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Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy

and Calibration in

Biomass Characterisation

Paul Geladi, SBT,SLU

Content

• What is biomass?

• What is NIR spectroscopy?

• Instrument construction

• Examples

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Content

• What is biomass?

• What is NIR spectroscopy?

• Instrument construction

• Examples

Biomass

Non-food

Food & feed

Bioenergy

Pulp and paper

Forestry

Building materials

Textiles

Consumer products

Feed and safety

Arch

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Where is biomass found?

• Biotechnology

• Natural products

• Bioenergy

What is special about biomass?

• O-H

• C-H

• N-H

• C=O

• different atom sizes = good

• IR+NIR energy = movements of bonds

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O

H H

O

H H

O

H H

O

H H

Content

• What is biomass?

• What is NIR spectroscopy?

• Instrument construction

• Examples

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HCl molecule (no true sizes)

H Cl

UV,VIS Xray

UV,VIS

NIR,IR

Gamma ray

= electron

E

hn

Ground level

First excited level

Quantized energy levels

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E

hn

Ground level

First excited level

Emission

Thermal

E

hn

Ground level

First excited level

Emission

Thermal

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Near Infrared Spectra (NIR)

• 780-2500nm

• Suitable for all organic and bio materials

• Robust for industrial use

• Good penetration depth

• Many modes of measuring

• Powerful multivariate results

Cosmic Gamma Xray Ultraviolet Visible NIR Infrared Microwaves

Near Infrared Spectra

• Fast

• Simple sample preparation

• Nondestructive

• Online for process applications

• Need for calibration

• Opportunity for data analysis

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Near Infrared Spectra?

• Visible

• Infrared

• Raman

• Polarization

Visible Near infrared Infrared

Raman

400nm 780nm 2500nm 15000nm

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Content

• What is biomass?

• What is NIR spectroscopy?

• Instrument construction

• Examples

Transmission

Readout

electronics

Detector

Sample

cell

Mono-

chromator

Radiation

source

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Transmission

Readout

electronics

Detector

Sample

cell

Mono-

chromator

Radiation

source

I0 It

Reflection

Readout

electronics

Detector(s)

Sample

cell

Mono-

chromator

Radiation

source

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Reflection

Readout

electronics

Detector(s)

Sample

cell

Mono-

chromator

Radiation

source I0 Ir

EXAMPLE 1

• Organic synthesis

• Liquid

• Fiberoptic transflectance

• Over time

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Fibers in Fibers out

Mirror

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Wavelength

”Absorbance” H2O

visible near infrared

Wavelength

Absorbance Organic synthesis over time

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CONCLUSION 1

• Possible to follow a reaction over time

• Identify reagents, products, intermediates

• Reaction kinetics

EXAMPLES 2

• Whole grain and flour

• Solid

• FT-NIR reflectance

• Genetic variation

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Wavelength

Pseudoabsorbance FLOUR

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Wavelength

Pseudoabsorbance WHOLE GRAINS

CONCLUSION 2

• Grain and flour different

• Genetic information

• Location information

• Accurate protein content

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Where used?

• Food

• Feed

• Biofuel

• Fossil fuel

• Plastics

• Wood and pulp

• Environmental and waste

• Clinical and pharma

• In vivo

• Archaeology