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Passenger Transport Concept Design

Jeff AyscueAlex EscheJurmeyne Espina

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OverviewDesign RequirementsFlight PerformanceDesign EvolutionAircraft ConfigurationDetailed DesignMaintenance ImprovementsRequirements Verification

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Design RequirementsPassenger transport250 400 passengers depending on configurationOperating altitude = 50,000 ftReduced fuel consumption, 20% less than 777Range min 4500nmHigh speed subsonic M=.95Major maintenance span increased 25% over B777

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ChallengesCruising altitude at 50,000 ftAir has lesser density; Reduced max velocityHigh speed subsonic M=0.95Drag coefficient dramatically increases at Mach number M = 0.9 to 1Major maintenance span increased 25%Maintenance frequency is subject to Operator discrepancy

Drag coefficient vs. Mach number

Variation of cL with M

Flight Performance

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Boeing 777-200LR Standard Configuration

Cruise Altitude35,000ftCruise Speed0.84 Mach290 Knots CAS at 35,000ftMax Capacity301 paxMTOW766,000lbsEmpty Weight, Operating 320,000lbsFuel Capacity327,567lbs47,890 GallonsFuselage Length209ftFuselage Diameter20ft244 InchesWingspan212ftWing Area4,605ft^2Lift Coefficient 35,000ft.084 Mach.66037950,000ft.095 Mach1.12763Max Cruise Thrust110,000lbs2 Engines = 220,000lbs total

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Boeing 777-200LR Maximum Performance

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Boeing 777-200LR Standard Configuration

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Test 1 Parameters

Relevant Changes From Original:Decreased Fuel CapacityDecreased MTOWTest 1OriginalDifferenceRequirementAltitude50,000ft49,200ft+ 800ftMetMax Speed0.948 Mach0.835 Mach+ 0.113 Mach-0.002 MachMax Capacity301 pax301 pax--MTOW569,459766,000lbs-196,541-Empty Weight, Operating 240,000lbs320,000lbs-80,000-Fuel Capacity131,026lbs327,567lbs-196,541-Fuselage Length209ft209ft--

Test 1 Performance

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Test 1.2 Parameters

Relevant Changes From Previous Test:Extended Fuselage Length by 86ftMTOW Increased to account for longer fuselageTest 1.2Previous TestDifferenceRequirementAltitude50,000ft50,000ftNoneMetMax Speed0.942 Mach0.948 Mach- 0.006 Mach-0.008 MachMax Capacity301 pax301 pax--MTOW574,459569,459+ 5,000-Empty Weight, Operating 245,000lbs240,000lbs+ 5,000-Fuel Capacity131,026lbs131,026lbs--Fuselage Length295ft209ft+ 86-

Test 1.2 Performance

Test 1.2 Design

Test 2.1 Parameters

Relevant Changes From Original:4 New Engines = GEnx-1B54Increased ThrustDecreased Fuel CapacityDecreased MTOWTest 2.1OriginalDifferenceRequirementAltitude50,000ft49,200ft+ 800ftMetMax Speed0.932 Mach0.835 Mach+ 0.097 Mach-0.018 MachMax Capacity301 pax301 pax--Fuel Capacity131,026lbs327,567lbs- 196,541-MTOW585,037lbs766,000lbs- 180422-Empty Weight, Operating 255,578lbs320,000lbs- 64,422-Max Cruise Thrust229,576lbs220,000lbs+ 9,576 -Fuselage Length209ft209ft--

Test 2.1 Performance

Test 2.1 Design

Test 2.2 Parameters

Relevant Changes From Previous Test:Extended Fuselage Length by 86ftMTOW Increased to account for longer fuselageTest 2.2Previous TestDifferenceRequirementAltitude50,000ft50,000ftNoneMetMax Speed0.949 Mach0.932 Mach+ 0.017 Mach-0.001 MachMax Capacity301 pax301 pax--Fuel Capacity131,026lbs131,026lbs--MTOW590,037lbs585,037lbs+ 5000-Empty Weight, Operating 260,578lbs255,578lbs+ 5,000-Max Thrust229,576lbs229,576lbsNone-Fuselage Length295ft209ft+ 86-

Test 2.2 Performance

Test 2.2 Design

Test 3.1 Parameters

Relevant Changes From Original:1 Additional Engine = GEnx-1B78/P2Increased ThrustDecreased Fuel CapacityDecreased MTOWTest 3.1OriginalDifferenceRequirementAltitude50,000ft49,200ft+ 800MetMax Speed0.966 Mach0.835 Mach+ 0.131Mach+ 0.016 Mach (Met)Max Capacity301 pax301 pax--Fuel Capacity131,026lbs327,567lbs- 196,541-MTOW583,011lbs766,000lbs- 182,989-Empty Weight, Operating 253,552lbs320,000lbs- 66,448-Max Thrust288,789lbs220,000lbs+ 57,594-Fuselage Length209ft209ft--

Test 3.1 Performance

Test 3.1 Design

Test 3.2 Parameters

Relevant Changes From Previous Test:Extended Fuselage Length by 86ftMTOW Increased to account for longer fuselageTest 3.2Previous TestDifferenceRequirementAltitude50,000ft50,000ftNoneMetMax Speed0.977 Mach0.966 Mach+ 0.011 Mach+ 0.027 Mach (Met)Max Capacity301 pax301 pax--Fuel Capacity131,026lbs131,026lbs--MTOW588,011lbs583,011lbs--Empty Weight, Operating 258,552lbs253,552lbs--Max Thrust288,789lbs288,789lbs--Fuselage Length295ft209ft+ 86-

Test 3.2 Performance

Test 3.2 Design

Test 3.3 Parameters

Relevant Changes From Previous Test:Delta Main WingRemoved Horizontal StabilizerTest 3.3Previous TestDifferenceRequirementAltitude50,000ft50,000ftNoneMetMax Speed1.110 Mach0.977 Mach+ .133 Mach+ 0.160 Mach (Met)Max Capacity301 pax301 pax--Fuel Capacity131,026lbs131,026lbs--MTOW588,011lbs588,011lbs--Empty Weight, Operating 258,552lbs258,552lbs--Max Thrust288,789lbs288,789lbs--Fuselage Length295ft295ft--Fuselage Diameter20ft20ft--Wingspan216ft212ft+ 8ft-Wing Area12,960ft^24,605ft^2+ 8,355ft^2-

Test 3.3 Performance

Test 3.3 Design

Test 3.3 Design

Test 3.3 Design

Test 3.3 Design

Test 3.4 Parameters

Relevant Changes From Previous Test:Extended Fuselage LengthDecreased Fuselage DiameterTest 3.4Previous TestDifferenceRequirementAltitude50,000ft50,000ftNoneMetMax Speed at 100% Power1.223 Mach1.110 Mach+ 0.113 Mach+ 0.273 Mach (Met)Max Cruise at 90% Power1.131 Mach--+ 0.181 Mach (Met)Max Capacity301 pax301 pax--Fuel Capacity131,026lbs131,026lbs--MTOW588,011lbs588,011lbs--Empty Weight, Operating 258,552lbs258,552lbs--Max Thrust288,789lbs288,789lbs--Fuselage Length315ft295ft+ 20ft-Fuselage Diameter15ft20ft- 5ft-

Test 3.4 Performance

Max SpeedAt 100% PowerCruise SpeedAt 90% Power

Test 3.4 Design

Aircraft Configuration

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Inboard Profile

Cabin Length 173-118 Exits 6 Door and 2 Over the wing 8 Lavatories

Cabin Layout305 Maximum passenger capacity3-class ConfigurationFirst class cabin at 60in pitch24 seatsBusiness class cabin at 38in pitch54 seatsEconomy class cabin at 31-32in pitch227 seats

Cabin Cross Section

Cabin Max Width14-4.9Maximum Height6-9

Economy class seating7 abreast configurationSeat width 18.2

Cabin Cross Section

Business class seating6 abreast configurationSeat width 22First class seating4 abreast configurationSeat width 29

Iterative Sizing

Weight Breakdown

ComponentWeight (lb)ComponentWeight (lb)Wing68,368APU930Vertical Tail1041Instruments3,212Winglets1,079Hydraulics6,139Fuselage124,394Basic Electrical4,419Surface Controls5,310Avionics4,989Engine Install16,997Furnishings12,200Engines (QTY 3)42,630A/C7,930Fuel System1,178Oil372Batteries300Miscellaneous600

Max Takeoff GWEmpty WeightFuel WeightPAXCrew521,703 lb231,740 lb212,487 lb 60,200 lb 1,600 lb

Aircraft Systems

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Aircraft SystemsAircraft Systems have been upgraded to the new technology of the Boeing 777xIntegrated Systems Critical Systems are integrated into one cabinetCentral Maintenance ComputerThrust Management SystemFlight Data Recorder SystemPrimary Display SystemData Communication ManagementFlight Management Systems

Fly-By-Wire (FBW)

Mechanically signaled flight controls are replaced by digital controlsFlight Control SystemsActuation Systems

Propulsion SystemEngines - Rolls Royce Trent UltraFanOffers at least 20 per cent better fuel burn and CO2 emissions than the first generation of Trent engineIncreased bypass ratio to 15:1

Alternative Jet Fuel

Bio-SPK 50/50 Blend of Jet A fuel and Jatropha OilJatropha Oil From Jatropha Curcas plant resistant to drought and can be planted in desert climates; can grow anywhereCompatible with current aircraft systemsEngine ground tests showed reduction in fuel flow due to higher heat of combustionCould possibly reduce carbon emissions by up to 80%

Maintenance Improvements

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ApproachIdentified and addressed holes in systems and processes that currently are in use.Incorporated existing materials, technology and data analysis technique to improve airplane designs and maintenance processes/programsExpected results is a overall improvement to not only maintenance but operational efficiency as well.

Listed improvements could extend major maintenance by 25%Use of Composite Material in airplane designRedesign of Turbine Engine BladesImprove capabilities of Boeings Airplane Health Management System (AHMS)Improvements in Maintenance ProgramsCondition Based Maintenance: based on data collected and analyzed from (AHMS) use of Machine Learning. Key is some improvement require time to see resultsImprovements

CompositesComposites materials consist of a fibrous reinforcements bonded together with a matrix materialAllows the stiffness and strength of the material to change with direction of loading

CompositesBeneficial characteristics Heat ResistanceWeighs less than traditional materialsCorrosion resistanceStrength and durability

Part consolidationA single piece made of composite materials can replace an entire assembly of metal parts.

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Composites

CompositesMost efficient use of advanced composites in aircraft structure is in applications with:Highly loaded parts with thick gages.High fatigue loadsAreas susceptible to corrosionCritical weight reduction

Major part of heavy maintenance is structural inspections. Expanding the use of composites can contribute to improvement and expanding on inspections intervals

Turbine Engine BladesBuild hollow turbine bladesBeing developed at Iowa State UniversityBenefitsCoolant is blow through an arrangement of holesCreates a cooling film between the bladesReduces heat, allowing blades to retain there shape and strength.Better cooling equals fuel savings, longer lasting parts, cuts costImprovements could reduce maintenance and inspections

Airplane Health Management SystemWhat is it?Airplane Health Management System uses real-time airplane data to provide enhanced fault forwarding, troubleshooting, and historical maintenance information.Valuable decision making support toolFix or fly mentality

Enhancements

Current capabilitiesEngine monitor/flight parametric data such as fuel flow, fuel mileage, thrust deviation. EnhancementsPinpoint vibrationsExpand system to include flight controls and structural vibration monitoring.Why flight controls and structural?Detection depends entirely on crewResponse to vibration is a exercise in airmanshipMonitoring and reducing vibrations can reduce structural fatigue. This could lead to reduction in schedule and unscheduled maintenance repair time and costExtend structural intspectionsIdentifying and correcting the cause of in-flight airplane vibration often is accomplished through trial and error, which can consume many maintenance hours (Hence pinpoint vibrations)

ResultsAHMS = reduction in schedule interruption, increase in maintenance and operational efficiency. Valuable data can be obtain for use in optimizing maintenance. KeyThe system and its architecture must be developed with clear requirements and metrics.

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ChallengesRequires a strong commitment

Looking passed upfront cost and seeing future savings

System development is an intensive and time consuming process

Results may take years

Improve Maintenance ProgramsBoeing currently conducts a review of maintenance processesImprove the process

How?Incorporate AHMS data Develop and system which incorporates machine learning

Improve Maintenance ProgramsOptimization of maintenance programs will be based on:Results from analysisFleet Trends

Real world outcomeEvaluation of 400 task on Boeings 777Resulted in the extension of the maintenance inspection intervals.

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DATA!Power of DataStatistical approachMore methods of analyzing data than one can imagine

System requirement? Data and than more dataMust be good data (garbage in garbage out).Current Boeing method relies on the Collection of Service dataAnalysis of Service dataBoth Positive and Negative

ResultsProvides necessary information to make decisions and recommendation

Enhanced Maintenance ProgramsTake it one step furtherUse AHMS dataMachine Learning Big DataUse machine learning to optimize a predictive maintenance schedule

MACHINE LEARNING

Machine learning Part of artificial intelligence, concerns the construction and study of systems that can learn from data. Some machine learning systems attempt to eliminate the need for human data analysis, while others adopt a collaborative approach between human and machine.Uses algorithms to learn from data. Aids in identification of key trends that otherwise may be missedCan contribute to the modification of maintenance programs to improve efficiency

Conclusion

Everything discussed builds on one another

Impact is not just limited to Maintenance

Requirements Verification

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Requirements VerificationPassenger transport This aircraft can operate as a commercial passenger carrying flight and an extended range of passenger carrying operations.250 400 passengers depending on configurationAircraft can carry a maximum of 305 PassengersOperating altitude = 50,000 ftCruise altitude is at 50,ooo ftReduced fuel consumption, 20% less than 777Fuel consumption is 20% less per engineRange min 4500nmAircraft range is 4500nmHigh speed subsonic M=.95Aircraft cruise speed is in High subsonic region at M=0.9Major maintenance span increased 25% over B777Major maintenance span increased

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Questions?

Thank you!

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ReferencesBertin, John J., and Cummings, Russell M., Aerodynamics for Engineers, 5th Ed., Pearson, New JerseyComponent Weights." n.d. Document. 15 September 2011. .Allen, Mike. "Alternative Fuels to Gasoline - Cost of Alternative Fuels - Popular Mechanics." Automotive Care, Home Improvement, Tools, DIY Tips - Popular Mechanics. Popular Mechanics, 1 May 2006. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. ."Jatropha Advantages - Benefits." PlantOils.in - The Home of Plant Oils Online. Oil from Jatropha. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. .Kinder, Dr. James D., and Timothy Rahmes. "Evaluation of Bio-Derived Synthetic." Evaluation of Bio-Derived Synthetic. The Boeing Company, June 2009. Web. Oct. 2011. .Raymer, Daniel P. Aircraft Design: a Conceptual Approach. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1989. Print.Rolls Royce UltraFan. Rolls Royce. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. < http://www.rolls-royce.com/news/press_releases/2014/260214_next-generation.jsp>.