pastoral women of the andes of bolivia & peru
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Pastoral Women of the Andes of Bolivia & Peru
Corinne Valdivia Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics Division of Applied Social Sciences (DASS) University of Missouri (MU) [email protected]
Cecilia TurinUniversidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Peru
Jere L. GillesRural Sociology, DASS, MU
Oklahoma City February 5, 2013
Society for Range Management 66th Annual Meeting“Women as Change Agents in the World’s Rangelands”
Symposium
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Acknowledgments• The families of the communities that have collaborated through the years
• The people: students, researchers, and stakeholders
• Institutions and Organizations
• Support from – The Small Ruminant CRSP (1991‐1996)
– NOAA Human Dimensions (1998‐2003)
– the SANREM CRSP (2006‐2010)
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Aymara Climate, Market & Political Drivers
Migration & EducationPeasant Communities
• Camelid pastoralism
• Agropastoral livelihoods
• Livestock, land & water management
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Overview
• Landscapes, markets and political context
• Livelihood strategies in agropastoral & pastoral systems
• Women pastoras, household & community decisions and agency
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Landscapes Markets and Political Contexts
drivers of change
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Agropastoral & Pastoral LandscapesPastoral System
In PeruPastoral System
In Bolivia
Agropastoral SystemIn Bolivia
Agropastoral SystemIn Peru
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Peru
PeruSouthern Altiplano
Apopata
Santa Maria
4,400m
3,900m
NOAA HD andSANREM CRSP
DRIVERS
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Bolivia Northern Altiplano
Four Communities3850 - 4300
DRIVERS
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Bolivia Central Altiplano
Four rural communities3,770 - 4,070
DRIVERS
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Pastoral & Agropastoral Livelihoods
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Southern PeruNorthern Bolivia Central Bolivia
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Northern Bolivia Central Bolivia Southern Peru
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Northern Bolivia Central Bolivia Southern Peru
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Northern Bolivia Central Bolivia Southern Peru
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Women’s decisions & agency
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Women are in most cases …
Inside the household –
• In charge of productive and reproductive activities
• In charge of herding
• In charge of land use, and planting decisions
In the community –
• Officers
Markets –
• Market animals & products
• Market crops
• Migrate less than men
• In charge of household purchases and school expenses
Migration & Education
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OnlyMen Market
OnlyWomen Market
Both MarketEqually
Yearly Income$2,900
Education6 years
Crops 3.2 Has
Yearly Income$2,300
Education4 years
Crops 2.6 Has
Yearly Income$3,300
Education7 years
Crops 4.4Has
Households with educated men and women have higher income in the Andes. Off‐farm employment
earnings are also higher.
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Women as Change Agents in Pastoralism in Southern Peru
Grazing Women Men Couple Total
n % n % n % n
Apopata 19 51 11 30 7 19 37
Chocorasi 14 56 4 16 7 28 25
Lacotuyo 9 43 7 33 5 24 21
Total 42 51 22 27 19 23 83
• Women are key range managers in pastoralists households
• Women are in charge of the 50% of the grazing
• More than 70% of participation in the range management
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Women as Change Agents
• Men have better opportunities for off farm work, better wages (Women paid half the wages of men in agriculture)
• Access to education, key to decision making power
• With migration (increased absence of men) women are the main decision makers in NRM and markets
• As pastoralists and agropastoralists are leaders in their communities – rangeland and water issues
• In Southern Peru, as women are better educated and informed begin to occupy leadership positions in local government
• In Bolivia women are the main decision makers about production and marketing in their households when …
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Building the political and social capitals for change
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Three take-away points
• Women are key decision makers in pastoral & agropastoral systems
• Women’s decisions impact asset formation: human & natural capitals
• Participatory action research & women: how to engage in meaningful livelihood outcomes