"Peace to End All Peace": The Making of the Modern Middle

East

I. Introduction

War and the Collapse of the Ottoman Empire

II. Zionism, Nationalism, and Imperialism

A. The Emergence of the Zionist Movement

B. The Early Zionists1. Leo Pinsker, Auto-Emancipation (1882)

2. Theodor Herzl, Der Judenstaat (1896)

II. Zionism

3. The Second Aliyah

C. Arab Nationalism?

III. The Outbreak of World War I

A. The Guns of August

B. Stalemate on the Western Front

A. Germany Gains an Ally

B. The British and French Respond

C. Disaster1. Kut (April 1916)

2. Gallipoli (April 1915-December 1915)

IV. War Comes to the Middle East

A. The Amir Husayn1. The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence

(1916)

B. Zionists1. Balfour Declaration (1917)

V. Diplomatic Maneuverings

C. France, Russia, and Britain1. Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)

V. Diplomatic Maneuverings

A. Palestine/Syria (1917-1918)

B. Iraq (1918)

C. Armistice (October 1918)

VI. Allied Victory

A. Versailles, 19191. Wilson’s 14 Points

B. San Remo (April 1920)1. Mandates

2. Turkey

VI. The Making of the Modern Middle East

C. Resistance1. Egypt and Iraq

2. French Syria

3. Turkey

VI. The Making of the Modern Middle East

D. The “Settlement of 1922”1. Turkey

2. Syria and Lebanon

3. Hashemite Iraq and Jordana. Kuwait

VI. The Making of the Modern Middle East

4. British Palestine

5. Egypt

6. The Hejaz

7. Competing Nationalist Claims

VI. The Making of the Modern Middle East

Sykes-PicotAgreement

Theodor Herzl

The Post-Ottoman Middle East

VII. Conclusion

• Today’s Problems