pattern by amiina bakunowicz

Pattern

CONTENTS:

- Emergence of Patterns

- Definition of Pattern

- Lets get inspired: Patterns in nature

- Why do we like them so much? - Design DIY: In a search for a pattern using scripts as a tooling device.

- Fabrication technologies.The types of tools and technologies architects most frequently use for the digital fabrications of their designs.

- Conclusion

Amiina Bakunowicz: Pattern

"The world is not a collection of objects. It is a network of relationships"

-- Paul Davies, Physicist

Emergence of Patterns

Agency and its agents, ABM, self-organisation, stigmergy and swarm contain patterns in their structure, behaviour and operation. They are all examples of how patterns emerge - from inseparable relationships between the context (environment) in which the pattern resides, its architecture (form), and its dynamics (function).

For example, every stigmergic system has its functional pattern or in another words a "coordination of tasks". Without this pattern the system wouldn't be able to survive. One of the few features of the stigmergic system is that system's individuals need only a few elementary rules, which create a behavioural pattern of the members of the system.

A self-organising system has a pattern that forms without a central control mechanism or external influence. Instead it is formed via interactions on a local scale, with each part of the system knowing nothing of the global effect of these interactions. Patterns develop as a result of a systematic interaction of its component parts. This "self-organization" is an emergent behavior caused by the actions of all individuals within the system acting upon a fixed set of rules without guidance of any leaders.


The Variety of Patterns in Nature

Definition of PatternIn both Nature and Architecture we mostly use the term Pattern to describe the following instances:

● a repeated decorative design● an arrangement or design regularly found in comparable objects● a regular and intelligible form or sequence discernible in the way in which something happens or is done● a model or design used as a guide in a specific process


1. Vascular patterns2. Fractal branching3. Winding and turning4. Physiographical Configurations5. Filices or fernlike formations6. Squeeze patterns7. Collocation of elements around center

Branches1. A single brain neuron 2. A cauliflower curd

3. Section of brain

4. Coastlines, snowlines rvier networks5. Frosty traceries

6. Hele-Shaw Cell experiments

7. Aggregation forms around a nuclear center, snowflakes, bacterial growth Amiina Bakunowicz: Pattern

Shapes1. Triangular Formations2. Spots, Speckles,Scrawls3. Angulated Patterns

1. Surfaces of diamonds, cone shells of tropical seas

2. Magmatic rocks, eggs of most ground-nesting birds, wing cases of insects

3. Crystalline forms of river ice, finely laminated structure of clay shales, acid crystalsAmiina Bakunowicz: Pattern

Nets1. Breaking and separating2. Vascular patterns3. Cellular4. Crackle, shrinking patterns5. Polygonal, geometric quasi regularity6. Colonies

1. Marble 2. Leaf

3. Active layer of tree cells

4. Ceramic cracks, parched earth, dried out paints and gels

5. "3- connected" joint network of lava basalt, film of soap bubbles between the plates, spider web 6. section of the stalk of a

dead nettleAmiina Bakunowicz: Pattern

4. Marine vegetation

1. Patterns of motion2. Aggregation of elements3. Release Patterns4. Wormlike arrangements5. Winding and turning forms6. Propagation around centers7. Labyrinthine or maze patters8. Cloud-like formations9. Ripples and dunes10. Sediment erosion patterns11. Spirals12. Colonies

Waves 1. Flock of birds

2. clustering on the surface of the liquid

3. Ink in water

5. Meandering great river

6. Agate stone, Angelfish

7. Fingerprint

8. "Mackerel sky", metal impurities in jaspar

9. Water ripples and Mars dunes

10. Sediment erosion 11. Shell of Nautilus

12. Malachite stone


Complex1. Shapes and Branching2. Waves and Branching3. Lichenlike growth and waves4. Shapes and Branching5. Branching and Angulated Shapes6. Nets and Waves

and many other.....

1. Nanocrystals

2. Migrating Bacteria

3. Lichenlike growth and waves

5. Frosty traceries4. Crusts of gallium oxide 6. Ermine Moth web weaving


Why do we like patterns so much?There are certain cross-disciplinary principles of design, that explain partly what we feel intuitively and cannot fully understand when it comes to design considerations. I have applied these principles to the analysis of visual qualities of patterns trying to explain why the patterns are so attractive to us. Generally speaking, when the group of elements is perceived as apart of one whole united by various qualities then its unit is aesthetically pleasing. Below the list of such qualities that can unite a group of elements.

However the question arises : do we like all nature-looking objects and patterns because of certain perceptual rules OR because these rules were originally derived from nature?

Gestalt principles of perception:

Closure - a tendency to perceive a set of individual elements as a single, recognizable pattern, rather than multiple, individual elements.

Common Fate - elements that move or have a pattern of movement in the same direction are perceived to be more related than elements that move in different directions or stationary.

Good Continuation - elements arranged in a straight line or a smooth curve are perceived as a group, and are interpreted as being more related than elements not on the line or curve.

Law of Pragnanz - a tendency to interpret ambiguous images as simple and complete, versus complex and incomplete.

Proximity - Elements that are close together are perceived to be more related than ones that are farther apart.

Similarity - elements that are similar are perceived to be more related than elements that are dissimilar.Amiina Bakunowicz: Pattern

Other Universal Principles of Design:

Affordance - a perceived property in which the physical characteristics of an object or environment influence its function.Alingment - the placement or elements such that edges line up along common rows or columns, or their bodies along common center.Anthropomorphic Form - a tendency to find forms that appear humanoid or exhibit human-like characteristics appealing.Chunking - a technique of combining many units of information into a limited number of units or chunks, so that the information is easier to process and remember.Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) - a technique used to associate a stimulus with a unconscious physical or emotional response.Color - Color is used in design to attract attention, group elements, indicate meaning, and enhance aesthetics.Consistency - the usability of a system is improved when similar parts are expressed in similar ways.Contour Bias - a tendency to favor objects with contours over with sharp angles or points.Perceptual constancy - the tendency to perceive objects as unchanging, despite changes in perspective, lighting, color, or size.Exposure Effect - Repeated exposure to stimuli for which people have neutral feelings will increase the likeability of the stimuli.Fibonacci Sequence - a sequence of numbers in which each number is the sum of the preceding two.Form Follows Function - a debatable concept that beauty in design results from purity of function as at the same time function follows form in nature (if it follows anything at all).Golden Ratio - a ratio within the elements of a form, such as height to width, approximating 0.618.Modularity - a method of managing system complexity that involves dividing large systems into multiple, smaller self-contained systems. Modularity is a structural principle used to manage complexity in systems.Ockhcam's razor - simplicity is preferred to complexity in design. Scaling Fallacy - a tendency to assume that a system that works at one scale will also work at a smaller or larger scale.Self-Similarity - a property in which a form is made up of parts similar to the whole or to one another.Uniform Connectedness - Elements that are connected by uniform visual properties, such as color, are perceived to be more related than elements that are not connected.


Design DIY:In search for a PatternThere are several algorithmic techniques to develop a pattern that later can be translated into an architectural piece. Each of these "can be used to describe and simulate certain natural phenomena in the world" (Tooloing byArand/Lasch)

1. Spiraling2. Packing3. Weaving4. Blending5. Cracking6. Flocking7. Tiling

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7.


Variety of "Digital Fabrications"


Le Corbusier, the roof of chapel at Ronchamp, 1954

Frederick Kiesler, Endless House, 1960

Example of cutting sections using contour command in Rhino

GREg Lynn,Artists Space installation,1995

Martti Kalliala, Esa Ruskeepaa, Martin Lukasczyk, Mafoombey , 2005 William Massie, Urban Beach,

2002

BIG, natural history museum,submitted for competition 2012

Sectioning - Method of taking numerous cross sections through a form at disegnated interval.. This method uses a series of profiles, the edges of which follow lines of surface geometry.

Berkeley/Lisa Iwamoto, Digital Weave, 2004

J. MAYER H. Architects, Seville Parasol building, 2011

Greg Lynn,Transformation of Kleiburg Housing Block, 2007

Alan Dempsey and Alvin Huang,(c)space, 2008

SHoP Architects, Dunescape, 2001


Tesselating - method of collection of pieces that fit together without gaps to form a plane or surface.

Buckminster Fuller and Shoji Sadao,U.S. Pavilion, 1967

Peter Macapia/labDORA, Urban Pavilion, 2007

Fabio Gramazio & Matthias, "The programmed Wall", 2007

Huyghe + Le Corbusier, Puppet theatre, 2004

Peter Macapia/labDORA, Swarm Architecture, 2009

Thom Faulders Architecture, Airspace Tokyo, 2007


Foldingturns a flat surface into a three-dimensional one. This technique is used not only for making form but also for creating structure with geometry.

Walter Netsch/Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Air Force Academy

Cadet Chapel, 1962

FOA, Yokohama International PortTerminal, 2002

Haresh Lalvani/AlgoRhythm Technologies. InterRipples Ceiling System

Tom Wiscombe/EMERGENT, Dragonfly, 2007

AEDS/Ammar Eloueini, Nubik, 2005

IwamotoScott, In-Out Curtain, 2005

Chris Bosse, Digital Origami, 2007

Office dA, Fabricating Coincidences,1998

Chris Bosse/PTW Architects,Watercube, 2008

Atelier Hitoshi Abe, Aoba-tei, 2004


Contouring is a subtractive process that reshapes this surface and creates a three-dimensional relief by removing successive layers of material.

Golden Fort, Jaisalmer, India, 1156

Wall Panel Systems

Greg Lynn, Showroom, Stockholm, Sweden, 2000

Urban A&O, Bone Wall, 2006

WILLIAMSON Chong, Door with Peephole, 2004

The contemporary carving tools: CNC routers and mills


Forming is a technique that generates multiple parts from a small number of molds or forms.

Hans Scharoun, the Berliner Philharmonie, 1963

Harrison & Abramovitz the AlcoaBuilding, 1953

Florencia Pita, Alice, 2007

PATTERNS, with Kreysler & Associates, UniBodies, 2006GNUFORM, NGTV, the

private bar ,2005Heather Roberge, Satin Sheet, 2007

Heather Roberge, Shiatsu, 2007

Andrew Kudless/Matsys, PJWall, 2006

KDL/MAC, Ost/Kuttner Apartment, 1997


is a technique based on creating computing designs through materail systems based on continuity, where everything is interrelated through interlacing patterns of various figures (brading, chrochet, macrame, knitting, weaving, etc.)

"Textile Computing"

Youngjin Yoon, Bubble Stitch House

Jeremy Magner, Bespoke House

Erasmus Ikpemgbe, Balloon HouseAmiina Bakunowicz: Pattern

3D Printing or Contour Crafting is a process of making 3D solid objects from a digital model. 3D printing is achieved using additive processes, where an object is created by laying down successive layers of material. Andrea Morgante,

Radiolaria Pavillion, 2011

Jenny Sabin, greenhouse the “Cabinet of Future Fossils” , 2011

François Roche of R&Sie;(n), Museum of Ice, in design stage

Contour Crafting Machine, 2008

R&Sie(n), New installation at the Musee

d’Art Moderne, ParisAmiina Bakunowicz: Pattern

"Architectural patterns have a broad and deep lineage, and one should not expect them to have any well-defined, unitary function. As patterns evolve they acquire new functions and lose their prior functions, or new functions are superimposed upon older ones. Patterns might serve purposes of decorative enhancement, feature accentuation, camouflaging, totemic identification, semiotic differentiation, or any combination of these."

Patrik Schumacher 2009, p.30

Patterns in nature are a series of connected relationships, therefore they tend to be highly complex. The reasons for this complexity, according to Geoffrey West, are:

● Patterns are highly complex systems, based on historical contingencies, that can usually be described only as "course grain" behavior.

● There is a huge number of sub-agents exhibiting self-organization that produce emergent properties at a system level.

However, Can the use of Technology and Patterns in architectural design lead more easily to "Lazy Architecture"

VS

Peter Macapia, Performa PavilionUnknown


References:Anonymous. (). Pattern Concept – Various. Available: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pattern. Last accessed 25th November 2012

Ball P., The Self-Made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature, Center "Leo Apostel", 2001, OUP Oxford

Wade, D. Li: Dynamic Form in Nature, 2007, Wooden Books

Lisa Iwamoto, Digital Fabrications: Architectural and Material Techniques , 2009, Princeton Architectural Press

William Lidwell, Kritina Holden, Jill Butler, Universal Principles of Design, 2010, Rockport

Lars Spuybroek, Research & Design: The Architecture of Variation, 2009, Thames & Hudson

Tracy B. Henley , B.Michael Thorne , Connections in the History and Systems of Psychology, 2004, Houghton Mifflin

Benjamin Aranda, Christopher Lasch, Tooling, 2006, Princeton Architectural PressSchumacher, P. 2009, Parametric Patterns. Architectural Design 79(6), p.30

Bill Graham. - Available: http://www.patternsinnature.org/Book/UnderstandingPatternsInNature.html. Last accessed 10th December 2012

http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pattern



http://www.patternsinnature.org/Book/UnderstandingPatternsInNature.html

pattern by amiina bakunowicz

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