pavement engineering in canada - · pdf file•lower volume rural roads •low truck...

PAVEMENT ENGINEERING

IN CANADA

Mark Popik, M.Eng., P.Eng., AVSSenior Pavement Engineer

Introduction

Mark Popik, M.Eng., P.Eng.

Senior Pavement Engineer

Thurber Engineering Ltd.

2010 Winston Park Drive

Oakville, Ontario

905-829-8666

[email protected]

University of Waterloo• Wanted to study ‘Mechanical Engineering’

• (was offered ‘Civil’ instead)

• University of Waterloo (1994 to 1999)

• Work 3 work-terms for JEGEL • Geotechnical/Pavement Engineering

• Not Ready for Real Life, so ……

University of Florida

• Lived in Gainesville, FL (1999-2000)

• Studied Pavement Materials (Civil Engineering)

• Thesis work – Asphalt binder testing (PG Grading)

Real Life Begins• Applied Research Associates Inc. (Feb 2001 - 2012)

• Received P.Eng. (Ontario) in 2003

• Received P.E. (Florida) in 2009

• Started with Thurber – March 1, 2012

• Registered with MTO• Pavement Engineering – High Complexity• Flexible & Rigid Pavement Evaluations• Pavement & Soil Investigation – Complex

Work Experience• Urban Freeway Pavement Designs

Work Experience• Rural Highway Pavement Designs

Work Experience• Municipal Pavement Designs

Work Experience• Construction Projects

Types of Pavement Structures

Roadway Classification

PAVEMENTS IN CANADA

Many Different Types of Pavement• Different pavements for different needs

• Low rural volumes• Higher volume roadways• Heavy truck/bus corridors

• Pavement Types• Flexible• Rigid• Composite

Surface Treated Pavements

• Thin bound surface • Lower volume rural roads• Low truck volumes

• Most consist of an asphalt emulsion covered with loose aggregate

Asphalt Concrete Pavement• Asphalt cement is used to coat aggregate

• Paved layers are compacted in lifts

• Different mixtures are often for different classes of roadways and at different thicknesses

• Individual lifts are compacted to meet specified target densities

Interlocking Concrete Pavers• Durable wearing surface• Simple to construct pavement surface• Often used for aesthetic reasons

Types of Concrete Pavements• Cast in Place – New Construction

• Jointed Plain (Doweled/ Non-doweled)

• Roller Compacted Concrete

• Bonded/Unbonded Concrete Overlays

Composite Pavements

• Constructed by placing an asphalt overlay above a rigid pavement

• Usually created when aged concrete pavements are rehabilitated

• High strength concretecombined with flexiblesurface

Permeable Pavements• Stores rain water in the pavement structure

• Promotes water infiltration into subgrade

• Reduced the need for storm water management system

• Low volume pavements

• Multiple surface types• Porous Asphalt

• Pervious Concrete

• Permeable Pavers

Permeable Pavement

Types of Pavement StructuresRoadway Classification

PAVEMENTS IN CANADA

Municipal Roadways

Bus Lanes and Terminals

Trucking Facilities

Photographs courtesy of LaFarge Canada Inc.

Intermodal Terminals

Freeway Facilities

EVALUATING EXISTING PAVEMENTS

Pavement Evaluation Techniques

Laboratory TestingData InterpretationPavement Designs

Pavement Evaluation Techniques• Pavement surface condition survey

• Pavement cores

• Boreholes

• Rock line investigations

• Falling Weight Deflectometer testing

• Ground Penetrating Radar survey

Visual Condition Survey• Manual pavement condition survey

• Project Level Evaluations

• Fully automated survey vehicles• Typically for Network Level Evaluations

Condition Survey – Automated

Image courtesy of Furgo Roadware Inc.

Destructive - Pavement Coring

Destructive - Boreholes

Rock Line Determination – Test Pits

Rock Line – Rock Probes

Rock Line Determination

• Rock line in cut sections• Rock line in transition areas• Transversely sloping rock line• Impact of rock on drainage• Over blasting required

Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD)

Load - Deflection Testing

30 60 90 20

Undeflected Pavement

Surface Deflected Pavement

Surface

0 45 150 cm

• FWD Testing for Concrete Pavements • Joint/crack Load transfer• Mid-slab tests

FWD - Load Transfer Testing

FWD - Structural AnalysisRigid Pavements

• Load transfer efficiency at joints and cracks• Sub-surface void detection• Estimate the effective modulus of subgrade reaction• Estimate modulus of elasticity of the concrete

Flexible Pavements• Estimate pavement layer and subgrade resilient modulus• Provide a direct estimate of the pavements Effective Structural

Number• Quantify variability along pavement section

FWD - Structural Analysis

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

Aerial Antennas Ground Coupled AntennasHigh Speed

Noggin SmartCart System

GPR - Subsurface Images• Antenna transmit high

frequency electromagnetic waves

• Portion reflects back to the surface

• record echoes• builds an image from the

echoes

Image courtesy of Sensors & Software Inc.

Concealed Repair Patches

Popik, M., Redman D., “Using Ground Penetrating Radar as an Assessment Methodology in RoadwayRehabilitation”. 2006 Transportation Association of Canada Annual Conference, Charlottetown, PEI

Asphalt/Concrete Thicknesses

Granular Base/Subbase Thickness

Eastbound Lane 1

Pavement Structure Thickness

0

500

1000

1500

25000 25200 25400 25600 25800 26000

Station (m)

Th

ick

nes

s (m

m)

Bottom of Asphalt Bottom of Granular


Concrete Pavement Survey

Concrete Pavement - Survey Results

MIT Scan 2


Pavement Evaluation TechniquesLaboratory Testing

Data InterpretationPavement Designs

Laboratory Testing• Complete asphalt laboratory testing

• AC content• Aggregate gradation• Recovered penetration• PG binder verification

• Complete Concrete laboratory testing• Compressive strength• Petrographic analysis• Indirect tensile testing

Laboratory Testing – Granular• Granular Base/Subbase Testing:

• Aggregate gradation• Percent crushed particles• Asphalt coated particles

Laboratory Testing - Soils• Subgrade Soil Testing:

• Particle size determination• Atterberg limits• Moisture content• Moisture/density relationship (Proctor)


Pavement Evaluation TechniquesLaboratory TestingData Interpretation

Pavement Designs

Data interpretation• Each investigation tool provides insight into a

different aspect of the pavement

• Combine the results for a complete picture• Subgrade Strength• Pavements existing structural capacity• Pavement existing functional capacity• Localized distresses• Safety concerns

Data interpretation• Investigation should determine where the pavement

is on the Pavement Life Cycle Curve


Pavement Evaluation TechniquesLaboratory TestingData InterpretationPavement Designs

Pavement Design Methods• Various Design Methods Used

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Asphalt Paving

Concrete PavingDesign Improvements

• Involves pulverizing the existing asphalt surface with the underlying granular base

• Blended pulverized material is stabilized with expanded asphalt

Full Depth Reclamation with Expanded Asphalt Stabilization

• Suitable for depths up to 150 mm

• Asphalt thickness must be greater than milling depth

• Breakthrough into granular base could cause problems during construction

Cold In-Place Recycling

Municipal Paving

Freeway Paving

Hot on Hot Asphalt Paving


Asphalt PavingConcrete Paving

Design Improvements

Concrete Paving

Roller Compacted Concrete Paving


Asphalt PavingConcrete PavingDesign Improvements

Warm Mix Asphalt

Loading Conventional

Loading WMA

Pavement Safety Edge

Geogrids

Crack Mitigating Products

Infrared Thermography

Density Measurements with GPR

• Canadian Trials

Images Courtesy of Sensors and Software

THANK YOU

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