Topography of the US

The Contour of the US

Topography of the

Northeast

New York’s Canals

North-South Divide: The Mason-Dixon Line

Charles Mason & Jeremiah Dixon: 1763-1767

Topography of the Southeast

Bodies of Water

Chesapeake Bay

Great Salt Lake

LakeOkeechobee

Rivers

Hudson R.

Mississippi R

. Ohio R.

Missouri R.

Arkansas R.Colorado R.

Columbia R.

Yukon R.

Rio Grande R.

St. Law

rence

R.

Chesapeake Bay

Mountains & Plateaus

Appa

lach

ian

Mts.

Rocky Mts.

Casca

de M

ts.

Sierra Nevada Mts.

Alaskan Range

Adiro

ndac

k M

ts.

Completed Map

LakeOkeechobee

Chesapeake Bay

Appa

lach

ian

Mts.

Rocky Mts.

Casca

de M

ts.

Sierra Nevada Mts.

Alaskan Range

Adiro

ndac

k M

ts.

Central PlainsGulf Coastal Plains

Great Basin

Cum

berla

nd

Plat

eau

Hudson R.

Mississippi R

. Ohio R.

Missouri R.

Arkansas R.Colorado R.

Columbia R.

Yukon R.

Rio Grande R.

St. Law

rence

R.

Great Salt Lake

Mohave Desert

Death Valley

The American Landscape

English Migration: 1610-1660

Virginia & Maryland

The Charter of the Virginia Company:

Guaranteed colonists same rights as Englishmen.

1607 Jamestown, Easily defended, but swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes.

English Colonization

Chesapeake Bay

Geographic/environmental problems??

TIDEWATER

Jamestown Colonization Pattern:1620-1660

Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

Jamestown Housing

High Mortality Rates

The “Starving Time”:1607: 104 colonistsBy spring, 1608: 38 survived1609: 300 more immigrantsBy spring, 1610: 60 survived1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1624 population: 1,200Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsDeath of children before age 5: 80%

Powhatan Confederacy

1610-1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War

Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.

1622 Indians attacked English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe].Peace Treaty of 1646

Removed Powhatans from their land

Culture Clash in the Chesapeake

Powhatan Uprisingof 1622

Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101618 — Virginia produces 20,000

pounds of tobacco.

1622 —60,000 pounds of tobacco.

1629 — 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Indentured

Servitude

HeadrightSystem

Indentured ServitudeHeadright System:

Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid.

Indenture Contract: 5-7 years. 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived

their indentured contracts!

17c Populationin the Chesapeake

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1607 1630 1650 1670 1690

WhiteBlack

Royal charter granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632.A proprietary colony created in 1634.A healthier locationthan Jamestown.

Tobacco = main crop.Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers.

Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at end of the 17c.

Maryland: Catholic Haven

Colonization of Maryland

Colonizing New England

Separatists: Pilgrims

vs.

Puritans

1620 a group of 102 people [half Separatists] Negotiated with the

Virginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction.

Non-Separatists included Captain Myles Standish.

Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia Company. Became squatters without legal right to

land & specific authority to establish a govt.

The Mayflower

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.

Signed by 41 adult males.Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

That First Year….Winter of 1620-1621

Only 44 out of the original 102 survived.

None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back.Fall of 1621 First “Thanksgiving.”

Colony survived with fur [especially beaver], fish, and lumber.

Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant.

1691 only 7,000 people Merged with Massachusetts Bay

Colony.

Sources of Puritan Migration

The MA Bay Colony1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships

Established a colony with Boston as its hub.“Great Migration” of the 1630s

Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America.

20,000 came to MAJohn Winthrop: 1st governor of Massachusetts.

Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead.

Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.

Land Division inSudbury, MA: 1639-

1656

Characteristics of New England Settlements

Low mortality average life expectancy was 70 years of age.Many extended families.Average 6 children per family.Average age at marriage:

Women – 22 years old Men – 27 years old.

PatriarchyAuthoritarian male father figures controlled each household.

Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.

Puritan “Rebels”Young, popular minister in Salem. Argued for a full break

with the Anglican Church. Condemned MA Bay

Charter.• Did not give fair

compensation to Indians. Denied authority of civil

govt. to regulate religious behavior.

1635 found guilty of preaching newe & dangerous opinions and was exiled.

Roger Williams

1636 Roger Williams fled there. MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him

to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony.

Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI• Universal manhood suffrage later

restricted by a property qualification.• Opposed to special privilege of any kind

freedom of opportunity for all.RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters More liberal than any other colony!

Rhode Island

Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman.Threatened patriarchal control.Antinomialism [direct revelation] Means “against the law.” Carried to logical extremes

Puritan doctrine of predestination.

Holy life was no sure sign of salvation. Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of

either God or man.

Puritan “Rebels”

AnneHutchinson

1638 she confounded the Puritan leaders for days.Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY??Puritan leaders banished her she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY. She and all but one member of her family

were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.

John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!

Anne Hutchinson’s Trial

New England Spreads Out

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637Pequots very

powerful tribein CT river valley.1637 PequotWar

Whites, withNarragansettIndian allies,attacked Pequotvillage on Mystic River.

Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!

Pequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.

Only hope for Native Americans to resist white settlers was to UNITE.Metacom [King Philip to white settlers] Massasoit’s son united

Indians and staged coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England.

Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

The war ended in failure for the Indians Metacom beheaded and drawn and

quartered. His son and wife sold into slavery. Never a serious threat in New England

again!!

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

Population of the New England Colonies

Population Comparisons:New England v. the

Chesapeake

Settled during the Reign of Charles II

Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”]

Colonies

New Netherlands1600s Golden Age of Dutch history.

Major commercial, colonial and naval power.

Challenging England on the seas.New Netherlands founded in the Hudson River area (1623-1624) Established by Dutch West India

Company for quick-profit fur trade. Manhattan [New Amsterdam]

Purchased by Company for pennies per (22,000) acre.

Company town run in interests of the stockholders.No interest in religious toleration, free speech, or democracy.Governors appointed by the Company were autocratic.Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church [including Quakers] were persecuted.Local assembly with limited power to make laws established after repeated protests by colonists.

New Amsterdam Harbor, 1639

New Amsterdam, 1660

Characteristics of New Amsterdam: Aristocratic patroonships [feudal estates

granted to promoters who would settle 50 people on them].

Cosmopolitan diverse population with many different languages.

New YorkManors &

Land Grants

Patroonships

New Netherlands &New Sweden

New Netherlands Becomes British Colony1655 Dutch take New Swedend

Charles II gave New Netherlands to his brother, Duke of York1664 English soldiers arrived. Dutch had little ammunition and poor

defenses. Stuyvesant forced to surrender without

firing a shot.Renamed “New York” England gained strategic harbor between

her northern & southern colonies. England now controlled the Atlantic

coast!

New Amsterdam, 1664

Dutch Residue in New YorkEarly 20c Dutch Revival

Building in NYC.

New York Cityseal.

Names Harlem, BrooklynArchitecture gambrel roofCustoms Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, kolf [golf].

Aristocratic Englishman.1660 – attracted tothe Quaker faith.1681 he received agrant from king toestablish a colony. This settled a debt the king owed his father.

He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers his pamphlets were pretty honest. Liberal land policy attracted many

immigrants.

William Penn

Penn & Native Americans

Bought [didn’t simply take] land from Indians.Quakers went among the Indians unarmed.BUT…….. non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA Treated native peoples

poorly. This undermined the actions

of the Quakers!

Penn’s Treaty with theNative Americans

A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!Attracted different religious and ethnic groups

Philadelphia & Boston Compared

Urban Population Growth

1650 - 1775

New Jersey — PA’s Neighbor1664 aristocratic

proprietors rcvd. the area from Duke of York.New Englanders [because of worn out soil] moved to NJ.

Delaware — PA’s Neighbor

Named after Lord De La Warr [harsh military governor of VA in 1610].Closely associated with Penn’s colony.1703 granted its own assembly.Remained under the control of PA until the American Revolution.

Ethnic Groups

18c Southern Colonies

Carolinas1670 a group of small English farmers from the West Indies arrived in Carolina. Brought a few black slaves and a model

of the Barbados slave code with them.Named for King Charles II.The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters [Lord Proprietors]. They hoped to use Carolina to supply

their plantations in Barbados with food and export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe.

Port of Charles Town, SC

Also named for King Charles II of England.Became the busiest port in the South.City with aristocratic feel.Religious toleration attracted diverse inhabitants.

The primary export.Rice was still an exotic food in England. Was grown in Africa,

so planters imported West African slaves.

Slaves immune to malaria.

By 1710 black slaves were a majority in Carolina.

Crops of the Carolinas: Rice

American Long Grain Rice

Crops of theCarolinas:

IndigoIn colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes.Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye for cotton work clothes & blue jeans.

Rice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-

1775

The Emergence of North CarolinaNorthern part of Carolina shared a

border with VA VA dominated by aristocratic planters

who were generally Church of England members.

Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.

Poor farmers with little need for slaves. Religious dissenters.

Distinctive traits of North Carolinians Irreligious & hospitable to pirates. Strong spirit of resistance to authority.

1712 NC officially separated from SC.

Georgia-Debtors ColonyFounded in 1733 by James OglethorpeLast of the 13 colonies.Chief Purpose of Creating Georgia: “Buffer” between Carolinas & Spanish

Florida. A haven for debtors instead

of prison.Olgethorpe & trustees made all decisions for their “children” Plant 50 mulberry trees>silk No slaves Limits on land