patofisiologi gizi the urinary system. pokok bahasan sistem urinarius gangguan ginjal dan saluran...
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Patofisiologi Gizi
The Urinary System
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Pokok Bahasan Pokok Bahasan
Sistem UrinariusSistem Urinarius Gangguan Ginjal Dan Saluran KemihGangguan Ginjal Dan Saluran Kemih
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Urinary System : The FunctionsUrinary System : The Functions
Elimination of waste products Nitrogenous wastes
Toxins
Drugs
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Functions of the Urinary SystemFunctions of the Urinary System
Regulate aspects of homeostasis Water balance
Electrolytes
Acid-base balance in the blood
Blood pressure
Red blood cell production
Activation of vitamin D
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Organs of the Urinary systemOrgans of the Urinary system
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Figure 15.1a
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Regions of the KidneyRegions of the Kidney
Slide 15.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Renal cortex – outer region
Renal medulla – inside the cortex
Renal pelvis – inner collecting tube
Figure 15.2b
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Kidney StructuresKidney Structures
Medullary pyramids – triangular regions of tissue in the medulla
Renal columns – extensions of cortex-like material inward
Calyces – cup-shaped structures that funnel urine towards the renal pelvis
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NephronsNephrons
The structural and functional units of the kidneys
Responsible for forming urine
Main structures of the nephrons
Glomerulus
Renal tubule
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GlomerulusGlomerulus
A specialized capillary bed
Attached to arterioles on both sides (maintains high pressure) Large afferent
arteriole
Narrow efferent arteriole
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GlomerulusGlomerulus
The glomerulus sits within a glomerular capsule (the first part of the renal tubule)
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Renal TubuleRenal Tubule
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
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Types of NephronsTypes of Nephrons
Cortical nephrons Located entirely in the cortex
Includes most nephrons
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Types of NephronsTypes of Nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons Found at the boundary of the cortex and
medulla
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Peritubular CapillariesPeritubular Capillaries
Arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
Normal, low pressure capillaries
Attached to a venule
Cling close to the renal tubule
Reabsorb (reclaim) some substances from collecting tubes
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Urine Formation ProcessesUrine Formation Processes
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
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FiltrationFiltration
Nonselective passive process
Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through capillary walls
Blood cells cannot pass out to the capillaries
Filtrate is collected in the glomerular capsule and leaves via the renal tubule
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ReabsorptionReabsorption
The peritubular capillaries reabsorb several materials Some water
Glucose
Amino acids
Ions
Some reabsorption is passive, most is active
Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule
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Materials Not ReabsorbedMaterials Not Reabsorbed
Nitrogenous waste products Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Excess water
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Secretion – Reabsorption in Secretion – Reabsorption in ReverseReverse
Some materials move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules
Hydrogen and potassium ions
Creatinine
Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ureter
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Formation of UrineFormation of Urine
Figure 15.5
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Characteristics of Urine Used for Characteristics of Urine Used for Medical DiagnosisMedical Diagnosis
Colored somewhat yellow due to the pigment urochrome (from the destruction of hemoglobin) and solutes
Sterile
Slightly aromatic
Normal pH of around 6 (varies 4.5-8)
Specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.035
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UretersUreters
Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the bladder
Continuous with the renal pelvis
Enter the posterior aspect of the bladder
Runs behind the peritoneum
Peristalsis aids gravity in urine transport
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Urinary BladderUrinary Bladder
Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
Temporarily stores urine
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Urinary BladderUrinary Bladder
Trigone – three openings
Two from the ureters
One to the urethrea
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UrethraUrethra
Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis
Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters
Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
External urethral sphincter (voluntary)
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Urethra Gender DifferencesUrethra Gender Differences
Length
Females – 3–4 cm (1 inch)
Males – 20 cm (8 inches)
Location
Females – along wall of the vagina
Males – through the prostate and penis
• FunctionFemales – only carries urineMales – carries urine and is a passageway for
sperm cells
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Micturition (Voiding)Micturition (Voiding)
Both sphincter muscles must open to allow voiding
The internal urethral sphincter is relaxed after stretching of the bladder
Activation is from an impulse sent to the spinal cord and then back via the pelvic splanchnic nerves
The external urethral sphincter must be voluntarily relaxed
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Maintaining Water BalanceMaintaining Water Balance Water intake must equal water output Sources for water intake
Ingested foods and fluids
Water produced from metabolic processes
Sources for water output Vaporization out of the lungs Lost in perspiration Leaves the body in the feces Urine production
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Maintaining Water BalanceMaintaining Water Balance
Dilute urine is produced if water intake is excessive
Less urine (concentrated) is produced if large amounts of water are lost
Proper concentrations of various electrolytes must be present
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Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Regulation of Water and Electrolyte ReabsorptionReabsorption
Regulation is primarily by hormones Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents
excessive water loss in urine
Aldosterone regulates sodium ion content of extracellular fluid
Triggered by the rennin-angiotensin mechanism
Cells in the kidneys and hypothalamus are active monitors
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Maintaining Water/Electrolyte BalanceMaintaining Water/Electrolyte Balance
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Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in BloodBlood
Blood pH must remain between 7.35 and 7.45 to maintain homeostasis
Alkalosis – pH above 7.45
Acidosis – pH below 7.35
Most ions originate as byproducts of cellular metabolism
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Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in BloodBlood
Most acid-base balance is maintained by the kidneys
Other acid-base controlling systems
Blood buffers
Respiration
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Blood BuffersBlood Buffers Molecules react to prevent dramatic
changes in hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations Bind to H+ when pH drops
Release H+ when pH rises
Three major chemical buffer systems Bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
Protein buffer system
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The Bicarbonate Buffer SystemThe Bicarbonate Buffer System
Mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) react with
strong acids to change them to weak acids
Carbonic acid dissociates in the presence of a strong base to form a weak base and water
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Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base BalanceBalance
Excrete bicarbonate ions if needed
Conserve or generate new bicarbonate ions if needed
Urine pH varies from 4.5 to 8.0
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GANGGUAN GANGGUAN
SISTEM URINARIUSSISTEM URINARIUS
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Gagal ginjalGagal ginjal
Gagal GinjalGagal Ginjal Ginjal kehilangan kemampuan Ginjal kehilangan kemampuan
mempertahankan volume dan kompartemen mempertahankan volume dan kompartemen cairan tubuh pada diet normalcairan tubuh pada diet normal
Gagal ginjal kronik/ akutGagal ginjal kronik/ akut
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Gagal ginjal akutGagal ginjal akut
renal, nefritisrenal, nefritis Sebab postrenal Oliguria (urin <400ml/ hr), non Sebab postrenal Oliguria (urin <400ml/ hr), non
oliguriaoliguria Sebab prarenal (gg. Sirkulasi)Sebab prarenal (gg. Sirkulasi)
Hipovolemia (perdarahan, dehidrasi, curah jtgHipovolemia (perdarahan, dehidrasi, curah jtg, ,
obs. Pemb darah ginjal)obs. Pemb darah ginjal) Sebab renalSebab renal
Iskemia, nefrotoksin, hipertensi Iskemia, nefrotoksin, hipertensi Obs. Muara kd.kemih, obs. Ureter, obs. Duktus Obs. Muara kd.kemih, obs. Ureter, obs. Duktus
koledokus ( as. Urat, sulfa)koledokus ( as. Urat, sulfa)
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Gagal ginjal kronikGagal ginjal kronik
St. 1: asimptomatikSt. 1: asimptomatik St. 2: insufisiensi ginjal, azotemia ringanSt. 2: insufisiensi ginjal, azotemia ringan St. 3: stadium akhir uremia, GFR 10%, St. 3: stadium akhir uremia, GFR 10%,
CCT 5-10ml/mnt, oliguria CCT 5-10ml/mnt, oliguria
Penyebab: infeksi, gagal jantung, Penyebab: infeksi, gagal jantung, autoimun, kel. Herediter, peny. Metabolik, autoimun, kel. Herediter, peny. Metabolik, kel. obstruktifkel. obstruktif
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Sindroma uremikSindroma uremik
Stadium akhir gagal ginjalStadium akhir gagal ginjal Gg. Fs pengaturan dan ekskresiGg. Fs pengaturan dan ekskresi
Kel. Vol. Cairan dan elektrolitKel. Vol. Cairan dan elektrolit Ketidakseimbangan asam basaKetidakseimbangan asam basa Retensi metabolit nitrogenRetensi metabolit nitrogen anemiaanemia
Gg. Organ lainGg. Organ lain Kardiovaskular, pernafasan, neuromuskular, Kardiovaskular, pernafasan, neuromuskular,
kalsium dan rangka, dllkalsium dan rangka, dll
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Infeksi Saluran KemihInfeksi Saluran Kemih
BakteriuriaBakteriuria Bakteri >= 10 Bakteri >= 10 55 /ml urin /ml urin 80% krn E. coli80% krn E. coli
ISK bawah: uretritis, sistitis, prostatitisISK bawah: uretritis, sistitis, prostatitis ISK atas: pielonefritis akut, pielonefritis ISK atas: pielonefritis akut, pielonefritis
kronik (infeksi berulang/ menetap)kronik (infeksi berulang/ menetap)
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Infeksi Saluran KemihInfeksi Saluran Kemih
Faktor predisposisiFaktor predisposisi Obstruksi aliran kemihObstruksi aliran kemih Sex, wanita > priaSex, wanita > pria UmurUmur KehamilanKehamilan Refluks vesiko-ureterRefluks vesiko-ureter KateterisasiKateterisasi Peny. GinjalPeny. Ginjal Gg. Metabolik ( diabetes, gout)Gg. Metabolik ( diabetes, gout)
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Glomerulonefritis Glomerulonefritis
Peradangan ginjal, biasanya bilateralPeradangan ginjal, biasanya bilateral Proteinuria, hematuriaProteinuria, hematuria Etiologi belum jelasEtiologi belum jelas KlasifikasiKlasifikasi
Distribusi: difus, fokal, lokalDistribusi: difus, fokal, lokal Serangan Klinis: akut, subakut, kronikSerangan Klinis: akut, subakut, kronik Sindroma klinis: sindroma nefritis akut, Sindroma klinis: sindroma nefritis akut,
sindroma nefrotik, kel. Urin persisten, sind. sindroma nefrotik, kel. Urin persisten, sind. uremikuremik
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Nefrolitiasis Nefrolitiasis
Akibat pengendapan substansi yang Akibat pengendapan substansi yang jumlahnya berlebih dalam air kemihjumlahnya berlebih dalam air kemih
Faktor lain yang menurunkan daya larut: Faktor lain yang menurunkan daya larut: pH, bakteri, faktor metabolikpH, bakteri, faktor metabolik
Jenis: Jenis: batu kalsium dan alkalibatu kalsium dan alkali Batu urat, batu sistinBatu urat, batu sistin
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Nefrolitiasis: gejalaNefrolitiasis: gejala
NyeriNyeri Nyeri pinggang, kolik ureterNyeri pinggang, kolik ureter
HematuriaHematuria Gross hematuria, hematuria mikroskopikGross hematuria, hematuria mikroskopik
Proteinuria Proteinuria Tanda umum peny. GinjalTanda umum peny. Ginjal Habis olahraga berat, demamHabis olahraga berat, demam
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Nefrolitiasis: pengobatanNefrolitiasis: pengobatan
Intinya adalah mencapai pH yang sesuaiIntinya adalah mencapai pH yang sesuai Obat-obatanObat-obatan pengaturan dietpengaturan diet
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Urine makroskopikUrine makroskopik
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Kristal sisteinKristal sistein
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Sel epitelSel epitel
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Kristal oksalatKristal oksalat
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Tripel fosfatTripel fosfat
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