• Planted in flooded fields called “paddies”• Need heavy rainfall

• Rice is a primary food crop in East/South Asia

• Asia produces 90%

XIA DYNASTY

• c. 2000 – 1700 B.C.E.

• Supposedly founded by Yu the Great

• Based on legend – may not have existed

• Bronze Age

• 1st recorded Chinese dynasty

• Founded on the bend of the Huang He

• 1st Chinese cities

•Already using the wheel for chariots

• Consulted oracle bones

(1600-1100 B.C.E.)

• Founded by Wu

• Located near Wei He

• Leaders ruled through the Mandate of Heaven

• Feudal States

(1050-221 B.C.E.)

• Written language develops• Porcelain, Silk Industry

• (551-479 B.C.E.)

• Family was poor nobility

• Exceptional student

• Teacher

• Government civil servant

• From a poor noble family

• Confucius was an exceptional student who later became a teacher and a government official.

Confucius

Never kiss a fool, or be fooled by a kiss.

The gentleman agrees with others without being an echo. The small man echoes without being in agreement. Analects 15.30

If one is guided by profits in one’s actions, one will incur much ill will. Analects 14.24

Do not worry because you have no position. Worry about your qualifications. Do not worry because no one appreciates your abilities. Seek to be worthy of appreciation. Analects 4.14

Continued

What the gentleman demands is something of himself. What the petty man demands is something of others.

Anyone learning without thought is lost, anyone thinking but not learning is in peril.

Great Wall

Terra Cotta Army

• United China• 1st emperor• Brutal leader = Legalist• Centralized Government• Writing (Mandarin) • Weights and Measures standardized

• Iron Age

• Ch’in = country’s name

Emperor Qin Shihuangdi

(221-207 B.C.E.)

• Liu Bang started the Han dynasty

• Han = main ethnic group today

• Wudi enlarged empire; centralized government; created Civil Service

• Confucianism = State philosophy

• Civil Service examination & school required

• Traded with the Romans indirectly via the Silk Road.

206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.

continued

Controlled the eastern end of the Silk Road

Population tripled Mandarin = common written language Buddhism brought by missionaries Economy flourished Linked cities with inland canals & roads

Built roads and defensive walls Repelled Xiongnu (Mongolian nomads from the North)

Earthquake detector

Rudder

Paper

continued

Collar harness Watermill Compass

The Han Empire crumbled due to:

economic downfall

too much territorial expansion

nomadic invasions

conflict over dynastic succession

** Next 300 years, China was racked by Civil Wars

continued

Wang Zhaojun

Grand Canal • linked the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River and the Huang He (Yellow) River

• Connected North/South

581-618 C.E.

• Ended the Post-Han chaos

• 2nd Emperor = Sui Yangdi

- Cruel, extravagant

- Raised taxes to build the Grand Canal

- Murdered

- Ended Sui Dynasty

•Restored Civil Service

• Gave peasants land

• Controlled Tibet

• Expanded boundaries

• Woodblock printing

• Trade Flourished

• Neo-Confucianism grew as a response to Buddhism

• Age of Poetry

618 – 907 C.E.

• 625-705 C.E.

• Accused the empress of murdering her child

• 635: Emperor died

• Empress Wu was supreme

• Ruthless but capable leader

• Allied with Korea

• Lowered taxes

960-1279 C.E.

• 907-960 = Civil Wars

•

• Trade and Agriculture Flourished

• Silk Road revived

• Large bureaucracy

• Civil Service Exam System was revived

• Lost control of Tibet• Constantly defending borders against Mongols• Moved capital to Hangzhou

“Soong”

Invented:

• Steel

• Gunpowder

• Fire Lance

• Cotton

• Acupuncture

ContinuedArts & Literature Flourished

• Tri-colored porcelain

• Movable type - print 1000s of scripts quickly

Scholar-gentry

Landowners

Peasants

Brides’ family paid a dowry

Neo-Confucianism

- response to Buddhism & Daoism

- stressed active participation

- shaped society and government

Buddhism – spread by missionariesCivil Service Exam

• 1279: Kublai Khan conquered China

• Moved the capital to Khanbaliq = Beijing

1279-1368

• Great Wealth, Prosperity, & Stability

• Spread Chinese Culture & Islam throughout their empire

continued•Buddhism = the state religion for awhile

•Mongols kept separate = staffed bureaucracy with Mongols

Causes of Collapse:

Foreign conquests too costly

Government corruption

Political instability

Overthrown= Ming Dynasty created

c 1160-1227 C.E.

• Real name = Temujin (Teh-MOO-juhn)

• 1206 – elected Genghis Khan = “strong ruler”

• Built the largest land empire in history

• Death prevented his conquest of Europe

• Broke enormous kingdom into khanates

2nd Largest empire in World History

1206-1370

• Superb horsemen

• Covered 120 miles a day

• Cut their horse’s leg and drank the blood if thirsty

• Invented the stirrup• Ride and shoot arrows• Greatly feared• “Barbaric”

1254-1324

1271 – traveled across Central Asia to China

1275-1292 – diplomat for Kublai Khan

1298 – Imprisoned

Dictated journals

“Il Milione” = “Man with a million stories”

1368-1644

Established by Emperor Hongwu

• Tried to remove all signs of Mongol rule

• Centralized power and established direct rule by the emperor

- Used eunuchs (sterile men who couldn’t produce a family to challenge the emperor’s dynasty

-- Used Mandarins = emissaries sent out to enforce government policies

• Reestablished Civil Service system based on Confucian values to ensure scholar-gentry bureaucracy based on ability—not friends or social standing

continued

• China completed the Great Wall in the Ming period

• Response to previous Mongol invasions

• Successfully protected China from outside invaders

• The only time that invaders got beyond the wall and invaded was when China was experiencing internal problems

continued

• Increased commercial activity + population increase led to economic expansion

• New food groups from the Americas (maize & peanuts) were suitable for Chinese cultivation

• Increased food = population increase

• Rebuilt irrigation systems = agricultural surplus

• Promoted manufacturing: silk, cotton, and porcelain

• The silk trade was its most profitable = China protected the secret of silkmaking for many centuries

• Demanded tribute from surrounding states

Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange Began during the Ming DynastyBegan during the Ming Dynasty

• European conquest of European conquest of the new world brought the new world brought changes on all sideschanges on all sides

• Movement of goods and Movement of goods and ideas from each side is ideas from each side is called the called the Columbian Columbian ExchangeExchange

• 3 most important crops 3 most important crops to Asia:to Asia:

MaizeMaize Sweet PotatoesSweet Potatoes PeanutsPeanuts

• New crops improved diet New crops improved diet and increased and increased populations worldwidepopulations worldwide

continued

• Demand for Chinese goods = overseas trade expanded

• European, Asian, and Muslim traders traded in China’s main port cities

• Chinese merchant class grew in wealth and power

Between 1405-1433, China launched huge, state-sponsored trading expeditions to southern Asian and beyond

Enormous fleets

• huge fleets = 62 ships, 28,000 men

• brought back unimaginable wealth to China

Admiral Zheng He commanded the fleets

• Muslim from western China

• Well suited to deal with Muslims on southeast Asian trade routes

• resented by Confucian bureaucrats

• Traveled to Southeast Asia, Ceylon, India, the Persian Gulf, Arabia, and the East African coast

• Established tributary relationships

• Technologically advanced fleets and armies could face any adversary

•Traded porcelain and silk from China

• Luxury gifts (tributes) he received from the countries he visited included exotic African animals that were added to the Ming Dynasty’s zoo

• Zheng He’s voyages demonstrated China’s ability to be a military, political, and economic power in the Indian Ocean

• Chinese vessels dwarfed European ships

• Europeans were no match for Chinese ships

Chinese ships = 440 feet; Columbus’ ship = 75 feet

• China canceled the fleets in 1433• The Ming government didn’t trust Zheng He• Feared Mongolian attacks from the north• Used the money to strengthen defense and agriculture• The government destroyed his nautical charts• Zhenghe’s ships fell into disrepair

• China’s withdrawal from world trade unintentionally cleared the way for European expansion and domination of world trade

Inept Rulers

• Emperors isolated themselves in the Forbidden City with their luxuries

• Ignored the people’s hardships = starvation, cold weather (crop failures), and inability to pay taxes

• 1636-1644 = Massive peasant revolt

• 1644, a rebel army under Li Zicheng captured Beijing

• Emperor Chongzhen hung himself = end of the Ming Dynasty

‘s Collapse

• Peasant revolts were short-lived

• Manchus from northeastern China (Manchuria) attacked

• Manchus were less than 5% Chinese population

1644-1911

• Gunpowder empire = an empire who uses firearms to conquer territories and maintain control; mastery of naval and land-based siege cannons were particularly effective

• Qing used cannons effectively against the Mongols

• Marked the end of any serious nomadic threat on the inner Asian frontiers

• Strong Military leaders

• Ruled under the Mandate of Heaven

• Empire stretched from Manchuria to the island of Formosa (Taiwan)

• Controlled Mongolia, Tibet, Nepal, Burma, Vietnam, and much of Central Asia

• Negotiated an acceptable boundary with Russia

• Full-scale trade with Europeans

• Qing maintained a regulation of foreign trade

• Limited trade to only 1 city = Guangzhou (Canton)

• Important Chinese exports = tea, silk, & porcelain

• Few imports were allowed = highly favorable balance of trade

• Europeans had stronger navies, better weapons, and more effective armies

• 1700’s, the Chinese were using opium on a small scale

• 1820’s, the British East India Company began flooding China with opium grown in northeastern India

• Opium became very popular in China

The Opium War

• Fought 1839 -1842• Began because the

Qing Dynasty Rulerdecided not to permit the illegal trade of opium to continue in China

• Sent a letter to Queen Victoria declaring the seizure of opium

• Great Britain attacked China and fought for three years over the ability to trade opium

• Great Britian won, and ended China’s isolation period

What is Opium?

Opium is a narcotic and can be used to make heroin.

The Taiping Rebellion

• Began as the leader Hong Xiuquan formed his own army and took over a portion of China

• tried to institute several social reforms– Strict separation of the sexes and the

abolition of foot binding – land socialization and the

"suppression" of private trade– Tried to make Christianity the

dominant religion• The Qing Dynasty finally put

down the Rebellion with the help of the British and the French

• Fought 1850-1864– Massive Civil War in China– Qing Dynasty versus

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom – Between 20 and 30 million

Chinese died during this war

This rebellion was seen as heroic by Mao Zedong against a corrupt feudal system

MeijiRestoratio

n1868

• Background to Sino-Japenese War takes place in Japan

• Emperor Meiji of Japan invited the United States to help modernize the country

• Industrialization takes place in Japan, bringing in steam engines, trains, telegraphs to Japan

• The army was modernized with guns, such as the Gatling gun.

• Japan entered the Modern Era

Sino-Japanese

War

• Fought between Meiji Japan and Qing Dynasty of China over Korea between 1894-1895

• Demonstrated the power and success of the modernization of Japan

• Weakened the Qing Dynasty even further and showed a decline of Chinese classical tradition

America’s Open Door Policy

• Not to be outdone by the Europeans, the United States created its own Chinese foreign policy. (1899)

• Open Door Policy• China would now

be “open” to any trading and colonizing ventures, not just Europe.

The Boxer Rebellion

• 1898-1901• Violent anti-Christian

and anti-Westerners movement

• Marched on the embassies in Beijing

• Put down by the Eight Nation Alliance

• Reparations forced the Qing Dynasty to pay money to the Eight Nation AllianceAustria-Hungary, France,

Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States

Eight Nation Alliance:

Boxer Soldiers

ChinaRevolution

• China was weakened by the foreign intervention and rebellions within its own wall.

• All of this helped to set off the Chinese Revolution in 1911.

ChinaRevolution

• The Manchu government collapsed under both internal and external pressures

• Example:– The Opium War, external pressure– The Taiping revolution, internal pressure.– The Boxer rebellion: internal pressure and

external when foreign armies helped crush the Manchu dynasty.

The Collapse of the old order

China

• After Boxer defeat, Qing officials began to enact reforms

• Eliminated system of examinations for officials

• Tried to establish primary, secondary schools

• Took steps to create national army

• Created elected provincial assemblies

• Reforms too little, too late

• Radicals in Japan, U.S. called for overthrow of Qing dynasty, creation of new Chinese Republic

• Sun Yixian, known in West as Sun Yat-sen, most prominent of radicals

New Chinese Republic• Based revolutionary ideology on

three basic principles—nationalism, democracy, “people’s livelihood”

• Last of these involved equality in land ownership, often translated as socialism

Sun Yixian

The 1911 Revolution

ChinaRevolution

Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)• Sun believed China should eventually

become a democracy.

• Thought Chinese people not ready yet

• Called for overthrow of Qing dynasty, replacement by ruling nationalist party

• Wanted party to act as guardian of Chinese people until they were ready for democracy

ChinaOther people in China began to call for the overthrow of the Qing

dynasty.

• Revolutionary ideas took root among intellectuals, junior officers in military academies

• October 1911, group of young officers led revolt in city of Wuchang

• Support for revolt grew rapidly

• January 1912, revolutionaries declared a republic

Revolutionaries

• Qing wanted General Yuan Shikai to quash rebellion

• Negotiated peace instead• Convinced Chinese emperor

to abdicate. Emperor was 6.• Event brought end to 268-

year rule of Qing dynasty• Yuan Shikai became first

president of new Republic of China

End of Qing Dynasty

Revolutionary Ideas

ChinaChina’s Civil War was put on hold in the 1930s when Japan invaded the country and began a campaign to

rule the country and drain it of resources.

The two Chinese factions: The side which wanted a democracy and the side which wanted a Communist

rule put their own fight on hold to fight the Japanese.

Civil War

Once the Japanese were defeated at the end of WWII, the Chinese civil war began again. Winners: The Communists, led by Mao Zedung -1949

ChinaCivil War

Mao Zedung establishes Communism in China and remains in power until his death in 1976.