performance of food crops in afghanistan h-seminar-ii

7/27/2019 Performance of food crops in Afghanistan H-Seminar-II

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Presented by

Ghulam Honaryar

I.D. No. PAK-8062

Major Advisor: Dr.G.S.Mahadevaiah

Seminar-II

on

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Introduction: Agriculture is central to the Afghan economy. This sector contributes to

31 % of GDP (industry 26% , services 43 %) and provides employment

for (80%) of the labour force ( 2008 est.)

Main food crops growing in Afghanistan are wheat, rice, maize, and

barley

Wheat is the staple food for most Afghans, comprising more

than 70 percent of their diet.

Lowquality rice is a poor, but sometimes necessary, substitute.

Suffering for food! Afghans bread (bakery) 3


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Land Use 1995-96 1999-2000 2008-09CGR (1995-

2008)

1: Permanent Pasture 30,000 30,000 30,000 0

2: All Other Land 25,770 25,770 25,613 0.08

3: Agricultural Area (a+b+c+d) 9,453 9,453 9,610 0.22

a. Forests And Woodland 1,700 1,700 1,700 0

b. Temporary land 5,108 5,075 4,570 2.21

c. Irrigated Crops area 1,969 1,999 2,191 1.35

d. Cultivated Rain fed area 833 837 1,149 9.51

Permanent Crops 100 100 116 3.61

Total Land area (1+2+3) 65,223 65,223 65,223 0

Table 1: Land use for different purpose in Afghanistan during 1995-2008(Area in 000 Ha)

Source: Central Statistic Office Yearbook 2008-09, Afghanistan4


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1: Permanent Pasture

40%

2: All Other Land

34%

3: Agricultural Area

(a+b+c+d)

13%

Forests And Woodland(a)

2% Temporary

land(b)

6%

Irrigated

Cropsarea(c)

3%

Cultivated Rain fed area(

d)2%

Permanent Crops

0%

Figure 1: Land use in Afghanistan (%), 2008-09

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Table 2: Cultivated land area for different food crops during 1995-2008

(Area 000 Ha)

Year 1995-96 2008-9 CGR(1995-2008)

Wheat 2000 2139 2.08

Rice, Paddy 170 190 1.83

Barley 225 236 4.43

Maize 320 137 1.61

Millet 27 12 9.08

Pulses 37 294 26.36

Cereals Total 2779 3008 2.76



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Table 3: Production of different food crops during 1995-96 to 2008-09

(Prodn. In MT)

Year 1995-96 2002-03 2008-09 CGR(1995-2008)

Wheat 2000 2686 2623 7.90

Rice, Paddy 390 388 410 1.89

Barley 200 345 333 4.68

Maize 530 298 280 1.12

Millet 22 20 n/a -5.19

Pulses 50 50 n/a -1.01

Cereals Total 3192 3787 3646 5.61



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Table 4: Yield of different food crops during 1995-96 to 2008-09

(Tonnes/Ha)Year 1995-96 2002-03 2005-06 2006 -07 2008-09 CGR

Wheat 1.03 0.72 1.82 1.38 1.23 2.27

Rice, Paddy 1.79 1.49 2.03 2.26 2.16 0.66

Barley 1.07 3.37 1.40 1.54 1.41 0.32

Maize 1.60 0.52 1.21 2.62 2.04 0.48

Millet 0.86 0.81 0.81 1.00 n/a 4.20

Pulses 1.07 1.35 1.30 n/a n/a 0.79

Cereals Total 1.15 1.66 1.73 1.49 1.21 3.06

Source: Central Statistic Office Yearbook 2008-09, Afghanistan

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Table 5: Area and Production of different Cereals in 2009Crop

Area

(000 ha)

Per cent

Yield

(tonnes/

ha)

Production

(000

tonnes)

Per cent

Irrigated wheat

(Winter & Spring)1134 (36%) 3.03 3433 (54 %)

Rainfed wheat

(Winter & Spring)

1426 (45 %) 1.18 1682 (27 %)

All wheat 2560 (81 %) 2 5115 (81 %)

Milled rice (paddy

yield)190 (6%) 3.39 432 (7%)

Maize 140 (4%) 2.14 300 (5%)Barley 270 (9%) 1.8 486 (8 %)

Overall 3160 (100%) 6333 (100%)

Source: Agriculture Prospect Report (APR) Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL), 20099


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Table 6: Changes in the 2009 wheat area, yield and production compared to 2008 (Area1000 Ha, Yield T/Ha, Prodn. 1000 Tonnes)

Crop2008 2009 % change in

Area Yield Prod Area Yield Prod Area Yield Prod

Irrigated

wheat 990 2.43 2,406 1,134 3.03 3,433 12.70 19.80 29.92

Rainfed

wheat1,149 0.19 217 1,426 1.18 1,682 19.42 83.90 87.10

All wheat 2,139 1.23 2,623 2,560 2 5,115 16.45 38.50 48.72

Source: Agriculture Prospect Report (APR) Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL), 2009

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Table 7: The 2009 Cereal Balance Sheet (000 tonnes)

CropRequirements Domestic

productionDeficit

Food Seed Feed Loss Total

Irrigated

wheat199 -- 515 3,433

Rainfed wheat 118 -- 253 1,682

All wheat 4,175 317 -- 768 5,260 5,115 -145

Milled rice 444 20 -- 30 494 432 -62

Maize 52 8 195 45 300 300 --

Barley 26 30 357 73 486 486 --

Total 4,697 375 552 916 6,540 6,333 -207

Source: Agriculture Prospect Report (APR) Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and

Livestock (MAIL), 2009

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Table 8: Agricultural commodity retail market prices in April 2009(Afs/Kg.), (1 Afs = 0.95 Rs)

Commodity Region

Last year

Same month

(Apr 08)

Previous

month

(Mar 09)

Reporting

month

(Apr 09)

% change on

Previous month

Previous year

same month

Wheat North 30.8 20.6 18.0 -12.6 -41.6

Wheat North-East 30.5 21.0 17.5 -16.7 -42.6

Wheat West 28.7 19.0 17.7 -7.0 -38.4

Wheat West-Central 23.5 28.0 26.5 -5.4 12.8

Wheat Central 29.7 22.5 18.7 -17.0 -37.1

Wheat South 30.5 21.5 20.0 -7.0 -34.4

Wheat East 32.0 22.5 19.5 -13.3 -39.1

Wheat South-West 29.4 25.0 22.7 -9.3 -22.9Wheat Overall 29.8 22.4 19.8 -11.7 -33.7

Agri. Labor Overall 191.8 (m.d) 190.8 196.8 3.1 2.6

Urea Overall 15.1 18.9 18.5 -2.3 22.1

DAP Overall 38.0 37.7 37.0 -1.7 -2.5

Source:Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL), 200912


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Table 9 :Rice paddy Barley and Maize Area, Yield, and Production Zones-vise

(2008-09)

Barley Rice Paddy Maize

ZonesArea (000

He)

Yield

(T/He)

Prod

(000 Mt)

Area(000

He)

Yield

(T/He)

Prod (000

Mt)

Area(000

He)

Yield

T/He)

Prod

(000 Mt)

NORTH 83.5 1.64 137.0 12.0 2.15 25.8 28.21 2.04 57.64

NORTH-EAST40.2 1.47 58.9 110.0 2.01 221.4 4.80 2.06 9.90

WEST-

CENTRAL9.0 1.22 11.0 0.9 5.50 5.0 0.65 2.00 1.30

SOUTH 33.7 1.36 45.9 7.5 2.65 19.9 29.00 2.04 59.30

EAST 1.4 1.74 2.5 35.0 2.27 79.3 23.70 2.04 48.39

SOUTH-WEST 38.1 0.97 37.1 2.5 2.22 5.6 28.60 2.04 58.40

Total 236.0 1.41 333.0 190.0 2.16 410.0 137 2.04 280

Source: Central Statistic Office Yearbook 2008-09, Afghanistan 13


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Irrigated Wheat Rainfed Wheat Total Wheat

REGION Area Yield Production Area YieldProduction

Area YieldProduction

('000 ha)

(t/ha)

('000 tons)

('000 ha)(t/ha)

('000 tons)

('000 ha)

(t/ha

)

('000

tons)

NORTH 226 2.62 591 705 1.15 812 931 1.51 1,403

NORTH-EAST 224 3.04 682 370 1.18 435 594 1.88 1,117WEST 152 3.34 508 240 1.25 300 392 2.06 808

WEST-CENTRAL 40 3.03 121 54 1.46 79 94 2.13 200

CENTRAL 122 2.96 361 19 1.21 23 141 2.72 384

SOUTH 109 3.26 355 12 0.92 11 121 3.02 366

EAST 87 3.06 266 11 0.73 8 98 2.80 274SOUTH-WEST 174 3.16 549 15 0.93 14 189 2.98 563

TOTAL 1,134 3.03 3,433 1,426 1.18 1,682 2,560 2.00 5,115

Source Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL), 2009

Table 10: Area and Production of Wheat in 2009 by province (mid-May 2009)

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REGION

Settledpopulation

in 2009

('000 no.)

Irrigatedwheat

area forecast

2010 harvest('000 ha.)

Rainfedwheat

area forecast

2010 harvest('000 ha.)

Production2009

('000 tons)

RequirementSurplus or

Deficit

('000)

tons)

Human

consumption('000 tons)

Seed

('000) tons)

Post harvest

Losses('000 tons)

NORTH 3,410.1 226 705 1,403 545.6 98.0 210.6 548.8

NORTH-EAST 3,465.6 224 370 1,117 554.4 69.9 167.7 325.0

WEST 2,583.3 152 240 808 413.4 46.5 121.3 226.8

WEST-

CENTRAL1,029.9 40 54 200 164.8 11.5 30.0 -6.3

CENTRAL 5,602.1 122 19 384 896.4 22.9 57.7 -593.0

SOUTH 2,524.5 109 12 366 403.9 20.0 55.0 -112.9

EAST 2,303.8 87 11 274 368.6 16.1 41.2 -151.9

SOUTH-WEST 3,074.2 174 15 563 491.9 31.7 84.6 -45.2

Total for

settled23,993.5 1134 1,426 5115 3,839.0 316.6 768.1 191.3

Nomads 1,700.0 0 0 0 272.0 -- -- -272.0Returnees 400.0 0 0 0 64.0 -- -- -64.0

Overall

consumers26,093.5 1134 1,426.0 5,115.0 4,175.0 316.6 768.1 -144.7

Sources: Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL), 2009

Table 11: Wheat Balance in 2009 Zones-wise

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Figure2: Wheat Balance in 2009 province-wise

surplus=>50000

surplus=50000

Deficit Up to

25000Deficit from 25

to 50000

Deficit=>50000

(tonnes)

Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL), 2009 16


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A study was conducted by Hector Maletta in April 2006.

The main data source is the Winter Survey carried out at the

beginning of 2003 by the Ministry of Agriculture of Afghanistan

supported by FAO (the United Nations Food and Agriculture

Organization) and WFP (the UN World Food Programme).

The Winter Survey interviewed a sample of 4761 farmers in 514

rural communitiesacross the country, covering all agro-ecologicalzones and watersheds, and 31 of a total of 32 provinces.

Cereal self-sufficiency in Afghanistan farms

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Table 12: Households, population and reported cereal output by level of self-sufficiency, 2002

Particular % house-

holds

%

population

% cereal

output

Cum. %

house-

holds

Cum. %

population

Cum. %

cereal

output

BELOW SELF SUFFICIENCY 57.7% 60.2% 15.1%

No cereal output 12.2% 12.3% 0.0 12.2% 12.30% 0.00%

1 - 24 kg/capita 5.6% 6.4% .4% 17.8% 18.70% 0.40%

25-49 kg/capita 10.6% 11.6% 1.9% 28.4% 30.20% 2.40%

50-99 kg/capita 16.6% 17.3% 5.7% 45.% 47.50% 8.00%100-149 kg/capita 12.7% 12.7% 7.1% 57.7% 60.20% 15.10%

NEAR SELF-SUFFICIENCY 14.4% 13.9% 12.1%

150-199 kg/capita 8.1% 7.8% 6.% 65.8% 68.00% 21.10%

200-250 kg/capita 6.3% 6.1% 6.1% 72.1% 74.10% 27.20%

ABOVE SELF-SUFFICIENCY 27.9% 25.9% 72.8%250-499 kg/capita 16.1% 15.% 23.4% 88.2% 89.10% 50.60%

500-999 kg/capita 8.5% 7.7% 23.4% 96.7% 96.70% 74.00%

1000+ kg/capita 3.3% 3.3% 26.% 100.% 100.00% 100.00%

TOTAL 100.% 100.% 100.%

Source: MAIL, FAO,WFP (2003) 18


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Table1 3: Wheat purchases and food aid (% farms)

Since last harvest have you:

Purchased wheat?

Received food

aid?

Agro-ecological zone

Badakhshan mountains 39.4% 21.2%

Central mountains 66.8% 14.0%

Eastern mountains 89.6% 2.7%

Southern mountains 80.4% 0.3%

Northern mountains 56.1% 18.3%

Turkistan plains 52.7% 21.7%Herat-Farah lowlands 77.1% 28.4%

Helmand River valley 74.6% 0.4%

TOTAL 69.10% 13.70%Source: MAIL, FAO,WFP (2003)

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Table 14. Comparison of cereal balance status 2002 and 2003

Reported balance

2002Total

Expected balance 2003

Deficit

householdsAbout self

sufficient

Surplus

households

Deficit households 612,589 447,017 79,562 86,010

About self-sufficient 152,641 25,724 60,077 66,840

Surplus households 297,346 16,442 20,800 260,104

Total 1,062,576 489,183 160,439 412,954

Source: MAIL, FAO,WFP (2003)

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Table 15: Months of wheat self-sufficiency of farm households, after the reported 2002 harvest

Percent of households within each zone or region

Average

monthsMonths of wheat self-sufficiency for farmers

Total None 1 to 3 4 to 6 7 to 9 10 to 12


Badakhshan mountains 100.00% 2.10% 11.40% 10.90% 8.80% 66.80% 9.4

Central mountains 100.00% 18.40% 20.90% 20.90% 12.60% 27.30% 5.6

Eastern mountains 100.00% 21.00% 40.50% 20.10% 7.70% 10.70% 3.6

Southern mountains 100.00% 22.80% 29.80% 24.90% 11.10% 11.30% 4

Northern mountains 100.00% 13.30% 14.60% 14.20% 11.40% 46.40% 7.4

Turkistan plains 100.00% 6.00% 18.20% 15.30% 11.30% 49.20% 7.9

Herat-Farah lowlands 100.00% 17.80% 31.50% 18.10% 10.30% 22.30% 5Helmand River valley 100.00% 11.00% 26.40% 20.60% 10.30% 31.70% 6.1

TOTAL 100.00% 15.60% 24.60% 18.10% 10.60% 31.00% 5.9

Source: MAIL, FAO,WFP (2003)

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Table 16: Percent geographical distribution of farm households

with various degrees of wheat self-sufficiency after the reported 2002 harvest

Percent distribution across zones or regions

Total

households

Months of wheat self-sufficiency for farmers

None 1 to 3 4 to 6 7 to 9 10 to 12


Badakhshan

mountains3.30% 0.40% 1.50% 2.00% 2.80% 7.20%

Central mountains 15.70% 18.50% 13.30% 18.00% 18.60% 13.80%

Eastern mountains 16.60% 22.40% 27.30% 18.40% 12.10% 5.70%

Southern mountains 7.50% 10.90% 9.00% 10.20% 7.80% 2.70%

Northern mountains 26.40% 22.50% 15.60% 20.70% 28.50% 39.60%

Turkistan plains 7.00% 2.70% 5.20% 5.90% 7.50% 11.10%

Herat-Farah lowlands 13.80% 15.70% 17.60% 13.70% 13.40% 9.90%

Helmand River valley 9.70% 6.80% 10.40% 11.00% 9.40% 9.90%

TOTAL 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Source: MAIL, FAO,WFP (2003)22


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Analysis of Impact of Wheat Prices on Food Accessibility:

The figure shows the increase in the price of wheat

flour in main Afghan centres during the past year.

The greatest change occurred in Faizabad, with a

76% increase, while the smallest was recorded in

Jalalabad and Hirat, with a 50% increase

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Figure3: compare of wheat flour price 06 v s 07

Source: Afghanistan Market Price Bulletin

(March 2009)

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The main reasons for the increases appear to be:

The nearly doubling of international wheat prices over the past year, largely driven byunprecedented growth in demand in some Asian countries, notably China and India; increasing useof cereals for bio-fuels; and a poor wheat harvest in Australia;

Manipulation of wheat availability and prices by Pakistani traders;

less wheat flour imports from Pakistan owing to restrictions on exports imposed by Pakistanauthorities;

Higher transportation costs globally due to the considerable increase in fuel prices;

Higher transport and distribution costs in Afghanistan caused by growing insecurity and theresulting threat to commercial vehicles

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Terms of Trade for Afghan Wage EarnersFigure 4: casual labour/wheat Dec 2006 v s Dec 2007


(March 2009)

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[Household Food Expenditure:

Based on the share of income spent on food, the NRVA ( National Risk andVulnerability Assessment), 2005 indicated that 36 percent of Afghan households havepoor food access, 26 percent have average access and 38 percent have good access

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Table 17: Household Food Expenditure province-wise in 2005


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Table 17: Household Food Expenditure province-wise in 2005Province

% of Household

Expenditure

on food

Province

% of Household

expenditure on food

BADAKHSHAN 62 KUNAR 42BADGHIS 57 KUNDUZ 50

BAGHLAN 68 LAGHMAN 58

BALKH 61 LOGAR 47

BAMYAN 54 NANGAHAR 51

DAIKUNDI 57 NIMROZ 58

FARAH 53 NURISTAN 37

FARYAB 50 PAKTIKA 57

GHAZNI 59 PAKTYA 53

GHOR 58 PANJSHIR 75

HILMAND 44 PARWAN 65

HIRAT 58 SAMANGAN 54

JAWZJAN 62 SAR-I-PUL 57

KABUL 64 TAKHAR 58

KANDAHAR 51 URUZGAN 40

KAPISA 49 WARDAK 44

KHOST 43 ZABUL 61

Average 56Source: WFP, WHO and UNICEF Report, 2008

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Food Consumption Classification

Based on 2005 NRVA data, which took into consideration daily kilocalorieconsumption and dietary diversity, Afghan households were classifiedinto the following three categories:

Very poor food consumption: 24% of the households are characterizedby very poor food consumption, meaning households consume onlycereals and oil on a daily basis;

Borderline food consumption: 37% are characterized by borderline food

consumption, meaning households mainly consume just two other foodgroups in addition to cereals and oil; and

Better food consumption: 39 % have better food consumption

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Group Household Food Security Level

Percentage of

households

in each group

Food Insecure

Poor Food Consumption & Poor Food

Access19

Poor Food Consumption & Borderline Food

Access9

Border lineBorderline Food Consumption & Borderline

Food Access33

Food Secure

Borderline Food Consumption & Better

Food Access24

Better Food Consumption & Better Food

Access14

Figure5: food security profile in Afghanistan by 2005

Source: WFP, WHO and UNICEF Report, 2008 30


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To identify the additional food insecure population the following four indicators

were used:Food consumption

Food Expenditure

Source of foodChange in market price over the past 12 months.

Based on the above indicators all Afghan districts were classified as following:

Very high risk

Districts with more than 50% of the population classified as having low dietary

diversity/very poor food consumption

Districts where households spend more than 60% of their income on food

Districts where more than 60% of household food is purchased in markets

Districts where there has been an increase in food prices (wheat flour) of more

than 50%.

High risk

Districts with 25-50% of the population classified as having low dietary

diversity/very poor food consumption

Districts where households spend 50-60% of their income on food

Districts where 50-60% of household food is purchased in markets

Districts where there has been an increase in food prices (wheat flour) of 25-

50%. 31


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Medium risk

Districts with 10-25% of the population classified as having low dietary diversity/very

poor food consumption

Districts where households spend 40-50% of their income on food

Districts where 30-50% of household food is purchased in markets

Districts where there has been an increase in food prices (wheat flour) of 10-25%.

Low risk

Districts with less than 10% of the population classified as having low dietarydiversity/very poor food consumption

Districts where households spend less than 40% of their income on food

Districts where the source of food is mainly from own production (ie less than 10% of

food consumed is purchased in markets)

Districts where there has been an increase in food prices (wheat flour) of less than

10%.

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Table 18: Food security classification by province


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Table 18: Food security classification by provinceProvince

% of Poor Food Consumption

&

Poor Food Access

% of Poor Food Consumption

&

Borderline Food Access

% of Borderline Food

Consumption

&

Borderline Food Access

% of Borderline Food

Consumption

&

Better Food Access

% of Better Food Consumption

&

Better Food Access

BADAKHSHAN 28.9 12.8 31.8 18.9 7.6

BADGHIS 14.6 20.4 22.6 26.3 16.1

BAGHLAN 22.9 10.9 37.7 15.7 12.7

BALKH 23.5 7.4 34.3 22.6 12.2

BAMYAN 14.7 25.4 42.8 14 3.1

DAIKUNDI 16.2 39.6 38.6 3.9 1.7

FARAH 13.8 5.2 30.3 26.4 24.4

FARYAB 16.4 2.4 28.2 35.3 17.7

GHAZNI 30.1 16.1 28.1 19.2 6.6

GHOR 31.1 23.3 31.7 11.4 2.5

HILMAND 12.9 6.1 32.2 28.1 20.7

HIRAT 17.7 8.5 41 22 10.7JAWZJAN 17.7 8.7 29.7 26.8 17.1

KABUL 28.2 8 34.2 21.1 8.5

KANDAHAR 18.8 8.4 31.4 28.3 13.1

KAPISA 4.6 1.7 24.5 36.5 32.7

KHOST 8.3 1.1 23 24.7 42.9

KUNARHA 7 0.9 19.1 29.6 43.4

KUNDUZ 8.6 2.6 31.7 28.9 28.1

LAGHMAN 26.4 16.7 31.6 20.2 5.1

LOGAR 12.1 1.3 28.2 33.5 24.9

NANGARHAR 14.5 2.9 34 28.5 20NIMROZ 28 19.9 30.5 18.7 3

NURISTAN 14.2 4.8 47.6 31.8 1.5

PAKTIKA 26.7 5.5 36.9 21.6 9.4

PAKTYA 19.6 4.1 38 31.4 6.8

PANJSHIR 16.3 14.9 51.8 11 5.9

PARWAN 6.6 4.8 52.1 18.1 18.4

SAMANGAN 9.6 8.4 32.6 19.3 30.1

SAR-I-PUL 22.2 4.4 29.6 25.8 18

TAKHAR 24.3 9.5 29.3 23.3 13.6

URUZGAN 14.2 13.1 34.5 27.8 10.4WARDAK 12.3 4.2 30.6 36.4 16.4

ZABUL 26.1 26.3 22.3 24.2 1.1

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Current food security conditions:In terms of food availability and access, the 2009/2010 hunger season looks

optimistic in compared to the past nine years.

Food availability is comparatively higher in 2009/2010 due to last years

historically large harvest and generous food aid distribution. In addition, wheat

prices continue to decrease against the fiveyear average and 2008s abnormally

high wheat prices.

Despite last years favorable conditions, the 2010 food security outlook does not

look as optimistic because of poor climatic seasonal progress

The prevalence of high temperatures in lowlands and low accumulation of snow

during December and January raises concerns for the upcoming agriculturalseason.

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Figure 6: Food security condition by province, 2010


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g y y p ,

Source :AFGHANISTAN Food Security Update , USAID, 201035

BADGHIS

FARAH

BADAKHSHAN


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Markets and trade of wheat and flour

In comparison to this time last year, the January 2010 wheat market prices are

lower by an average of 42 percent in all seven reference markets.In comparison to the fiveyear average, the January 2010 wheat market prices are

lower by an average of 15 percent in all reference market

The unseasonal reduction in January wheat prices likely reflects good marketaccessibility this year because of low snowpack.

Typically this time of year, market access diminishes because of heavy snowfall and

poor infrastructure.

Other reasons such as adequate food supply in the market might also contribute to

the lower prices.

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Figure 7: Flour and Wheat Supplies in Afghanistan, Estimated Yearly Volumes,


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g pp g y

(in MT), 2004

sours: Rubera Justin and others Market

Sector Assessments SME Development,Altai consulting , 2005

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Source: Afghanistan Market Price Bulletin (March 2009)

Figure 8 : wheat nominal retail prices in Kabul

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Figure 9: wheat nominal retail in Mazar province


(March 2009)

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Conclusions and policy implication:

Food crops are an import crops specially wheat, rice, and barley so there is a need toimprove the production and productivity to meet the domestic requirements

However, Afghanistan is not self-sufficient in wheat and it imports a significant quantity offlour and wheat-based products.

To become self sufficient in food production, cereal production must improve, especiallyfor wheat, which requires high-cost irrigation systems and technological support.

Wheat is the most important crop, followed by barley, corn, and rice. Cotton is anotherimportant and widely cultivated crop.

In comparison to hunger seasons for the past nine years, the 2009/2010 hunger seasonlooks optimistic in terms of food availability and food access.

Food availability is comparatively higher in 2009/2010 due to the 2009 historical largeharvest and generous food aid distribution over the course of 2009.

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performance of food crops in afghanistan h-seminar-ii

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