The main elements of caravan-serai’s include entryway, main courtyard, rooms and cham-bers, stables, and decorations. Each of these elements differ with respect to the construction date and region but they have the following features in common.

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Entryway: A common practice in Persian traditional architecture is

the entryway which serves as a transition between the exte-rior and interior of the structure. This transition is meant to filter the outside heat and light and achieve welcoming cool spaces by creating shades through covered entrance.

Main Courtyard: The main courtyard was the most important space in

a caravansary. The rooms and chambers were built around this space where the travelers could socialize or trade during their stay there. The water reservoir and shipping dock were in the center of the courtyard and there were porches attached to chambers where the travelers could stay during the cool summer nights of the desert. Stables:

The stables were built behind the chambers and could be accessed from the entryway or four corners of the car-avansary. Decorations throughout the structure were relat-ed to the styles adapted in different eras.

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Wind Catcher - Wind Tower

Wind catchers are efficient natural coolers in Iranian desert towns. They are genius engineering innovations that are still used in such areas. In fact Iranian desert towns breath through wind catchers. The main function of an elaborate wind catcher can be summarized as follows:

• It directs pleasant air through a duct into the house on the side where wind is blowing.

• It directs warm and polluted air out of the building through the opposite duct.

• It can be used to lower the temperature of foodstuff and fruit.

The tallest and most beautiful wind catcher in Iran is in Yazd, a southern province. It is in Dolat Abad Garden (The following pic-ture) which was built during Zand Dynasty (1750-79).

Regardless of limited technological knowledge in An-

Dolat Abad Garden Windcatcher in Yazd

Windcatchers in Yazd

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cient era, the Persians built such structures with remark-able precision that the principles work efficiently even af-ter thousands of years.

An octagonal wind tower is built with multiple ducts around the tower so that it catches the air from either side depending on the wind direction. The blade-like di-viders have several functions. They serve as decorations, strengthen the structure, and limit the width of the duct to prevent the thieves from penetrating inside the building. In some structures wooden poles are inserted when the tower is being built in order to add tensile strength to the structure. They also serve as scaffolding when the tower is repaired. Around the end of summer or mid fall the trap doors are closed to prevent air current during the cold season.

How it worksThe aerodynamic prin-

ciple behind the function-ality of the wind catcher is the difference in pressure in two ends of the tower. Inside the building the pressure is static while outside the dynamic pressure at the side where the wind is blowing adds to the ambient pressure and the airflow starts trav-eling down while the molecules of the air cool down in-side the tower because of the lower temperature. The air then passes through a fountain at the base where water is sprayed to moisten and cool it further. On the opposite side of the tower, the air turbulence drops the pressure be-low static and the warm polluted air flows upward and out of the building.

Windcatcher duct from inside

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Ice House

Before the age of electricity and home appliances such as refrigerator, the Persians had innovated Ice Houses in different towns and villages in order to supply ice for the citizens during hot summer days. In mountainous areas, with no ice-house, however, people would travel to the nearby mountain in order to carry ice on mules. There are four main structural elements required for an ice house:

Shading wall:

This long wall, as high as 10 meters, stretched from east to west and pro-vided shade to the north side serving as a barrier to prevent the ice produced the previous night from melting by sunlight. This wall was built from unbaked brick covered with straw clay mixture, usually as wide as a few meters on the base grow-ing thinner towards the top. Ice production trenches:

Trenches, about one foot deep, were dug along the north or shaded side of the wall for producing ice. During the winter, every evening, the qanat water was directed to these trenches through water conduits. It would freeze during the night and the next morning the ice was re-moved and the trenches were cleaned and prepared for the following evening.

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Storage House: The storage houses were also built on the shaded side

of the wall usually in the shape of cupola with a tiny opening on top for ventilation or some-times in the shape of a long tunnel about fifteen feet deep. These struc-tures were also made from unbaked brick and straw clay mixture which is a good insulator in desert ar-eas. Some of the more elaborate ice houses included wind catchers that would provide cool air during the summer time and decreased the temperature inside the structure to a chilling point. Storage ditch:

In the center of the storage house a deep ditch about 180,000 cu-bic feet was dug with nar-row stairway on the in-side wall for access to the bottom. In order to pre-vent damage to the foundation of the structure, the melted ice that accumulated at the bottom of this ditch was dis-charged through a drainage which carried the water to a well away from the building.

The ice was stored in the ditch during winter time un-til it was full. Then it was covered with straw clay mixture to protect it from heat. The ice house was then opened during the summer months and sold ice to the consumers.

Ice House in Kerman

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Kariz or Qanat System

Before the age of modern water provision, the Persians supplied water to their dwellings and farmlands through Kariz or Qanat System. This system is created by construc-tion of a slightly slopping underground canal through a series of vertical shafts from mountainous aquifers to nearby towns. There are many such water supply systems, some of which stretch as far as 35 miles, still functioning in desert towns of Iran such as Yazd, Kerman and Nain. This technology was developed by early Persian settlers in Iran during the first millennium BC.

There are many technical genius behind the seemingly simple system.

1. The water is carried by gravity over long distances eliminating the need for pumping with minimal or no con-tamination risk.

2. The rate of evaporation of the water passing through hot dry desert is extremely low because the underground canals are protected by earth as the best insulation.

3. The fresh water draining the low salty farmlands helps the management of soil salinity and avoidance of des-ert progress.

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International Cyrus Day October 29

Cyrus the Great (529-559 BC) , founder of the Persian Empire descended from the Kings of Anshan, and Media. Many histo-rians including Herodotus and Xe-nophon have written about Cyrus. He liberated about 40,000 Jewish people who lived in captivity in Babylon and is referred to as a Messiah in Hebrew texts.

October 29th has been named Cyrus Day. The Charter of Human Rights or Cyrus Cylinder, a tablet from baked clay, was issued by Cyrus, the founder of Achaemenid Dynasty in 538 BC. The first half of this tablet was inscribed by Babylo-nian chroniclers and the last half, in Akkadian cuneiform (new Babylonian inscription) recorded the speech and orders of Cyrus The Great when he conquered Babylon. The cylinder was discovered during the excavations in 1879 at Esagila tem-ple (Marduk Temple) in the ancient city of Babylon and is kept in the British Museum in London. This Charter indicates the true Persians’ level of tolerance and capacity with respect to free thinking philosophy and human rights.

In this charter, Cyrus says, “I announce that every person is free to choose the religion they prefer, wor-ship as they wish, reside wherever they please, and choose the profession and job they like provided they do not vio-late the right of other citizens.

The Tomb of Cyrus-Passargad

Cyrus’ Human Rights Cyliner

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Persian Poets

Omar Khayyam

Omar Khayyam (1048-1131 AD) was a Persian philos-opher, mathematician, astrologer, and poet. He has also written about music, climatology, geography, mechanics, and mineralogy.

He was born in Neishaboor. His fame throughout the world is because of his quatrains (Robaiyat of Omar Khayyam) translated and adapted by Edward FitzGerald (1809-83). His dominance on different scientific subjects including editing the Solar Calendar made him a celebrat-ed scholar of the Persian history.

Following, you will read A few of his Quatrains trans-lated by Edward Fitzgerald.

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And if the Wine you drink, the Lip you press,

End in what All begins and ends in - Yes;

Think then you are To-Day what Yesterday;

You were-To-Morrow you shall not be less.

For I remember stopping by the way

To watch a potter thumping his wet clay:

And with its all-obliterated Tongue

It murmured— ”Gently, Brother, gently, pray”

Some for the Glories of This World; and some

Sigh for the Prophet’s para-dise to come

Ah, take the cash, and let the Credit go,

Nor heed the fumble of a distant Drum

Alike for those who for to-day prepare,

And those that after some to-morrow stare,

A Muezzin from the Tower of darkness cries,

“Fools! Your reward is neither Here nor There.

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FerdosiFerdosi was born in

935 AD near Tus, Iran. The Shahnameh, (The Book of the Kings) is his most celebrated masterpiece which revived the Persian language three hundred years after Arabs invaded Per-sia. This book contains as many as sixty thousand epic poems. It contains mythological, and historical couplets loaded with a wealth of philosophical and moral teachings and guidance.The Book of the Kings begin as follows

The Shahs of Old (Translated by Helen Zimmern)

Kaiumers first sat upon the throne of Persia, and was master of the world. He took up his abode in the moun-tains, and clad himself and his people in tiger-skins, and from him sprang all kindly nurture and the arts of cloth-ing, till then unknown. Men and beasts from all parts of the earth came to do him homage and receive laws at his hands, and his glory was like to the sun. Then Ahriman the Evil, when he saw how the Shah’s honor was increased, waxed envious, and sought to usurp the diadem of the world. So he bade his son, a mighty Deev5, gather together an army to go out against Kaiumers and his beloved son Saiamuk and destroy them utterly...

5 Malevolent creatures that promote chaos and disorder. (Wikipedia)

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Attar6

Attar Neishaboori is one of the most famous Persian poets and sages. He was born in Neishaboor in 1146 AD. His masterpiece is The Con-ference of the Birds with fantastic lyrical stories including a beautiful romantic poem titled Sheik San-on. There is a story about his recognition of gnosticism. One day, a spiritual traveler (dervish) went to his store and asked for charity and since he refused, the man asked him, “How are you going to die?” Attar returned the same question to the traveler who laid down, put his wooden bowl under his head, and died readily. This incident had a profound influence on Attar. He abandoned his business and resorted to gnosticism.

Sheik San’on (A love story by Attar)

Following, you read an excerpt of the story dramatized into a romance by Mason Balouchian published on Kindle under “The Traveler’s Deity”

...The lodge was mysteriously silent. He was resting on a bench near the porch. The main door opened and a wom-an appeared at its threshold. She stared at him with intox-icating eyes while moving forward. As she approached, the breath of wind lifted her light skirt. Her silvery body displayed a mythical figure whose movements transferred untold desires. He seemed fascinated by a magical spell. She reached him at last and pressed herself against him. His whole body was filled with joy from her touch. He woke up. The dream experience was still shaking his body with...6 Druggist.

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HafezHafez (14th century AD) is in-

deed one of the most celebrated and eloquent writers in the world. The translation of his Ghazals7 made in 18th and 19th century had a clam-orous effect in western literary soci-eties. Themes of his Ghazals are the beloved, faith, and exposing hypoc-risy (Wikipedia). October the 12th has been named Hafez Day in Iran and is celebrated at his tomb in Shiraz by Iranian people. Following is a ghazals translated by Henry Wilforce Clarke.

Translated by Henry Wilberforce Clarke 1840-1905Compilation and editing by Dr. Behrouz Homayoonfar

With the luminous liquid of wine, an Aref8 Purification made, Early in the morning when, to the wine-house, visit he made.

As soon as the golden cup of the sun became hidden,Hint at the circulation of the cup, the new crescent moon of the ‘Id made

Be blessed prayers of the one who feels the pain,And the one who with tears and heart’s blood , purification made.

With soul, from the curl of his tress, my heart purchased tumult:I know not what profit experienced he who this barter made.

If the Imam of the prayers sends for me today,Tell him that Hafez with wine today, purification made.

7 A lyric poem that begins with a rhymed couplet whose rhyme is repeated in all even lines and that is common in Persian

literature (Merriam Webster).

8 Gnostic, Mystic, Spiritual Traveler.

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Rumi Jalale-din Mohammad Balkhy

known as Molana or Rumi is one of the most famous Persian poets of the thirteen century. His remarkable book, Masnavi, includes twenty six thousand verses of poetry revealing both theoretical and applied Sufism speculating that perfection is reached through battle against the ego and not by interpretation. He sought wisdom through unmanifest-ed discipline and not deceptive pretension. Masnavi starts with the story of the reed visualizing man enslaved by ma-terial world and complaining how he was isolated from Nirvana. He has compared man to reed and lute many times in his book.

The story of the reedTranslated & Abridged by E. H. Whinfield

HEARKEN to the reed-flute, how it complains,Lamenting its banishment from its home:“Ever since they tore me from my osier bed,My plaintive notes have moved men and women to tears.I burst my breast, striving to give vent to sighs,And to express the pangs of my yearning for my home.He who abides far away from his homeIs ever longing for the day ho shall return.My wailing is heard in every throng,In concert with them that rejoice and them that weep.Each interprets my notes in harmony with his own feelings,But not one fathoms the secrets of my heart.My secrets are not alien from my plaintive notes,Yet they are not manifest to the sensual eye and ear...

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Conversion Tables

Liquids1 Fluid ounce1 Pint (pt) = 16 fl oz1 Quart (qt)1 Gallon (gal)1 Liter1 Milliliter (ml

30 milliliters (ml)473 ml 946 ml 3,785 ml 1,000 ml 1 cubic centimeter (cc)

Weight1 Ounce1 Pound (lb)1 Kilogram (kg)

28.4 grams (g) 453.6 grams 1000 grams = 2.2 lb

Volume

1 Cubic inch (in3)1 Cubic foot (ft3)1 Bushel (bu)1 Cubic yard (yd3)

16.4 milliliters (ml)7.48 gal = 28.3 liters (l)1.24 ft3 = 35.2 liters21.7 bu = 765 liters

Linear

1 Inch (in) 1 Foot (ft) 1 Yard (yd)1 Meter (m)

2.54 centimeters (cm) 30.48 cm 91.44 cm 100 cm

Area

1 Square inch (in2) 1 Square foot (ft2)1 Square yard (yd2)1 Acre (a) 1 Square mile (M2)

6.45 square centimeters (cm2) 0.09 square meter (mt2) 0.84 square meter (m2)0.40 hectare (ha) 2.59 square kilometer (km2)

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سالنامه

257۶پارسی

139۶خورشیدی

201۸-2017میالدی

هنگام سال نو تاریخمکان

13:۵۸:4۰ پس از نیمروز دوشنبه1 فروردینتهران

۶:2۸:4۰ بامداددوشنبه، 2۰ مارچرشق آمریکا

۵:2۸:4۰ بامداددوشنبه، 2۰ مارچمرکز آمریکا

4:2۸:4۰ بامداددوشنبه 2۰ مارچبخش کوهستانی

3:2۸:4۰بامداددوشنبه، 2۰ مارچ غرب آمریکا

The Moment of Nowruz or March Equinox in USA

6:28:40 AMMon. March 20Eastern Zone

5:28:40 AMMon. March 20Central Zone

4:28:40 AMMon. March 20Mountain Zone

3:28:40 AMMon. March 20Pacific Zone

چاپ، تکثیر و انتشار این کتاب بهر شکل بدون کسب

اجازه کتبی نویسنده و نارش ممنوع است و پیگرد قانونی دارد.

Author, Commercial Writer Format and DesignMason Balouchian

PublisherMason Balouchian

[email protected]

407-970-5486

Sponsor Commerce International

Orlando, Florida

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1

Owner Information (Optional)

Name:

Address:

Phone:

Home Phone:

Cell Phone:E-mail:

Federal Holidays 2017-2018 USA

Monday, May 29, 2017 Memorial Day

Tuesday, July 4, 2017 Independence Day

Monday, Sept. 4, 2017 Labor Day

Monday, Oct. 9, 2017 Columbus Day

Friday, Nov. 10*, 2017 Veterans Day*

Thursday, Nov. 23,2017 Thanksgiving Day

Monday, Dec. 25, 2017 Christmas Day

Monday, Jan. 1, 2018 New Year’s Day

Monday, Jan. 15, 2018 Martin Luther King Day

Monday, Feb. 19, 2018 President’s Day

* When a federal holiday falls on a Saturday, it is usually observed on the preceding Friday. When the holiday falls on a Sunday, it is usually observed on the following Monday.

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تلفن های ضروری: در صورت هرنوع اورژانس ابتدا با تلفن 911 تماس بگیریدناشر دقت داده های زیر را تضمین نمی کند

In case of emergency, please call 911 first

Harbor House/ Orange County Center Against Domestic Violence 1-800-500-1119

National Suicide Prevention Lifeline 1-800-273-8255 1-800-799-4889

Norfolk Southern Railroad Police Norfolk Southern Railroad Emergencies 1-800-453-2530

St. Johns River Water Management District 1-386-329-4500 1-800-451-7106

211 Community Resources 2-1-1, 407-8394357

U.S. Marshal 407-316-5500

U.S. Secret Service Orlando Field Office 407-648-6333

Fire, Police, Ambulance 911

Homeland Security 1-202-282-8000

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 1-800-800-3855

Crime, trauma, death scene & Bio-terrorism clean-up 1-888-979-2272

CSX Transportation Police Department Railroad Emer-gencies: 1-800-232-0144

Federal Bureau of Investigation-FBI 407-875-9976, 813-253-1000

Florida Abuse Hot line 1-800-962-2873

Florida Department of Law Enforcement 407-245-0801

Florida Highway Patrol 407-737-2300

Forest Fires and Burning Authorizations 1-800-856-6511

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March 2017 139۶ -2۵۷۶ فروردین

21نوروز Tue1 Noruz-Persian New yearسه شنبه22نوروز Wed2 Noruz-Persian New yearچهار شنبه23نوروز Thu3 Noruz-Persian New yearپنجشنبه24نوروز Fri4 Noruz-Persian New yearجمعهSat۵25شنبه

26 زادروز آشو زرتشت Sun۶Good Friday-Zoroaster’s BirthdayیکشنبهMon۷27دوشنبه Tue۸28سه شنبه

Wed929چهار شنبهThu1۰30پنجشنبهFri1131جمعه.Sat12Aprشنبه

2سیزده بدر Sun13 Persian Camping DayیکشنبهMon143دوشنبه Tue1۵4سه شنبه

Wed1۶5چهار شنبهThu1۷6پنجشنبهFri1۸7جمعهSat198شنبه

Sun2۰9یکشنبهMon2110دوشنبه Tue2211سه شنبه

Wed2312چهار شنبهThu2413پنجشنبهFri2۵14جمعهSat2۶15شنبه

Sun2۷Easter16یکشنبهMon2۸Tax Day17دو شنبهTue2918سه شنبه

Wed3۰19چهار شنبهThu3120پنجشنبه

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۵

April 2017 139۶ -2۵۷۶ اردیبهشت

Fri121جمعهSat222شنبه

Sun323یکشنبهMon424دوشنبه Tue۵25سه شنبه

Wed۶Administrative Professionals Day26چهار شنبهThu۷27پنجشنبهFri۸28جمعهSat929شنبه

30روز ملی خلیج فارس Sun1۰ Persian Gulf DayیکشنبهMon11Mayدوشنبه Tue122سه شنبه

Wed133چهار شنبهThu144پنجشنبهFri1۵5جمعهSat1۶6شنبه

Sun1۷7یکشنبهMon1۸8دوشنبه Tue199سه شنبه

Wed2۰10چهار شنبهThu2111پنجشنبهFri2212جمعهSat2313شنبه

Sun24Mother’s Day14یکشنبه15روز بزرگداشت فردوسی Mon2۵ Ferdosi Epic Poet Dayدوشنبه Tue2۶16سه شنبهWed2۷17چهارشنبهThu2۸18 پنجشنبه

Fri2919جمعهSat3۰Armed Forces Day20شنبه

Sun3121یکشنبه

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۶

May 2017 139۶ -2۵۷۶ خرداد

Mon122دوشنبه Tue223سه شنبه

Wed324چهار شنبهThu425پنجشنبهFri۵26جمعه27جشن خردادگان Sat۶ Khordad Month Festivalشنبه

Sun۷28یکشنبهMon۸Memorial Day29دوشنبه Tue930سه شنبه

Wed1۰31چهار شنبهThu11JuneپنجشنبهFri122جمعهSat133شنبه

Sun144یکشنبهMon1۵5دوشنبه Tue1۶6سه شنبه

Wed1۷7چهار شنبهThu1۸8پنجشنبهFri199جمعهSat2۰10شنبه

Sun2111یکشنبهMon2212دوشنبه Tue2313سه شنبهWed24Flag Day14چهارشنبهThu2۵15پنجشنبهFri2۶16جمعهSat2۷17شنبه

Sun2۸Father’s Day18یکشنبهMon2919دوشنبهTue3۰20سه شنبهWed3121چهارشنبه

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۷

June 2017 139۶ -2۵۷۶ تیر

Thu122پنجشنبهFri223جمعهSat324شنبه

Sun425یکشنبهMon۵26دوشنبه Tue۶27سه شنبه

Wed۷28چهار شنبهThu۸29پنجشنبهFri930جمعهSat1۰Julyشنبه

Sun112یکشنبهMon123دوشنبه Tue13سه شنبه

Independence DayTir Month Festival 4جشن تیرگان

Wed145چهار شنبهThu1۵6پنجشنبهFri1۶7جمعهSat1۷8شنبه

Sun1۸9یکشنبهMon1910دوشنبه Tue2۰11سه شنبه

Wed2112چهار شنبهThu2213پنجشنبهFri2314جمعهSat2415شنبه

Sun2۵16یکشنبهMon2۶17دوشنبه Tue2۷18سه شنبهWed2۸19چهارشنبهThu2920پنجشنبهFri3۰21جمعهSat3122شنبه

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۸

July 2017 139۶ -2۵۷۶ مرداد

Sun123یکشنبهMon224دوشنبه Tue325سه شنبه

Wed426چهار شنبهThu۵27پنجشنبهFri۶28جمعه29جشن مردادگان Sat۷ Mordad Month Festivalشنبه

Sun۸30یکشنبهMon931دوشنبه Tue1۰Augسه شنبه

Wed112چهار شنبهThu123پنجشنبهFri134جمعهSat145شنبه

Sun1۵6یکشنبهMon1۶7دوشنبه Tue1۷8سه شنبه

Wed1۸9چهار شنبهThu1910پنجشنبهFri2۰11جمعهSat2112شنبه

Sun2213یکشنبهMon2314دوشنبه Tue2415سه شنبه

Wed2۵16چهار شنبهThu2۶17پنجشنبهFri2۷18جمعهSat2۸19شنبه

Sun2920یکشنبهMon3۰21دوشنبه Tue3122سه شنبه

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August 2017 139۶ -2۵۷۶ شهریور

Wed123چهار شنبهThu224پنجشنبهFri325جمعه26جشن شهریورگان، Sat4 Shahrivar Month Festivalشنبه

Sun۵27یکشنبهMon۶28دوشنبه Tue۷29سه شنبه

Wed۸30چهار شنبهThu931پنجشنبه.Fri1۰SepجمعهSat112شنبه

Sun123یکشنبهMon13Labor Day4دوشنبه Tue145سه شنبه

Wed1۵6چهار شنبهThu1۶7پنجشنبهFri1۷8جمعهSat1۸9شنبه

Sun1910یکشنبهMon2۰ Patriot Day11دوشنبه Tue2112سه شنبه

Wed2213چهار شنبهThu2314پنجشنبهFri2415جمعهSat2۵16شنبه

Sun2۶US Constitution and Citizenship Day17یکشنبهMon2۷18دوشنبهTue2۸19سه شنبه

Wed2920چهار شنبهThu3۰21پنجشنبهFri31Native American Day22جمعه

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September 2017 139۶ -2۵۷۶ مهر

Sat123شنبهSun2Native American Day24یکشنبهMon325دوشنبه Tue426سه شنبه

Wed۵27چهار شنبهThu۶28پنجشنبهFri۷29جمعهSat۸30شنبه

.Sun9OctیکشنبهMon1۰2دوشنبه Tue113سه شنبه

Wed124چهار شنبهThu135پنجشنبهFri146جمعهSat1۵7شنبه

8مهرروز، جشن مهرگان Sun1۶Mehregan FestivalیکشنبهMon1۷Columbus Day9دوشنبه Tue1۸10سه شنبه

Wed1911چهار شنبهThu2۰12پنجشنبهFri2113جمعهSat2214شنبه

Sun2315یکشنبهMon2416دوشنبه Tue2۵17سه شنبهWed2۶18چهارشنبهThu2۷19پنجشنبهFri2۸20جمعهSat2921شنبه

Sun3۰22یکشنبه

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October 2017 139۶ -2۵۷۶ آبان

Mon123دوشنبه Tue224سه شنبه

Wed325چهار شنبهThu4پنجشنبه

زادروز محمد رضا شاه پهلوی فقید The Late M. Reza Shah Pahlavi Birthday 26

Fri۵27جمعهSat۶28شنبه

Cyrus Day29 روز کورشSun۷یکشنبهMon۸30دوشنبه Tue9سه شنبه

Prince Reza Pahlavi Birthday زادروز شاهزاده رضا پهلوی

Halloween31.Novجشن آبانگان Wed1۰ Aban Month Festivalچهار شنبهThu112پنجشنبهFri123جمعهSat134شنبه

Sun14Daylight Savings End5یکشنبهMon1۵6دوشنبه Tue1۶Election Day7سه شنبه

Wed1۷8چهار شنبهThu1۸9پنجشنبهFri19Veteran’s Day (Observed)10جمعهSat2۰Veteran’s Day11شنبه

Sun2112یکشنبهMon2213دوشنبه Tue2314سه شنبه

Wed2415چهار شنبهThu2۵16پنجشنبهFri2۶17جمعهSat2۷18شنبه

Sun2۸19یکشنبهMon2920دوشنبه Tue3۰21سه شنبه

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November 2017 139۶ آذر 2۵۷۶-

Wed122چهار شنبهThu2Thanksgiving23پنجشنبهFri3Black Friday24جمعهSat425شنبه

Sun۵26یکشنبهMon۶Cyber Monday27دوشنبه Tue۷28سه شنبه

Wed۸29چهار شنبه30جشن آذرگان Thu9Azar Month Festivalپنجشنبه.Fri1۰DecجمعهSat112شنبه

Sun123یکشنبهMon134دوشنبه Tue145سه شنبه

Wed1۵6چهار شنبهThu1۶Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day 7پنجشنبهFri1۷8جمعهSat1۸9شنبه

10روزجهانی حقوق بشر Sun19Human Rights DayیکشنبهMon2۰11دوشنبه Tue2112سه شنبه

Wed2213چهار شنبهThu2314پنجشنبهFri2415جمعه16روز مادر Sat2۵Persian Mother’s Dayشنبه

Sun2۶17یکشنبهMon2۷18دوشنبهTue2۸19سه شنبه

Wed2920چهار شنبه21 شب یلدا Thu3۰ Yalda Festivalپنجشنبه

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13

December 2017- January 2018 139۶ دی 2۵۷۶-

Fri122جمعهSat223شنبه

Sun3Christmas Eve24یکشنبهMon4Christmas Day25دوشنبه Tue۵26سه شنبه

Wed۶27چهار شنبهThu۷28پنجشنبهFri۸29جمعهSat930شنبه

Sun1۰New Years Eve31یکشنبه.Mon11New Year’s DayJanدوشنبه Tue122سه شنبه

Wed133چهار شنبهThu144پنجشنبهFri1۵5جمعهSat1۶6شنبه

Sun1۷7یکشنبهMon1۸8دوشنبه Tue199سه شنبه

Wed2۰10چهار شنبهThu2111پنجشنبهFri2212جمعهSat2313شنبه

Sun2414یکشنبهMon2۵Martin Luther King Day15دوشنبه Tue2۶16سه شنبه

Wed2۷17چهار شنبهThu2۸18پنجشنبهFri2919جمعهSat3۰20شنبه

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January 2018 139۶ -2۵۷۶ بهمن

Sun121یکشنبه22 جشن بهمنگان Mon2Bahman Month Festivalدوشنبه Tue323سه شنبه

Wed424چهار شنبهThu۵25پنجشنبهFri۶26جمعهSat۷27شنبه

Sun۸28یکشنبهMon929دوشنبه 30جشن سده Tue1۰ Sadeh Festivalسه شنبه

Wed1131چهار شنبه.Thu12FebپنجشنبهFri13Groundhog Day2جمعهSat143شنبه

Sun1۵Super Bowl Sunday4یکشنبهMon1۶5دوشنبه Tue1۷6سه شنبه

Wed1۸7چهار شنبهThu198پنجشنبهFri2۰9جمعهSat2110شنبه

Sun2211یکشنبهMon2312دوشنبهTue2413سه شنبه

Wed2۵Valentine’s Day14چهار شنبهThu2۶15پنجشنبهFri2۷16جمعهSat2۸17شنبه

Sun2918یکشنبهMon3۰President’s day19دوشنبه

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February 2018 139۶ -2۵۷۶ اسفند

Tue120سه شنبهWed221چهار شنبهThu322پنجشنبهFri423جمعه24جشن اسفندگان Sat۵ Esfand Month Festivalشنبه

Sun۶25یکشنبهMon۷26دوشنبه Tue۸27سه شنبه

Wed9Arbor day US - Plant a tree28چهار شنبه.Thu1۰MarپنجشنبهFri112جمعهSat123شنبه

Sun134یکشنبهMon145دوشنبه 6روز درختکاری Tue1۵Persian Arbor Dayسه شنبه

Wed1۶7چهار شنبهThu1۷8پنجشنبهFri1۸9جمعهSat1910شنبه

Sun2۰Daylight Saving starts11یکشنبهMon2112دوشنبه 13چهارشنبه سوری Tue22Fire Festivalسه شنبه

Wed2314چهار شنبه15زادروز رضا شاه بزرگ Thu24ُReza Shah the Great BirthdayپنجشنبهFri2۵16جمعهSat2۶St. Patrick’s Day17شنبه

Sun2۷18یکشنبهMon2۸19دوشنبه Tue2920سه شنبه

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دانستنی های تازه واردین به آمریکاپیام داده شده در این سالنامه به منظور ارائه مشاوره قانونی نیست و ناشر دقت آن ها را تضمین نمی کند. برای یافتن اطالعات دقیق تر به مراجع قانونی یا وکیل مراجعه فرمایید

مانند شناسنامه هر فرد در آمریکاست. Social Security شامره سوشال سکیوریتی

کسانی که پس از دریافت گرین کارت، ویزای کار، یا برای ورود به دانشگاه به آمریکا وارد

می شوند بهرت است پیش از هر کار دیگر ابتدا شامره سوشال سکیوریتی خودرا دریافت کنند.

اهمیت این شامره به این جهت است که برای گرفنت گواهینامه رانندگی، کار کردن، بازکردن

حساب در بانک، گرفنت کارت اعتباری، و بسیاری خدمات دیگر به این شامره نیاز است.

مدارک مورد نیاز برای گرفتن شماره سوشال سکیوریتی

1- فرم ss-5 را پر کنید. این فرم را می توانید از سایت www.socialsecurity.gov تهیه

کنید یا با تلفن 1213-772-800-1 متاس بگیرید تا برای شام بفرستند.

2- مدارکی که نشان دهنده وضعیت مهاجرتی است مانند گرین کارت، پاسپورت که در

آن ویزای کار، تحصیلی و یا ویزای ورود به آمریکا و A Number قید شده است و غیره. این

مدارک را به نزدیک ترین اداره سوشیال سکیوریتی محل اقامت خود بربید. برای بدست آوردن

آدرس پستی از سایتwww.socialsecurity.gov دیدن کرده و با واردکردنzip code محل

اقامت خود آدرس را به دست آورید.

گواهی نامه رانندگیدر آمریکا گواهی نامه رانندگی در ایاالت مختلف صادر می شود نه توسط دولت فدرال. رانندگان باید گواهی نامه ایالتی که در آن زندگی می کنند دریافت کنند. البته کلیه ایاالت

مدارک رانندگی ایاالت دیگر را برای مدتی محدود به رسمیت می شناسند.

هنگامی که از ایالتی به ایالت دیگر نقل مکان می کنید. باید گواهی نامه رانندگی و بیمه اتوموبیل مقصد را بگیرید و اتوموبیل خودرا در آنجا ثبت کنید. برای گرفنت گواهی نامه باید گرین کارت، پاسپورت )برای کسانی که هنوز گرین کارت آنها نرسیده( و کارت سوشال

سکیوریتی را همراه داشته باشید.

اگر از ایالتی دیگر گواهی نامه رانندگی معترب داشته باشید، معموال تنها آزمایش بینایی برا ی گرفنت گواهی نامه ایالت مقصد کافی است. برای رصفه جوئی در وقت توصیه می شود پیش از مراجعه تلفن کرده و وقت مالقات بگیرید. حداقل سن 1۶ سال برای گرفنت گواهی اداره مهاجرت در الزامی است. برای یافنت آدرس نامه محدود نامه و 1۵ سال برای گواهی از سایت یا بدست آوردن فرم های گوناگون اقامت خود، گرفنت وقت مالقات و شهر محل

www.uscis.gov بازدید کنید یا با تلفن 5283-375-800-1 متاس بگیرید.

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حقوق بشر به زبان ساده

حق ازدواج و تشکیل خانواده- 2همه از زادروز آزاد بدنیا می آیند- 1

حق مالکیت- 4نابرابری ممنوع- 3

آزادی اندیشه، داشنت یک باور، و تغییر مذهب- ۶حق زندگی، آزادی، و امنیت شخصی- ۵

آزادی بیان و تبادل اندیشه- ۸برده داری ممنوع- ۷

آزادی اجتامعات- 1۰هیجکس حق ندارد مارا شکنجه کند- 9

حق داشنت دموکراسی- 12همه حق استفاده از قانون را داریم- 11

در مقابل قانون همه انسانها برابرند- 13دارو، - 14 مناسب، خانه اجتامعی: امنیت حق

پیری هنگام پزشکی های کمک آموزش، وکمک در نگاهداری کودک

حق داشنت رشایط مناسب و عادالنه کاری- 1۶رفتار منصفانه توسط دادگاه منصف- 1۵

حق داشنت اسرتاحت و تفریح- 1۸حق دفاع در برابر دستگیری خود رسانه - 1۷

حق داشنت غذا و خانه برای همه- 2۰حق داشنت یک دادگاه مستقل و عادالنه- 19

که - 21 زمانی تا است گناه بی انسانی هر حق تحصیل- 22خالف آن ثابت شود

و - 24حق داشنت یک زندگی خصوصی- 23 نوشته کردن کپی رایت. کسی حق کپی کار هرنی شامرا ندارد

آزادی سفر و حرکت از نقطه ای به نقطه - 2۵یک دنیای آزاد و عادالنه- 2۶دیگر در کشور خود

مسئولیت در برابر دیگران و نسل های آینده- 2۸حق پیدا کردن یک محل امن برای زندگی- 2۷

هیچکس منیتواند حقوق برش را از شام بگیرد- 3۰حق داشنت یک تابعیت- 29

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شرایط شهروند شدن در ایاالت متحده

داشنت گرین کارت.- 1حداقل سن 1۸ سال.- 2به طور قانونی حداقل ۵ سال در آمریکا با گرین کارد زندگی کرده باشید، مگر این که - 3

همرس یک شهروند آمریکا یا پناهنده مهاجر یا سیاسی باشید.باید حداقل نیمی از ۵ سال را به طور فیزیکی در آمریکا زندگی کرده باشید.- 4در هر سفر بیش از یکسال در خارج منانید.- ۵خانه اقامت اصلی خودرا در خارج از آمریکا بنا نکنید.- ۶در ایالتی که تقاضای شهروندی می دهید حداقل سه ماه زندگی کرده باشید.- ۷باید دارای اخالق نیکو باشید.- ۸باید بتوانیدانگلیسی را بخوانید، بنویسید و سخن بگوتید.- 9

باید آزمایش تاریخ و گاورمنت )اصول حاکمیت( آمریکا را با موفقیت بگذرانید.- 1۰سوگند یاد کنید که اصول قانون اساسی آمریکا را باور دارید و به آن وفادار خواهید ماند. - 11

برخی از چکامه سرایان ایرانی

خیامحکیم عمر خیام )1۰4۸-1131 میالدی( فیلسوف، ریاضی دان، اخرتشناس، و شاعر ایرانی

اقلیم شناسی، جغرافیا، مکانیک و مواد بود. او هم چنین نوشته هایی در زمینه، موسیقی،

کانی دارد. جایگاه زادمان او نیشابور بود. برگردان فاخر و زیبای ادوارد فیتز جرالد از رباعیاتش

نام اورا در ردیف مشهور ترین چکامه رسای رشق قرارداد. چیرگی او بر دانش های مختلف

از جمله ویراستاری گاهنامه )تقویم( خورشیدی در زمان ملک شاه او را به نام یک دانشمند

بزرگ تاریخ ایران مشهور کرد.

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گزیده ای از چکامه های خیام

باش خوش مستی باده ز اگر خیام

باش خوش نشستی اگر رخی ماه با

است نیستی ما هستی عاقبت چون

انگار که نیستی چون هستی خوش باش

بازار اندر بدیدم گری کوزه دی

بسیار زد همی لگد گلی پاره بر

گفت می او با حال زبان به گل وان

دار نیکو مرا ام بوده تو همچو من

گویند کسان بهشت با حور خوش است

من می گویم که آب انگور خوش است

این نقد بگیرو دست از آن نسیه بشوی

کاواز دهل شنیدن از دور خوش است

دین و مذهب در متفکرند قومی

یقین راه در فتاده گامن به قومی

روزی آید بانگ آنکه از ترسم می

این نه و آنست نه راه بی خربان کای

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فردوسی

حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی در سال 319 خورشیدی

برابر با 94۰ میالدی در نزدیکی توس زاده شد. پر آوازه

راستی شاهکاری به که است او شاهنامه نوشته ترین

حمله از پس سال سیصد را پارسی زبان که است

جلوگیری آن رفنت بین از و کرد زنده ایران در اعراب

کتابی و هزار شصت شاهنامه های بیت شامر کرد.

حامسی، فلسفی، افسانه ای، و تاریخی است که رسارس

از تعلیامت و پند و اندرز فلسفی و اخالقی آکنده است.

آغاز شاهنامه

شاهنامه با داستان کیومرث که بنیان گذار خاندان پیشدادی دانسته شده آغاز می گردد.

او نخستین پادشاه این خاندان است، همواره باالی کوه زیست و پوست پلنگ پوشید، سی

سال شاه بود. دد و دام و همه جانوران را به خود رام کرد، آنچنان که بدو مناز برند، پرسی

داشت خوبروی و هرنور به نام سیامک. در گیتی کیومرث را جز اهریمن دشمنی نبود، بچه

دیوی اهریمن زاده، به کیومرث رشک برد و به جنگ وی برخاست. سیامک به نربد او روی

آورد و کشته شد، کیومرث از مرگ پرس سوگوار گردید و از لشکرش و همه دد و دام، خروش

درد و دریغ بر خاست و...

عطار

پرآوازه عارفان و شعرا از یکی نیشابوری عطار

ایرانی است. او در سال ۵2۵ خورشیدی، 114۶ میالدی

در نیشابور زاده شد. شاهکار او منطق الطیر است که

داستانی است. آن زیبای اشعار از یکی صنعان شیخ

روزی که است آن عرفان به او آوردن روی مورد در

درویشی از او تقاضای کمک کرد و چون او آن را نادیده

گرفت، به او گفت که توچگونه خواهی مرد. عطار از او

پرسید مگر تو چگونه خواهی مرد؟ درویش کاسه چوبین

خودرا زیر رس نهاد و جان داد. این رویداد اثری ژرف بر

عطار داشت و از آن پس او دگرگون شد و کار خود را

رها کرده به عرفان روی آورد.

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گزیده ای از داستان شیخ صنعانبود بیش گویم هرچه از کامل در بود خویش پیرعهد صنعان شیخ کامل صاحب چارصد مرید با سال پنجاه حرم در او بود شیخ شب و روز ریاضت از می نیاسود عجب ای بود او کان مریدی هر داشت ارسار هم کشف عیان هم داشت یار هم با علم هم عمل هم

این داستان در مجموعه داستان های کوتاه، نوشته محسن بلوچیان، به نرث درآمده و پس از

انتشار به اطالع عالقمندان خواهد رسید. در زیر بخشی از این داستان را می خوانید:

نسخه انگلیسی این داستان به نام A Traveler's Deity در Kindle موجود است

بود. فرورفته سیاهی در هایش پنجره که رسایی بود. ناآشنا روبرویش انداز ...چشم

سائیده آسامن به رس کلیسایی برج آن زمینه پس در جلو. در ایوانی با وسیع ساختامنی

بود. رسا در سکوت کامل فرو رفته بود. او در نزدیکی بر تختی آرامیده بود و به ایوان می

نگریست. در باز شد و دخرتی زیبا در آستانه آن ظاهر شد. چشمهای خامرآلود خودرا به او

دوخت و به سوی تخت رهسپار شد. نسیم آرامی دامان حریرش را کنار زد. اندام سیمینش در

زیر نور مهتاب جلوه ای اساطیری داشت. در هر گام لرزشی فریبنده اندام برهنه اش را پیج

و تاب می داد. او مانند پرنده ای که از نگاه مار سحر شده باشد غرق در شگفتی و تحسین

بود. رس انجام آن نگار به او نزدیک شد و بر دامانش نشست. ذره ذره وجودش از نشئه آن

متاس لربیز شد. از خواب پرید. تنش همچنان از انتقال تجربه رؤیا به عامل خاک می لرزید.

برا ی چند لحظه چشمهایش را به هم فرشد. گویی در صدد بود آگاهی خود را نفی کند و به

رؤیای لذتبخش ادامه دهد. آوای ذکر مریدان همچنان به گوش می رسید. ..

حافظ

الدین حافظ بهاء الدین محمد بن خواجه شمس

شیرازی )قرن هشتم خورشیدی - قرن چهاردهم میالدی(

یکی از سخنوران پرآوازه جهان است. غزلیات او در قرن

هجدهم و نوزدهم در غرب ترجمه شد و تاثیر بسیاری

در محافل ادبی جهان داشت. اشعار او در زمینه عشق،

بیستم روز باشد. می ریاکاران سازی آشکار و پیامن،

مهرماه به نام روز بزرگداشت حافظ نامگذاری شده و

در مزار او در شیراز برگزار می شود. یکی از غزلیات اورا

در زیر بخوانید.

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کرد زیارت را میخانه که الصباح علی کرد طهارت عارفی می روشن آب به

کرد شارت ا قدح دور به عید هالل نهان گردید زرین خور همین که ساغر

کرد طهارت جگر خون و دیده آب به درد رس از که کسی نیاز و مناز خوشا

کرد قصارت را خرقه رز دخرت خون به دراز مناز رس بودش که خواجه امام

کرد تجارت این که ندانم دید سود چه دمل ز حلقه زلفش به جان خرید آشوب

کرد به می طهارت که حافظ دهید امروز خرب کند امام جامعت طلب اگر

موالنا

جالل الدین محمد بلخی مشهور به مولوی یا موالنا

قرن در که است ایرانی شعرای ترین پرآوازه از یکی

سیزدهم می زیست. یکی از معروف ترین نوشته های

او مثنوی است که دارای بیست و شش هزار بیت است.

مثنوی بر پایه عرفان نظری و عملی نگاشته شده و تنها

عرفان تفسیر نیست بلکه عرفان تغییر است. او دانش و

معرفت ناب را در سلوک پنهان می دانست، نه در ظاهر

سازی فریبکارانه. مثنوی با نی نامه آغاز می شود که یک

انسان آگاه را در چنگال جهان مادی اسیر می بیند و گله

می کند که چرا از جهان مینوی بریده و دور افتاده است. او در کتاب های خود بارها انسان

آگاه را به چنگ و نی تشبیه کرده است. گزیده ای از مثنوی در زیر می خوانیم.

از جداییها حکایت می کند بشنو این نی چون شکایت می کند

در نفیرم مرد و زن نالیده اند ند بربیده ا مرا تا ن نیستا کز

تا بگویم رشح درد اشتیاق سینه خواهم رشحه رشحه از فراق

باز جوید روزگار وصل خویش هر کسی کو دور ماند از اصل خویش

جفت بدحاالن و خوش حاالن شدم شدم ناالن جمعیتی هر به من

از درون من نجست ارسار من من یار شد خود ظن از هرکسی

لیک چشم و گوش را آن نور نیست نیست دور من لٔه نا ز ا من رس

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روز جهانی کورش

فرزند کمبوجیه گذار سلسله هخامنشی، بنیان از میالد( پیش ۵29-۵۵9( بزرگ کورش

پادشاه انشان بود. او از سوی پدر به کمبوجیه یکم،

پادشاهان که هخامنش و پس، تیس یکم، کورش

پارس و انشان بودند و از سوی مادر به ماندانا دخرت

آستاگس پادشاه ماد نسب می برد. مورخین بسیاری

در باره کورش نوشته اند که کهن ترین این نوشته ها

به نویسنده هایی چون هرودوت و گزنفون مربوط

می شود، کورش در هنگام پیروزی در بابل یهودیان

بسیاری را که در بردگی زندگی می کردند آزاد کرد او

در کتب دینی یهودیان به عنوان یک منجی نام برده شده و رفتار او در جهت آزادسازی آنان

یک ماموریت از جانب پروردگار تلقی می شود.

نامگذاری شده است. منشور حقوق برش به عنوان روز جهانی کورش اکترب روز 29

کوروش یا استوانه کوروش بزرگ لوحی از گل پخته است که در سال ۵3۸ پیش از میالد به

بنیانگذار و پادشاه هخامنشی دوم کوروش فرمان

شاهنشاهی هخامنشی نگاشته شده است. نیمه نخست

آن پایانی نیمه و بابلی رویدادنگاران زبان از لوح این

سخنان و دستورهای کورش به زبان و خط میخی اکدی

)بابلی نو( نوشته شده است.

این استوانه در سال 12۵۸ خورشیدی/ 1۸۷9 میالدی

در نیایشگاه اَِسگیله )معبد مردوک، خدای بزرگ بابلی( در شهر بابل باستانی پیدا شده و در

موزه بریتانیا در شهر لندن نگهداری می شود.این منشور یکی از بزرگرتین نشانه های روحیٔه

بردباری و فرهنگ و متدن ایرانیان نیک نژاد در پیوند با دگراندیشان و گرامی داشت حقوق

برش است.

در این منشور کورش چنین می گوید: “من اعالم می کنم که هر کس آزاد است هر دین

وآیینی را که میل دارد برگزیند و در هر جا که می خواهد سکونت مناید و به هرگونه که معتقد

است عبادت کند و معتقدات خود را بجا آورد و هر کسب و کاری را که می خواهد انتخاب

مناید. تنها به رشطی که حق کسی را پایامل ننامید و زیانی به حقوق دیگران وارد نسازد.

پاسارگاد بزرگ کورش آرامگاه

The Tomb of Cyrus-Passargad

منشور حقوق برش کورش بزرگ

Cyrus Cylinder

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تاریخچه برخی جشن های ایرانی

نوروز

نوروز گرامنایه ترین جشن و آغاز سال

نو در ایران است. این جشن در اولین روز

فروردین اول با برابر که بهارآغاز می شود

نوروز برگزاری آیین است. مارس یا 2۰-21

بسیار است که پیش و پس از نوروز برگزار

تکانی، خانه از توان می که شود می

بدر، سیزده و بازدید، و دید سین، هفت

باره در سخن برد. نام سوری جهارشنبه و

منی اندک این در که است بسیار نوروز

گنجد.

چهارشنبه سوری

است جشنی نام چهارشنبه سوری

از ایرانیان که زرتشتی آیین از برگرفته

1۷۰۰ سال پیش از میالد تاکنون در آخرین

و آتش برافروخنت با سال هر چهارشنبه

واژه می کنند. برگزار آن کنار در شادی

»چهارشنبه سوری« از دو واژه چهارشنبه که

نام یکی از روزهای هفته است و سوری که به معنی رسخ است ساخته شده است. این جشن

پس از نیمروز هنگامی که مردم آتش روشن می کنند و از آن می پرند آغاز می شود. آنها در

زمان پریدن می خوانند: »زردی من از تو، رسخی تو از من« که نشانگر پاک سازی است. و

واژه »سوری« به معنی »رسخ« به آن اشاره دارد. به بیان دیگر شام خواهان آن هستید که

آتش متام رنگ پریدیگی و زردی، بیامری و مشکالت شام را بگیرد و بجای آن رسخی و گرمی

و نیرو به شام بدهد. چهارشنبه سوری وابسته به دین افراد نیست و در میان پارسیان از ادیان

مختلف رواج دارد.

Page 50: Persian Calendar 2576adgraphicstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Calendar... · 2017-03-03 · Dolat Abad Garden (The following pic-ture) which was built during Zand Dynasty (1750-79)

جشن سده: 10 بهمن ماه

جشن َسده، یکی از جشن های ایران کهن است

که در میانه زمستان، دهم بهمن ماه با افروخنت هیزم

شکست نشانه و شود می برگزار آب نزدیکی در

سیاهی و اهریمن است. آتش درشب تازه نگاه داشته

می شود. برابر آیین زرتشتیان این آتش پاک و ستایش

برای را آن از بخشی زنان دیگر روز و است آمیز

خجستگی به خانه می بردند. سپس بجامانده آن به آتشکده برده شده و در آنجا به آتش

جاودانی می پیوندد. در مدت سه روز این جشن مردم خوراک فراهم می آورند و در میان

تهیدستان پخش می کنند و ترانه های گوناگونی خوانده و به بازی و منایش های دسته جمعی

می پردازند.

شب یلدا: آخرین روز پائیز

در سال شب بلندترین چّله شب یا یلدا شب

نیم کره شاملی بین فروشدن آفتاب در 3۰ آذر )آخرین

روز پاییز( تا بر آمدن آفتاب در اول ماه دی )نخستین

پیشینیان، آیین با برابر باشد. می زمستان( روز

ایرانیان جشن می گیرند و با دوستان و آشنایان خود

تا پگاه بیدار می مانند و به شادی می پردازند. در این

جشن آنها خوراک فراوان و میوه های بجامانده از تابستان و پاییز مانند انار، هندوانه، خربزه

و آجیل می خورند و تا پگاه به جشن و پایکوبی می پردازند.

جشن مهرگان: 1۶ مهرماه

جشن بزرگ رتین نوروز از پس مهرگان جشن

ایرانی است. واژه مهر به مانی خورشید، مهرورزی،

روز در جشن این است. دوستی و دلباختگی

شانزدهم مهر آغاز می شود و تا شش روز ادامه می

برداشت به از سال کشاورزان این هنگام در یابد.

روز به مهرگان سبب این به پردازند. می خرمن

شکرگزاری به دهش پروردگار برای کشاورزان نسبت داده شده. این جشن همچنین به روزی

ایران بر ضحاک پیروز شد و اورا در کوه دماوند زندانی کرد که فریدون پادشاه افسانه ای

نسبت داده می شود. در مجموع این جشن برای بزرگداشت مهرورزی، زندگی، شکرگزاری و

شادی برگزار می شود.

Page 51: Persian Calendar 2576adgraphicstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Calendar... · 2017-03-03 · Dolat Abad Garden (The following pic-ture) which was built during Zand Dynasty (1750-79)