perception
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Perception & Perceptual Process
Presented By,
Anusha Ajith
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“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE ”
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Definition• According to Udai Pareek, “Perception
can be defined as the process of receiving, selecting, organizing, interpreting, checking and reacting to sensory stimuli or data”.
• Stephen P. Robbins defines perception as “a process by which individuals organise and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment”.
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Perceptual Process
Stimuli
Selection Organisation
Interpretation
Action
Throughputs OutputsInputs
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1. Receiving Stimuli
• The perception process starts with the reception of stimuli. The stimuli are received from the various sources.
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• Through the five organs, we see things/objects, hear sounds, smell, taste and touch things. In this way, the reception of stimuli is a physiological aspect of perception process.
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• Stimuli may be external to us (such as sound waves) and inside us (such as energy generation by muscles).
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2. Selection of Stimuli
• People, in their everyday life, They cannot assimilate all what they observe or receive from the environment at a time.
• Hence, they select some stimuli for further processing to attach meaning to them while the rest are screened out.
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• Selection of stimuli is not made at random, but depending on the two types of factors, namely external factors and internal factors.
• While external factors relate to stimuli
such as intensity of stimuli, its size, movement, repitition, etc.
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• internal ones relate to the perceiver such as his/her age, learning, interest, etc.
• Normally people selectivity perceive objects or things which they are indifferent.
• This is also called ‘selective perception’.
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3. Organisation of Stimuli
• Having selected stimuli or data, these need to be organised in some form so as to assign some meaning to them.
• Thus, organising the bits of information into a meaningful whole is called “organisation”.
• There are three ways by which the selected data i.e., inputs are organized. These are:
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a) Grouping
• It is based on the similarity or proximity of various stimuli perceived.
• The tendency to group stimuli. i.e., people or things appearing similar in certain ways has been a common means of organizing the perception.
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b) Closure
• When people face with incomplete information, they tend to fill the gap themselves to make it more meaningful.
• They may do it on the basis of their experience, guess, or past data.
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c) Simplification
• When people find themselves overloaded
with information, they try to simplify it to
make it more meaningful and understandable.
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4. Interpretation
• The data collected and organized remain meaningless for the perceiver till these are assigned meanings.
• Assigning meanings to data is called ‘interpretation’
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• Halo Effect
“An effect whereby the
perception of positive
qualities in one thing or part
gives rise to the perception of
similar qualities in related
things or in the whole.
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• An example of the halo effect would be judging a good-looking person as more intelligent. The term is commonly used in human resources recruitment.
• It refers to the risk that an interviewer will notice a positive trait in an interviewee and, as a result, will overlook their
negative traits.
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• Attribution• Explaining human behaviour
in terms of cause and effect is called ‘Attribution’.
• However, attributing casual explanation to a particular human behaviour sometimes tends to distort perception.
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• Stereotyping
• When individuals are judged on the basis of the characteristics of the group to which they belong, this is called ‘Stereotyping’.
• e.g. ‘older workers cannot learn new skills’
• ‘Japanese are nationalistic’
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• Situation
• The situation or context in which we
observe or see things also influence
our perception about them.
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• Perceiver
• The factors residing in the perceiver himself/her self do also operate to shape and sometimes distort his/her perception.
• The perceiver attitude, motives, interests, past experience, and expectations are among the more relevant personal factors/characteristics that affect perception.
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5. Action
• Action is the last phase in the perceptual process.
• The action may be positive or negative depending upon favourable perception held by the perceiver.