Penn ESE370 Fall2014 -- DeHon1

ESE370:Circuit-Level

Modeling, Design, and Optimization for Digital Systems

Day 8: September 15, 2014

Delay and RC Response

Delay is RC Charging

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Delay is RC Charging

Strategy• Understand switch

state (zeroth order)• Break into stages• For each stage

– Understand Rdrive

– Understand Cload

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Today

• RC Charging

• RC Step Response

• What is the C?

• What is the R?

• Measuring Delay

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90% Rise Time?

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What does response look like?

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about 2ps for 90% rise

• KCL @ Vmeasure?

• Current across Resistor?

• Current into Capacitor?

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Governing Equations? (KCL)

Equations

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€

Vin −Vmeasure

R=CdVmeasure dt

€

dVmeasuredt =

Vin −Vmeasure

RC

Solve Vmeasure

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€

dVmeasuredt =

Vin −Vmeasure

RC

What’s Vmeasure?

€

Vmeasure =Vin 1 − e−t

RC ⎛

⎝ ⎜

⎞

⎠ ⎟

⎛

⎝ ⎜

⎞

⎠ ⎟

What does look like?

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€

V (t) = 1− e−t /(RC )( )V

Shape of Curve

x e-x 1-e-x

0

0.1

1

2

2.3

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€

V (t) = 1 − e−t /(RC )( )V

Fillin onboard

Shape of Curve

x e-x 1-e-x

0 1 0

0.1 0.9 0.1

1 1/e = 0.37 0.66

2 1/e2 = 0.14 0.86

2.3 0.1 0.9

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€

V (t) = 1 − e−t /(RC )( )V

Risetime: 10—90%

Penn ESE370 Fall2014 -- DeHon13Trise ~= 2.2ps

What is C?

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Capacitance

• Wire

• MOSFET gate

• Logical Gate

• Fanout -- Total gate load

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First Order Model

• Switch – Loads input capacitively

• As dig in, understand:– Origin of capacitance– How can we engineer– Tradeoffs

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Logic Gate Input Capacitance

• Capacitance on– A input?– B input?

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Fanout

• Number of things to which a gate output connects

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Fanout in Circuit

• Output routed to many gate inputs

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Fanout in Circuit

• Maximum fanout?

• Second?

• Min?

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Lumped Capacitive Load

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€

Cload = Cg ii∈ fanout

∑ + Cwii∈wires

∑

What is R?

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Resistance

• Wire resistance– Supply to transistor

source– Transistor output gate it

is driving

• Transistor equivalent resistance

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First Order Model

• Switch – Resistive driver

• As dig in, understand:– More sophisticated view– How can we engineer– Tradeoffs

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Equivalent Resistance

• What resistances might transistors contribute?– How many cases?– Assume Ron same all tr,

Resistance of each?

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Equivalent Resistance

• What resistances might transistors contribute?

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Input Rout

00 Ron/2

01 Ron

10 Ron

11 2Ron

Rise/Fall

• Rise and Fall time may differ– Why?– What is ratio?

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Input Rout

00 Ron/2

01 Ron

10 Ron

11 2Ron

Lumped Resistive Source

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€

Rdrive = Rtrnet + Rwii∈wires

∑ + Rpwr

Rtrnet = parallel and series combination of Rtr

Measuring Delay

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Measuring Gate Delay

• Next stage starts to switch before first finishes

• Measure 50%--50%

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67ps

80ps

tdel = 13ps

Characterizing Gate/Technology

• Delay measure will be– Function of load on gate– Function of input rise time

• Which, in turn, may be a function of input loading

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Delay vs. Risetime

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10ps delay 20ps delay

1ps rise 100ps rise

(if didn’t know input rise, wouldn’t know what a 13ps delay meant)

Characterizing Gate/Technology

• Delay measure will be– Function of load on gate– Function of input rise time

• Which, in turn, may be a function of input loading

• Want to understand typical– At least comparable

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Standard Measurement for Characterization

• Drive with a gate – Not an ideal source– Input rise time typically would see in circuit

• Measure loaded gate– Typical loading – FO4

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HW3 Recommendation

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Measurement for Characterization

• Drive with a gate – Not an ideal source (how change if drive ideal?)– Input rise time typically would see in circuit

• Measure loaded gate– Typical loading – FO4

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Measurement for Characterization

• Drive with a gate – Not an ideal source– Input rise time typically would see in circuit

• Measure loaded gate– Typical loading – FO4 (how change unloaded?)

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Delay is RC Charging

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Admin

• “Normal Week”– 3 Lecture Week (all here)

• Office Hours– Monday – Ron 7pm– Tuesday – Andre 4:15pm– Wednesday – Ron 7pm

• ngspice– Good to get running on laptop

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