patrick stadelmann, empa 17. september 2019 · 2019. 9. 18. · metrology for hydrogen vehicles...
TRANSCRIPT
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Metrology for Hydrogen Vehicles
Patrick Stadelmann, Empa
17. September 2019
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Outline
1. Introduction
2. Testing device to determine accuracy of meters and dispensers
3. Test campaign of hydrogen filling stations in operation
4. Preliminary conclusions and recommendations
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Outline
1. Introduction
2. Testing device to determine accuracy of meters and dispensers
3. Test campaign of hydrogen filling stations in operation
4. Preliminary conclusions and recommendations
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Background on hydrogen flow metering
Hydrogen supplied can vary up to 875
bar in pressure and between -40°C to
ambient temperature during refuelling
Unknown mass of
hydrogen is lost
during venting
Flow meters in the
refuelling station
must be accurate to
1% (OIML R 139-1)
Refuelling stations
cannot cost their
customers with
required accuracies
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Background on hydrogen flow metering
• Up to now the sale of H2 without certified flow meter is tolerated by the authorities
(demonstration projects, limited group of users)
o By entering the commercial phase with extension of the HRS network, uncalibrated sales of
H2 cannot be tolerated anymore
• Until beginning of 2018, no certified reference testing device in Europe to
determine the global accuracy → of meters and dispenser
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Hydrogen accuracy classes
• Revision of the OIML R139 standard for gaseous dispenser
o New version approved and published in Oct 2018
o Accuracy classes have been largely discussed and revised:
→ Class 2 & Class 4 have been created for hydrogen service
→ In principle Class 2 is accepted for future stations, whereas Class 4 is tolerated for existing stations
Note: Class 4 seems to be tolerated in France for a limited period only
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Outline
1. Introduction
2. Testing device to determine accuracy of meters and dispensers
3. Test campaign of hydrogen filling stations in operation
4. Preliminary conclusions and recommendations
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Hydrogen field test standard
• Testing device designed and manufactured by Air Liquide and Metas
Air Liquide reference testing device Metas reference testing device
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Design of METAS testing device
Composite tanks
Housing (ESD plastic)
Hydraulic system
High precision scale
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Design of METAS testing device
• Main characteristics
o High precision scale: resolution 0.05g, Ex-certified
o Composite tank of 2x36L (i.e. 3.0 kg of H2 at 700 bar, 15°C)
o Mobile test bench to be moved on each HRS
o Housing (ESD plastic) as protection against wind:
o Stable measurements, even with wind conditions
o Several nozzles to flood the housing with inert gas to limit
possible ice build up
o Improved depressurization system:
o Depressurization time (from 700 to 20 bar): 1h30 to 1h45
o Possibility to lift the frame from the scale for transport
o Valve panel to inert tank with N2 for transport
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Outline
1. Introduction
2. Testing device to determine accuracy of meters and dispensers
3. Test campaign of hydrogen filling stations in operation
4. Preliminary conclusions and recommendations
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Specific constraints
• Installation on site:
o Trailer must not move for the whole test campaign
o HRS must remain accessible for car fueling
o Preparation work ahead on HRS layouts
o Safety issues must be taken into account (safety
perimeter)
• Needs / Data recording
o Electrical power for the scale
o Nitrogen bundle/bottles
o Data expected from the HRS
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Tests performed
• Accuracy tests
o Series of tests:
o 1 full fillings 20-700 bar Automatic stop
o 1 partial fillings 20-350 bar Manual stop
o 1 partial fillings 350-700 bar Automatic stop
o 4 MMQ fillings (1kg) with different starting pressure (450bar – 20bar – 180bar – 350bar) – Manual stop
o This series of tests is performed 4 times
Note: filling time is quick (around 3 min), but
depressurization time is very long:
→ 1h45 + time to prepare cylinder for the
next filling (de-freezing)
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Tests performed
Remark:
The tests performed in this test
campaign are more exhaustive than the
ones required by OIML R139, but also
more severe…
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Specificities of HRS tested
Remark:
The CFM is located in the container, far from the dispenser
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Test results
Measured accuracies
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Discussions
• Influence of distance between CFM and dispenser
Advantages: stable working conditions of the CFM (low
variation of pressure and temperature)
Disadvantages: far from the transfer point (errors induced due
to the CFM location)
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Discussions
• Influence of distance between CFM and dispenser
o Situation at beginning of a fuelingMass of H2 (pressure P1):
not counted but given to the customer
→ Depends on end pressure of previous filling
(independent of the customer)
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Discussions
• Influence of distance between CFM and dispenser
o Situation at end of a fuelingMass of H2 (pressure P2):
counted but not in the customer tank
→ Depends on end pressure given by SAE J2601
protocol (automatic stop) OR manual stop decided
by the customer OR abnormal stop (fueling error)
Vented quantity: counted, but not
in the customer tank
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Discussions
• Influence of distance between CFM and dispensero If P1 ~ P2: the customer pays exactly the quantity delivered in his tank ● Full fillings 200-700 bar
o Initial mass of H2 is replaced by the same quantity at end of fueling ● MMQ (1kg) 450-700 bar
m_delivered ~ m_invoiced
o If P1 > P2: the customer get more hydrogen than the quantity invoiced ● Partial fillings 20-350 bar
o Initial mass of H2 is replaced by a lower quantity at end of fueling ▲ MMQ (1kg) 20-180 bar
m_delivered > m_invoiced (negative error)
o If P1 < P2: the customer get less hydrogen than the quantity invoiced ● Partial fillings 350-700 bar
o Initial mass of H2 is replaced by a higher quantity at end of fueling ★ MMQ (1kg) 180-350 bar
m_delivered < m_invoiced (positive error) MMQ (1kg) 350-580 bar
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Discussions
Measured accuracies
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Outline
1. Introduction
2. Testing device to determine accuracy of meters and dispensers
3. Test campaign of hydrogen filling stations in operation
4. Preliminary conclusions and recommendations
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Conclusions
• Good reliability of the testing device in real conditions
• Influence of the measuring system configuration (distance between the CFM and
the nozzle):
o The greater the pressure difference in the pipe at the beginning and end of the refueling
process, the bigger the error
• Recommendations:
o Reduce as much as possible the volume between CFM and the nozzle
o Knowing the precise volumes, errors can be calculated and corrected
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Next steps
• Conclusions to be completed with upcoming results
• Deep analysis of all measurements (fueling data,
environmental conditions etc.)
• Deliverable (D1) – «Good practice guide describing
calibration and validation of flow meters used at HRSs for
quantifying hydrogen dispensed into vehicles»
→ For further details, refer to https://www.metrohyve.eu
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Thank you for your Attention!
Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for
Materials Science and Technology
@Empa_CH