pengaruh suhu dn chaya to fotosintsis

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APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Plant¶s Physiology Experiment with title ³Influence of Light

Intensity and Temperature to Photosynthesis speed´ who is made by:

Name : Nur Rezki Octavia

Reg. No : 081404174

Group : II (Second)

Class : Biology ICP

Department : Biology

After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.

Makassar, April 2010

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

SULFIANTO ILYAS SULFIANTO ILYAS

Reg. No: 061404025 Reg. No: 061414025

Lecturer Responsibility

ABD. MUIS, MS

NIP : 19640913199011101



CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical

energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and

some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants need only light energy, CO2, and H2O to

make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts,

specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis.

Plants need only light energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar. The process of

photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the

green pigment involved in photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none

occurs in stems, etc. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower

epidermis, the mesophyll, the vascular bundle(s) (veins), and the stomates. The

upper and lower epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts, thus photosynthesis

does not occur there. They serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf.The stomates are holes which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for

air exchange: they let CO2 in and O2 out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf

are part of the plant's transportation system, moving water and nutrients around

the plant as needed. The mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and this is where

photosynthesis occurs.

Organism that can make food in the body self, called organism

autotrophic, while that depending from organism other that is organism

heterotrophic. Plant usually belongs in group autotrophic. We have known that

plant can do process synthesis to make the food self. Process synthesis known

also as assimilation process or complex compound arrangement process from

simple compound, or compound arrangement organic from inorganic compound.



Based on the above statement, to find out more about influence of light

intensity and temperature to photosynthesis speed, we would do three treatment

test the saliva about its temperature, pH, and concentration substrate. So, we can

prove or compare directly between theory and observations directly that we

observe at the time of this observation. In addition, in this observation we learned

more about the factors that influence photosynthesis.

B. Purpose

At Influence of Light Intensity and Temperature to Photosynthesis speed

experiment, the purpose is to see influence of temperature and light intensity to

photosynthesis with measured amount of oxygen that is taken outside.

C. Benefit

At Influence of Light Intensity and Temperature to Photosynthesis speed

experiment, the benefit is student can know about the factors that influence

photosynthesis speed especially in outdoor and indoor.



CHAPTER II

PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Photosynthesis is where is plant, several bacterias, and protista use energy

from sun to produce sugar, where with respiration cellular change it to be ATP, as

energy warehouse for life activity. Sun energy conversion is chemistry energy, related

tight with green pigment work, chlorophyll. To realize to how light cause

photosynthesis, we must study in character. First, has wave character and particle

character. Light is light energy part that has appear wavelength for human eye

(around 390-760 nanometer, nm). This be region very narrow from electromagnetic

spectrum (Ismail, 2006).

Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none occurs

in stems, etc. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower epidermis, the

mesophyll, the vascular bundles (veins), and the stomata. The upper and lower

epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts, thus photosynthesis does not occur there.

They serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf. The stomata are holes

which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for air exchange: they let CO2 in and O2 out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf are part of the plant's

transportation system, moving water and nutrients around the plant as needed. The

mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and this is where photosynthesis occurs

(Anonyma,2010).

Water is 85 - 95 % heavy herb plant alive at water. in cell, water be need as

element dissolved hara so that can be used to carry away it; besides water is need also

as substrate or reactance to various photosynthesis process for example biochemistry

reaction; and water can causes its shape enzyme in three dimensions so that can be

used for the catalyst activity. Plants water deficit will be withered, and when not be

given water as soon as it happen permanent withered that causes death. Found five

principal mechanisms that moves water from a place to other place, that is pass



process: diffusion, osmosis, capillary pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and gravity

(Salisbury, 1995)

According to Anonymb (2010) external factors of photosynthesis are:

1) Carbon dioxide

In C3 plants, the rate of photosynthesis increases with an increase. In CO2

concentration upto 500 ml.l-1

. In C4 plants, photosynthetic rate increases with an

increase in CO2 concentration.

2) Irradiance or Light Intensity

Both quality and intensity of light influence the rate of photosynthesis. As the

intensity of light increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases. At a very

high light intensity the rate of photosynthesis decreases as chlorophyll itself is

destroyed due to high intensity. This phenomenon is called as photooxidation as it

occurs in the presence of O2. In moderate light intensities the rate of

photosynthesis is directly proportional to irradiance. Beyond saturation point, light

intensity reduces photosynthesis. This effect is called solarization. It can be caused

by photo-inhibition and photo-oxidation. If light intensities are not otherwise

harmful, continuous photosynthesis can be sustained throughout 24 hours.

3) Temperature

Overall, the process of photosynthesis is sensitive to higher temperatures. This is

because the enzyme involved in photosynthesis becomes inactive at higher

temperatures. Low temperatures also inactivate the enzymes. Thus, an optimum

temperature is preferred. The optimum temperature lies between 15o

- 35o

C.

4) Oxygen

Small quantity of oxygen is required for optimum photosynthetic electron

transport.

5) Minerals

Among nutrients nitrogen influences the rate of photosynthesis. Reduction in

nitrogen supply adversely affects photosynthesis, as nitrogen forms the basic



constituent of chlorophyll. In general, all essential elements also affect the rate of

photosynthesis.

6) Leaf Factors

Leaf age, leaf angle and leaf orientation also effect the rate of photosynthesis. Mg,

Fe, Cu, Mn, Cl, S and K take part in pH..

If light intensity or concentration CO2 be photosynthesis divider factor, so

temperature will not influence photosynthesis or very little the influence, because

photochemistry reactions not sensitive towards temperature. Rapid new

photosynthesis has response towards temperature in the situation where is light both

such a factor divider. In reaction furthermore, reaction enzymatic, increase

temperature will influence rapid and overall photosynthesis reaction (Ismail,2010).

Transpiration process this is besides cause water withdrawal opposes earth

gravity style, also can chill plants then continue be sunshine. They will not easy die

because on fire by hot sun because will pass process transpiration, happen water

evaporation and evaporation will help to demote plants temperature. Besides will pass

process transpiration also then will get water last for will do photosynthesis so that

continually plants alive can then well guaranteed (Campbell, 2003).

Chlorophyll looks green because it absorbs red and blue light, making these

colors unavailable to be seen by our eyes. It is the green light which is not absorbed

that finally reaches our eyes, making chlorophyll appear green. However, it is the

energy from the red and blue light that are absorbed that is, thereby, able to be used to

do photosynthesis. The green light we can see is not/cannot be absorbed by the plant,

and thus cannot be used to do photosynthesis. The overall chemical reaction involved

in photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2. This is the

source of the O2 we breathe, and thus, a significant factor in the concerns about

deforestation (Anonyma, 2010).



CHAPTER III

EXPERIMENT METHODE

A. Time and Place

Day/Date : Wednesday/ April 14th 2010

Time : At 01.00 pm until 04.00 pm

Place of experiment : The Green House of Biology Department, Mathematic

and Science Faculty, Makassar State University.

B. Tool and Material

1. Tools:

a. Measuring glass

b. Stopwatch

c. Microburet

d. Lux meter

e. Thermometer

f. Big reaction tube

g. Beaker glass2. Materials:

a. Hydrilla sp plant

b. Water

c. Rubber perment

C. Work Procedure

1. Cut plants stick base Hydrilla sp.

2. Took collectors tube in big reaction tube water containing.

3. Put into gas collectors tube containing reaction tube into penangas water.

4. Counted bubble total in temperature 39°C,38°C and 36°C with distance 15

cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, 60 cm and 75 cm

5. Wrote down observation result.



CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result of Observation

a. Indoor

NoTime of Observation

(minute)Air bubble

Temperature

(ºC)

Light

Intensity

1 10 2 32 100

2 20 8 32 110

3 30 15 32 120

4 40 18 32 140

5 50 23 32 150

6 60 31 32 160

b. Outdoor

NoTime of Observation

(minute)Air bubble

Temperature

(ºC)

Light

Intensity

1 10 8 36 1240

2 20 10 34 480

3 30 13 34 460

4 40 17 35 680

5 50 18 36 1120

6 60 25 38 1210



B. Discussion

At this observation, we would observe influence temperature and light

intensity to photosynthesis speed. Based on observation that done in temperature

influence effort and light intensity towards rapid photosynthesis. Where in this

effort us do in two different places, one take in indoor and one take in outdoor

and data that got in outdoor where at tenth minute bubble is 2 and temperature

32° with light intensity 100, at minute of 20 bubble is 8 and temperature 32° with

light intensity 110, at minute of 30 bubble is 15 and temperature 32° with light

intensity 120, at minute of 40 bubble is 18 and temperature 32° with light



intensity 160, while in indoor at minute of 10 bubble is 8 and temperature 36°

with light intensity 1240, at minute of 20 bubble is 10 and temperature 34° with

light intensity 480, at minute of 30 bubble is 13 and temperature 34° with light



intensity 1120, and at minute of 60 bubble is 25 and temperature 38° with light

intensity 1210.

According to Ismail (2010), If light intensity or concentration CO2 be

photosynthesis divider factor, so temperature will not influence photosynthesis or

very little the influence, because photochemistry reactions not sensitive towards

temperature. Rapid new photosynthesis has response towards temperature in the

situation where is light both such a factor divider. In reaction furthermore,

reaction enzymatic, increase temperature will influence rapid and overall

photosynthesis reaction. besides factors outside (co2, light intensity and

temperature) that influence rapid photosynthesis, factor in also important in

controls this process chlorophyll concentration, visit water and enzyme

concentration. chlorophyll concentration in level enough low can limit rapid

photosynthesis.



CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on observation we can conclude that light intensity and

temperature influence the photosynthesis speed. More high temperature,

photosynthesis speed will increase because light is one thing that is need in

photosynthesis process (light reaction), higher light intensity results in faster

photosynthetic rates. More high temperature, photosynthesis will increase too

because high temperatures damage the enzymes responsible for photosynthesis.

B. Suggestion

1. I hope laboratory equipment can be completed, thus practicant can do

observation well.

2. Assistant can give more again information about observation.

3. Practicants must do observation well and must adroit in do experiment.



BIBLIOGRAPH

Anonyma. 2010. Photosynthesis. http://www.About.com. Accessed on April 10

th

2010 in Makassar.

Anonymb. 2010. External Factors Aff ect ing Photosynthesis.

http://www.wordpress.com. Accessed on April 10th 2010 in Makassar.

Campbell, A. Neil, Jane B. Reece and Lawrence G. Mitchell. 2003. Biol ogi Edisi

K elima Jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Ismail. 2006. Fisiol ogi Tumbuhan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi Universitas NegeriMakassar.

Ismail and Muis. 2010. Penunt un P rak t ikum Fisiol ogi Tumbuhan. Makassar: Jurusan

Biologi Universitas Negeri Makassar.

Salisbury. B. Frank. 1995. Fisiol ogi Tumbuhan Jilid I . Bandung: ITB.

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