patofiziologija upale

7/25/2019 patofiziologija upale

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UNIVERZITET U BIHAĆU

VISOKA ZDRAVSTVENA ŠKOLABIHAĆODSJEK : Sanitarno inžinjerstvo

SEMINARSKI RAD IZ PREDMETA:PATOFIZIOLOGIJA

TEMA: PATOFIZIOLOGIJA UPALE

MENTOR: STUDENT:Dr. Karabeg Enes Z!"# R"$%ana

B"&a#' De(e)bar ' *+,-



SADRŽAJ

UVOD....................................................................................................................................................................................

,. UZRO/I........................................................................................................................................................................

*. PODJELA.....................................................................................................................................................................

Akutna upala..................................................................................................................................................................

Kronična upala.............................................................................................................................................................

. ISHOD UPALE..............................................................................................................................................................

0. SASTAVNI/E UPALNO1 PRO/ESA.........................................................................................................................

0.,. Š3e3n" 4a536r" n65se..............................................................................................................................................0.*. Eg86gene n65se....................................................................................................................................................

0.. En%6gene n65se...................................................................................................................................................

-. OPĆA SVOJSTVA LOKALNE UPALE.....................................................................................................................,

2. TEMELJNA SVOJSTVA UPALE...............................................................................................................................,

2.,. L65a!na ;a!a <er"8";e!=.....................................................................................................................................,

7. TEMELJNI OBRAZA/ UPALE.................................................................................................................................,

9. SUDJELOVANJE STANI/A U UPALNOM PRO/ESU...........................................................................................*

9.,. A%&e8"$a 5r>n"& s3an"(a na en%63e!.........................................................................................................................*

9.*. In4"!3ra("$a 5r>n"& s3an"(a 35">6.......................................................................................................................

9.. H)6ra!n" <?b"65e)"$s5"@= ;6$a">a5" )e&an"8)"..........................................................................................

9.0. M56;r!en3na ;a!a <br6n&"3"s=......................................................................................................................

9.-. Pr6)$ene 35">ne ar&"3e53re...............................................................................................................................

. KRONINA UPALA..................................................................................................................................................

,+. POSEBNI OBLI/I UPALE....................................................................................................................................

,,. PRO/JENA UPALNE REAK/IJE........................................................................................................................

,*. SISTEM REAK/IJA OR1ANIZMA NA UPALU I OZLJEDU...........................................................................0

,. STANJA KOJA UTJEU NA TIJEK UPALE.......................................................................................................0

,0. SUSTAVNA REAK/IJA OR1ANIZMA NA UPALU..........................................................................................0

,-. OD1OVOR AKUTNE CAZE................................................................................................................................0

ZAKLJUAK......................................................................................................................................................................0

LITERATURA.....................................................................................................................................................................0

2



UVOD

U;a!a <!a3. "n4!a))a3"6= !65a!na $e rea5("$a na 68!$e% 35"> 56$e) sna!a8" 63e5!"na' (r>en"!6 " b6!. C"8"6!65" 8naa$ ;a!ne rea5("$e $e 5!an$an$e ;a!n6g agens

<;a36gen" 6rgan"8a)' "r"3an3na 3>ar ' )r3>e s3an"(e " s!.= 3e sana("$a 8a&>a#en6g 35">a.

U;a! ;6e3n6$ 4a8" 5ara53er"8"ra ;6$aan ;r6!a8 b"$e!"& 5r>n"& s3an"(a <!e56("3a= "8 5r>" 35">656$e $e 63e#en6. T6 $e ;a!n" 6%g6>6r' 56$" 5!$$e ")n6!65" ss3a>' !65a!n" ss3a> "!a " 35">a.

M6e b"3" "8!"$eena be8 3e5"& ;6s!$e%"(a. U 3e") s!a$e>")a' ;a!a ;re!a8" 5r6n"n" 6b!"5. M6a5 re8!3"ra3" s)r# s!a$ se;se "!" 635a8">an$a >"3a!n"& 6rgana.

Ve#"na ;a!a ")a na8">' 56$" 8a>ra>a s4"5s6) F"3"s. Ta56 $e n;r. )"65ar%"3"s G ;a!a sran6

)""#a' ar3r"3"s G ;a!a 8g!6b6>a' %er)a3"3"s G ;a!a 56e' gas3r"3"s G ;a!a e!%(a' 63"3"s G ;a!a &"3%.

3

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinski

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozljeda

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oteklina&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crvenilo&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizam

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvar

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukociti

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krv

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsa

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miokarditis

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artritis&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dermatitis&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastritis

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otitis&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinski

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozljeda

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oteklina&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crvenilo&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizam

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvar




https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miokarditis

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artritis&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dermatitis&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastritis

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otitis&action=edit&redlink=1



1. UZROCI

• O;e5!"ne

• Ke)"$s5" "r"3ans"

• O8eb!"ne

• O3r6>"

• In4e5("$e 8r656>ane ;a36gen")a

• C"8"5e 68!$e%e' rane

• I)n6!65e rea5("$e 8b6g ;re6s$e3!$">6s3"

• I6n"8"ra$#e 8raen$e

•

S3rana 3"$e!a <5!$$#" ">er$e' ;r!$a>3"n' 5r&63"ne=

• S3res

• Tra)a

• A!56&6!

2. PODJELA

U )e%"("ns56$ n6)en5!a3r"' 6;#en"36 $e ;ra>"!6 %a ;a!e 8a>ra>a$ nas3a>56) F"3"s. Ta56 $e ;a!%r"$e!a 4ar"ng"3"s' ;a!a s"nsa s"ns"3"s' ;a!a bbrega g!6)er!6ne4r"3"s. I8n")5a 6% 6>6g ;ra>"!a $;a!a ;!#a' ;ne)6n"$a. U;a! )6e)6 ;6%"$e!"3" na a53n " 5r6n"n.

4

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opeklin&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozeblin

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrov

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infekcije&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioniziraju%C4%87e_zra%C4%8Denje

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stres

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitis

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonefritis

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonija

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opeklin&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozeblin

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrov

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infekcije&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioniziraju%C4%87e_zra%C4%8Denje

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stres

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitis

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonefritis

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonija



Akutna upala

A53na ;a!a $e ;6e3n" 6%g6>6r 3"$e!a na 3e3an ")ben"5 <n65s= a 5ara53er"8"ra $ ;6>e#an %63655r>" 56$" 6n%a %6>6%" %6 "8!as5a ;!a8)e " !e56("3a "8 5r>n"& "!a ;6g6en6 35">6. /"$e!" $e n" ;r6(esa 6rgan"8) 56$" %6>6%e %6 ra8>"$an$a ;a!ne rea5("$e' a 5!$$ 5r>ne "!e' 5r>ne s3an"(<3$. ")n6!65" ss3a>= " s3an"(e 56$e se "nae na!a8e 35">")a. Rea5("$a na ;a! )6e b"3" !65a!n<6365' (r>en"!6' na5;!$an$e !e56("3a= " s"s3e)s5a <;6$aana s"n3e8a ;r63e"na a53ne 4a8e' ;6ras3$e!esne 3e);era3re=. A53na se ;a!a )6e ra8>"3" 5r6n"n' 36 %6>6%" %6 ;r6)$ena >rs3a)s3an"(a ;r"s3n")a ;6g6en6) 35">.

Kronična upala

Kr6n"na ;a!a $e 6rgan"8) 3e3an ;r6(es $er )6e %6>es3" %6 a3er6s5!er68e' re)a36"%n6

ar3r"3"sa " 3)6ra' 8b6g ega $e ;a!a %6br6 reg!"ran ;r6(es' a ;6re)e#a$ ;r6(es ;a!e re8!3"r b6!e#.

3. ISHOD UPALE

?restitutio ad integrum” – 68%ra>!$en$e

&";64n5("$a <"!" a4n5("$a= 6rgana

;r6gres">an 3"$e5' ;6g6ra>an$e 4n5("$e

F >"ess3a>n6 8a3a$">an$e 6rgana <MODS=

se5n%arn" ;a364"8"6!65" ;r6(es"

F 8as36$ ras3a " ra8>6$a

F ")n6sna s!ab6s3

F a36")n6s3

5

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocit


https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ateroskleroz&action=edit&redlink=1

https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reumatoidnog_artritis&action=edit&redlink=1


https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor



https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ateroskleroz&action=edit&redlink=1



https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor



F 8!6#%na ;re6bra8ba

6



4. SASTAVNICE UPALNOG PROCESA

3e3n" 4a536r" <n65sa= F ;65re3a ;a!e

!65a!n" 4a536r"

F ;a!63>6rn" < proinflammatory=

F ;a!6s3a3s5" <antiinflammatory=

)e&an"8)" na ra8"n" ("$e!6g 6rgan"8)a

F ;a!63>6rn" " ;a!6s3a3s5"

6;#a rea53">n6s3 <56n%"("$a=6rgan"8)a

")n6sna rea5("$a F s"nerg"8a)



4.1. Š!"# $%&'(# "'&)!

eg86gene n65se

F 4"8"5e

F 5e)"$s5e

F b"6!65e

en%6gene n65se

F ne5r63"5a s)r3 s3an"(a

35">na "s&e)"$a

F ")n6sna rea5("$a

("36365s"n" !")46("3"' 4ag6("3"' 56);!e)en3......



4.2. E*+'*!"! "'&)!

4"8"5" 4a536r"

F )e&an"5a "!" 36;!"ns5a 3ra)a

F 8raen$a <UV' "6n"8a("$s5a' ne"6n"8a("$s5a=

5e)"$s5" "n"3e!$"

F 5"se!"ne' !"ne !"$e56>" <6>"sn6 6 %68"=

b"6!65" "n"3e!$"

F ba53er"$s5e " >"rsne "n4e5("$e' "n4es3a("$e

F ba53er"$s5" 365s"n"



4.3. E",'*!"! "'&)!

ne5r63"na s)r3 s3an"(a

F 35">na "s&e)"$a' ra%"5a!" 5"s"5a

F ")n6sna rea5("$a <56);!e)en3=

6;s3r5("$a ;!$"& 6rgana

F "s&e)"$a

;er46ra("$a ;!$"& 6rgana

F "8!$e> sa%ra$a

na5;!$an$e en%6gen"& 3>ar" " )e3ab6!"3a

F !";"%" a3er6s5!er68a



5. OP-A SVOJSTVA LOALNE UPALE

calor F 36;!"na

dolor F b6!

rubor F (r>en"!6

tumor – 63e5!"na

functio laesa F 63e#ena <;6re)e#ena=

4n5("$



6. TEMELJNA SVOJSTVA UPALE

/%0'( ('( '( ,'0'( $.0%!)%



6.1. L'&%0"% %0% !(#+#!0



7.

TEMELJNI O8RAZAC UPALE

"n4"!3ra("$a " a53">a("$a ;a!n"& s3an"(a

;65re3an$e &)6ra!n"& ;6$a">a5"& )e&an"8a)a



;r6)$ene "!ne ;r6;sn6s3" " 63;6ra

;r6)$ena grae 35">a ;r6)$ena 4n5("$e



C%0'(9 ('(

;6$aan 65s"%a3">n" )e3ab6!"8a) <?65s"%a3">na e5s;!68"$a@= )a5r64a8")a " ne3r64"!")a

F s3>aran$e 5"s"56>"& ra%"5a!a

F s"n3e8a " eg86("368a en8")a

F %"$a;e%e8a " )"gra("$a 5r68 35">6

$aa ;r65r>!$en6s3 35">a



T'(9 ,'0'(

;6>e#ana "!na ;r6;sn6s3 F e5s%a("$a' 3rans%a("$a

F ang"6)ra!n" e%e)

6s!6baan$e !65a!n"& ;6sre%n"5a ;a!eM ;6%ra">an$e n6("(e;36ra

F 5"s"56>" ra%"5a!"

F bra%"5"n"n' 5a!"%"n

F !65a!na a("%68a F ;r6s3ag!an%"n E*' !e563r"en LTB0



M#&('/#(&0%/#% %0# ; I.

;r6!a8na' 5ra3563ra$na "s&e)"$a 68!"$een6g 35">a

5">6 $e b!"$e%6



M#&('/#(&0%/#% %0# ; II.

&";ere)"$a: (a!6r' rb6r

;6$aan ;r6365 5r>"



M#&('/#(&0%/#% %0# ; III.

3rans%a("$a " e5s%a("$a: 3)6r

3rans%a("$a " e5s%a("$a



F"/#' 0%!)%

e%e)

b6!

!65a!n" ("365"n"' ;r6s3ag!an%"n' !e563r"en"

63e#en$e " ra8aran$e ;aren&")a

s3>aran$e 6"!$5a



F"/#' 0%!)%: %&"# 0%(#"*##)



F"/#' 0%!)%:

gangren68na ;a!a s;6!n6g 6rgana



T!!0"# '(%+%/ 14%0!

,. "n4"!3ra("$a " a53">a("$a ;a!n"& s3an"(a

*. ;65re3an$e &)6ra!n"& ;6$a">a5"& )e&an"8a)a

. ;r6)$ene "!ne ;r6;sn6s3" " 63;6ra

0. ;r6)$ena grae 35">a ;r6)$ena 4n5("$e



"$#0(%/#% # %&#<%/#% 14%0"#= )%"#/%

ne3r64"!"

a53">"ran" )a5r64a8" " )6n6("3"

!")46("3"

)as36("3" " ba864"!"

e68"n64"!"

en%63e!ne s3an"(e 3r6)b6("3"

4"br6b!as3"



I"$#0(%/#% # %&#<%/#% 14%0"#= )%"#/% ; I.

ne3r64"!"

F 5"s"56>" ra%"5a!"' NO

F !"86s6)s5" en8")"' 5a3e;s"n' e!as3a8e

F ;r6s3ag!an%"n"' !e563r"en"' 3r6)b65san

F 5e)65"n"' ("365"n": ILG,' ILG2' TNCGO

!")46("3"

F ("365"n"

F ;r633"$e!a



I"$#0(%/#% # %&#<%/#% %0"#= )%"#/% ; II.

a53">"ran" )a5r64a8" " )6n6("3"

F 5"s"56>" ra%"5a!"' NO

F !"86s6)s5" en8")"' 56!agena8e' e!as3a8e' a53">a36r ;!a8)"n6gena

F ("365"n": ILG,' TNCG' "n3er4er6n O

F !e563r"en"' ;r6s3ag!an%"n"' 3r6)b65san

)as36("3" " ba864"!" F &"s3a)"n' ser636n"n F &e;ar"n F ne3ra!ne ;r63ea8e



I"$#0(%/#% # %&#<%/#% 14%0"#= )%"#/% ; III.

e68"n64"!"

F ("365"n": ILG,' ILG2' ILG9 F 3r6)b65san' !e563r"en" F &"s3a)"n

en%63e!ne s3an"(e F ;r6s3ag!an%"n" F NO

F PAC <a53">a36r 3r6)b6("3a= 3r6)b6("3"

F 3r6)b65san' PAC

4"br6b!as3"



>. SUDJELOVANJE STANICA U UPALNOM PROCESU



>.1.

A,=!+#% &(<"#= )%"#/% "% !",'!0

se!e53"n"

F P <3r6)b6("3n"= < platelet)

F E <en%63e!n"=

F L <!e56("3n"

"n3egr"n"

F LCAG, <l eukocyte f unction antigen)



F VA!"# $A%!&'''' ( mak rofagni)

")n6g!6b!"n"

F I/AMG,' I/AMG* <"n3er (e!!!ar a%&es"6n )6!e(!e=



>.2. I"$#0(%/#% &(<"#= )%"#/% &#<'

%"$a;e%e8a 5r68 en%63e!

5e)63a5s"$a

F 5e)65"n": ILG9' M/PG,' MIPG,' e63a5s"n

F ("365"n": ILG,' ILG2' TNCGO

F 56);6nen3e 56);!e)en3a

F !e563r"en"

F ;r6s3ag!an%"n"

a53">a("$e



>.3. H'(%0"# ?#'&!#)&#@ '%#<%&# !=%"#+#

;r6"8>6%n$a " 63;3an$e ("365"na

F ILG,' ILG2' TNCO

;r"3$e(an$e " 63;!a>!$">an$e ser)s5"&"n"3e!$a

F 56);!e)en3

F 5a!"5re"n F 56ag!a("$s5" 4a536r"

;r6"8>6%" )"5r66rgan"8a)a

F en%6G " eg86365s"n"



>.4. M&'(0!""% 14%0% 52('"=##)6

5s%a3' gn6$

)568n" e;"3e! gran!6("3"

5a;"!ara



>.5. P('!"! &#<"! %(=#!&(!

%6!a8a5' 35">!$en$e " a53">a("$a ;a!n"& s3an"(a

6%!agan$e 4"br"na

s3>aran$e gran!6)a

%"s4n5("$a " ;r6;a%an$e ;aren&")a

s3>aran$e >e8">a



BR!)##' %, #"!*(B

De4e53 e;"3e!a M"gra("$a e;"3e!n"& s3an"(a

H";er3r64"$a e;"3e!a Re56ns3r5("$a



. RONINA UPALA

s3an"(e

F 4"br6b!as3"

F en%63e!ne s3an"(e

F !")46("3"' )6n6("3"

)es3an"na 3>ar

F 56!agen F ;r63e6g!"5an"

;ers"s3en("$a n65se

F n;r. >"rs



1.POSE8NI O8LICI UPALE

gn6$na ;a!a

F a;s(es

F 4!eg)6na

se;sa

F gra)G;68"3">na' gra)Gnega3">na

5a3ara!na ;a!a 5r6n"na gran!6)a368na ;a!a

(e!!"3"s

5a>erna



11.PROCJENA UPALNE REACIJE

3$e!esna 3e);era3ra

!e56("368a

F !e5e)6"%na rea5("$a

se%")en3a("$a er"3r6("3a

;r63e"n" a53ne 4a8e ser)

F /Grea53">n" ;r63e"n </RP=

)"5r6("3na n6r)65r6)na ane)"$a

F ?ane)"$a 5r6n"n6g "n4e53a@



12.SISTEM REACIJA ORGANIZMA NA UPALU I OZLJEDU

SIRS F ss3e)"( "n4!a))a36r res;6nse

MODS F )!3";!e 6rgan %s4n(3"6n sn%r6)e



13.STANJA OJA UTJEU NA TIJE UPALE

%6b

%"$abe3es

)a!n3r"("$a' 5a&e5s"$a

;6re)e#a$" 4n5("$e 5r>63>6rn"& 6rgana

F ane)"$a' ne3r6;en"$a

")n6sna ;re6s$e3!$">6s3 <a!erg"$e=



14.SUSTAVNA REACIJA ORGANIZMA NA UPALU

;65re3a"

F %g6%6)e3n" ("365"n" ILG,' ILG2' TNCGO

F 6s$e3 b6!"

a);!"4"5a("$s5" <;6$a">a5"= ss3a>"

F 56);!e)en3

F bra%"5"n"n

F 56ag!a("$s5" Q an3"56ag!a("$s5" ss3a>

F en8")" "8 ;a!$en6g ;6%r$a

6%g6>6r a53ne 4a8e



15.ODGOVOR AUTNE FAZE

5!$">an$e /NSGa

F ne)"r ;6s;an6s3

6%g6>6r $e3re

>r#"(a

&";er)e3ab6!"8a)' 5a3ab6!"8a) ;r63e"na

se5n%arne ;r"!ag6%be

F br8a>an$e 6;365a 5r>"

F &";er>en3"!a("$a ;!#a

F s;6ra>an$e ;r6ba>e' gb"3a5 3e5a

F 6;#a s!ab6s3 <;r6s3ra("$a=



MODS8a3a$en$e bbrega " %rg"& 6rgana

ZALJUA

U;a!a $e s3ere63";"8"rana !65a!na " s"s3e)s5a rea5("$a 6rgan"8)a 56$a 6gran"a>a "!" 5!an$a3e3ne "n"3e!$e " 35">na 63e#en$a. U;a!a $e 4"!6gene3s5" sa>an" )e&an"8a). U;a!a $e ;r"r6%n" ($e!"%ben" ;r6(es. U;a!a $e ;r"r6en" 6bra)ben" )e&an"8a). U;a!narea5("$a ;65a8$e 35">n b"5>"3arn6s3

F 3$. ;6s36$" s>") 35">")a



ubiue ! posvuda

U;a!a $e ;!r"n686gena ;6$a>a

F 3$. ")a ra8!""3e 6b!"5e ;6$e%"n") b6!es3")a

plus – vi*e# nosos – bolest

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