pe1 konsep dasar teori ekonomi
TRANSCRIPT
MATERI 1
Widha K Ningdyah, ST., MT
KONSEP DASAR TEORI EKONOMI
SEJARAH ILMU EKONOMI
SebelumAdam Smith
PeriodeAdam Smith
MasaModern
HISTORY OF ECONOMICS
ECONOMICS << Ancient Greek
Oikonomia : Management of a household or estate
Oikos : Household
Nomos : Law
ARISTOTLE, XENOPHAN, CHANAKYA, QIN SHI HUANG,
THOMAS AQUINAS, IBN KHALDUN (14th – 17th centuries)
ADAM SMITH (1776)
>> "an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations“
KEYNES (1936)
>> The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
Adam Smith
John Maynard Keynes
(right)
Economics is the study of how individuals
and societies choose to use the scarce
resources that nature and previous generations
have provided. The key word in this definition
is choose. Economics is a behavioral, or social,
science. In large measure, it is the study of how
people make choices. The choices that people
make, when added up, translate into societal
choices. (Case, et al. 2010)
FAKTOR PENGGERAK KEGIATAN EKONOMI
Kebutuhan Ekonomi
• sifatnya tidak terbatas
Kelangkaan (Scarcity)
• ketersediaannya terbatas
Pilihan (Alternatif)/ Opportunity cost
• penggunaan sumberdaya untuk tujuan tertentu
Konsep Ekonomi
• dibedakan antara kebutuhan (need) dan Keinginan (want)
WHY STUDY ECONOMICS?
TO LEARN A WAY OF THINKING
Opportunity Cost
• The best alternative that we forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or a decision.
Marginalism
• The process of analyzing the additional or incremental costs or benefits arising from a choice or decision.
Efficient Markets—No Free Lunch
• A market in which profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously.
TO UNDERSTAND SOCIETY
The study of economics is an essential
part of the study of society.
TO UNDERSTAND GLOBAL AFFAIRS
An understanding of economics is essential
to an understanding of global affairs.
TO BE AN INFORMED CITIZEN
To be an informed citizen requires a
basic understanding of economics
RUANG LINGKUP EKONOMI
MICROECONOMICS
• The branch of economics that examines the functioning of individual industries and the behavior of individual decision-making units—that is, firms and households.
MACROECONOMICS
• The branch of economics that examines the economic behavior of aggregates—income, employment, output, and so on—on a national scale.
METODE EKONOMI
POSITIVE ECONOMICS
• Memahami perilaku, tanpa menilai
NORMATIVE ECONOMICS
• Memahami perilaku, dengan menilai(baik atau buruk, atau dapat diperbaiki)
POSITIVE ECONOMICS
• Simply compile data that describe facts and economics phenomenon
• Statement about economics causal-relationship
MODEL
Model is a formal statement of
a theory
Variable is a measure that can
change from time to time or
from observation to observation
OCKHAM’S RAZOR
The principle that irrelevant detail
should be cut away.
CETERIS PARIBUS
Or ALL ELSE EQUAL
A device used to analyze the
relationship between two
variables while the values of
other variables are held
unchanged.
PERHATIAN!!
The Post Hoc Fallacy
• post hoc, ergo propter hoc (or “after this, therefore because of this”) fallacy
The Fallacy of Composition
• The erroneous belief that what is true for a part is necessarily true for the whole.
Empirical economics
involves the collection and use of data to test economic theories.
In principle, the best model is the one that yields the most accurate predictions.
ECONOMIC POLICY
criteria are used most often
Efficiency
Equity
Growth
stability.
Efficiency
•An efficient economy is one that produces what people want at the least possible cost.
Equity
• fairness implies a more equal distribution of income and wealth
Growth
•Economic growth is an increase in the total output of an economy
Stability
•A condition in which national output is growing steadily, with low inflation and full employment of resources.
BAHAN BACAAN Case, K., Fair, R., & Oster, Sharon M. (2010). Principles of
Economics, 10th Editions, Prentice Hall Business Publishing
Eunike, Agustina. 2012. Power Point Mata Kuliah Pengantar
Ekonomika, PSTI-UB.
Rosydi, Suherman. 1996. Pengantar Teori Ekonomi. Raja
Grafindo Persyada, Jakarta.