Passage Two CARGO DAMAGE AND LOSS

Review what we have leant last period Interpret the words and phrases

理货作业 理货单 分组理货法 恶劣天气状况 舱口天蓬 易碎件 归因于，属于 冷凝水空气循环 空气环流 机械通风 预防措施 横摇 纵摇 排水系统 隔票 遭遇 直接理货法 日报单

Vocabulary:encounter : meet with unexpectedlyThe vessel encountered a heavy storm during the voyage to South Afri

ca.1.An action for indemnity against a third person may ______ after the e

xpiration of the year if brought within the time allowed by the law of the court seized of the case ．

A ． be carried out B ． encountered C ． be met with D ． be bringing2.The winds you would expect to encounter in the North Atlantic betwe

en latitudes 5° and 30° are known as the ______ ． A ． Doldrums B ． Westerlies C ． Trades D ． Easterlies

transit : pass through

1.Vessels transiting the canal must have their accommodation ladders and cargo booms ______ ．

A ． removed B ． rigged in C ． readjusted D ． Tested

2.Get the searchlight ______ for transiting the canal at night.

A. turned off B. already C. almost D. ready

contamination: the act of contaminating or polluting; including (either intentionally or accidentally) unwanted substances or factors

contamination of the river by industrial waste

1.Damage to cargo caused by fumes or vapors from liquids ， gases ， or solids is known as ______ ．

A ． Contamination B ． Oxidation C ． Tainting D ． Vaporization

shifting : the act of moving from one place to another Cargo handlers should take the following precaution

s with the exception of ______ to avoid damage from shifting ．

A ． Keep the loads as close to the rail or deck as possible

B ． If cargo is likely to settle ， make provisions to secure it after it has settled

C ． Thoroughly secure and shore all cargo so that it cannot move

D ． hen stowing cargo ， avoid leaving empty paces

chafing : chafe, vb. to make or become sore or worn by rubbing

1.Chafing gear is used to ______ ． A ． anchor the boat B ． pick up heavy loads C ． protect fiber rope from abrasion D ． strengthen mooring lines

2. One advantage of chain over wire rope for a tow bridle is that chain ______ ．

A ． is better suited for inland towing B ． resists damage from chafing C ． handles more easily D ． equalizes towing forces bette

Insufficient: not sufficient; inadequate or deficienta person insufficient to the discharge of his duties一个不能执行自己任务的人 What could be a result of insufficient lubrication

of lifeboat winches and davits ________ ． A ． Moisture accumulation in winch motor dam

aging the electrical wiring B ． Freezing of gears in cold weather C ． Corroding of sheaves on the davits so they

will not rotate D ． All of the above

friction: effort expended in rubbing one object against another

Oil can reduce friction.

What type of stern tube bearing has the least friction ________ ．

A ． Oil-lubricated bearings B ． Lignum vitae C ． Hard rubber D ． Bronze bushings

reinforcement :a device designed to provide additional strength or an act performed to strengthen approved behavior

the reinforcement member of the carReinforcements were sent to the battle front The section of each end of a barge which is heavily

reinforced to take the pressure of pushing is called the ______ ．

A ． Headlog B ． Towhead C ． Collision bulkhead D ． Bullnose

segregate : to set or be set apart from others or from the main group

They segregated the boys from the girlsThe doctor segregated the child sick with

scarlet fever.1.The necessity of the segregation of cargoes

is determined by ______. A. experience from practice B. various types of cargoes C. different types of ships D. personal abilities

Projection 投影法 ; 投影 , ( 地图 ) 投影制图法

The only cylindrical chart projection widely used for navigation is the ______ ．

A ． Lambert conformal B ． Mercator C ． Azimuthal D ． Gnomonic

corrode 腐蚀 ; 侵蚀corrosion corrosive cargoAdditional question: what cargoes can be defin

ed as dangerous cargo? ______ are used for anchor gear in marine w

ork where the chains must withstand the corrosive effects of seawater ．

A ． Chains B ． Wires C ． Ropes D ． Lines

drainage :the process or a method of draining

The drainage of the city is not good, some of the pipes are broken.

Limber is a term associated with ______ ． A ． Emergency gear B ． Drainage C ． Deck cargo storage D ． Securing gear

precautions :an action taken to avoid a dangerous or undesirable event

Take precautions against fire!

1.The master should ______ necessary precautions to prevent accidents or damage ．

A ． Do B ． Take C ． Set D ． Have2.What precaution should be taken when treating burns cau

sed by contact with dry lime ________ ． A ． Water should be applied in a fine spray B ． The burned area should be immersed in water C ． The entire burn area should be covered with ointme

nt D ． Before washing ， the lime should be brushed away

gently

Passage Two CARGO DAMAGE AND LOSS Cargo handlers must know how to prevent cargo

damage and what measures to take if they encounter cargo already damaged. Damage may occur in transit, in handling, or from chafing, crushing, contamination, moisture, or shifting.

a. Damage in Transit. Frequently, cargo is damaged in transit before it arrives at the piers. Cargo handlers should inspect the cargo carefully as it arrives. If personnel have any doubt about a package being damaged internally, they should annotate documents accordingly, place the package to one side if possible, and advise their supervisor.

What may cause the cargo damage?

注释

(1) If during loading operations cargo handlers find packages with insufficient packing, or packages that show signs of wear and tear or attempted pilferage, they should return them to the warehouse for disposition. The condition of such cargo almost always worsens during the voyage. It not only arrives at the destination damaged, but it may have damaged adjacent cargo.

(2) Cargo handlers should never repackage security cargo until the security officer has made an investigation and has given permission.

磨损破损

处置

在保安员没有做调查并给予容许之前，货物作业人员不得对涉及保安的货物重新包装。

b. Damage in Handling. Damage in handling is caused chiefly by exposure to inclement weather conditions, carelessness, and the use of improper gear.

(1) To protect cargo from weather, personnel should cover hatch openings with hatch tents. The tents will also provide protection for the crew working in the hatch. Tarpaulins used to cover the remaining cargo in the square of the hatch do much to reduce damage. However, it is useless for personnel to protect the hatch and the cargo if they allow cargo to remain in the open on the pier after being discharged from the vessel.

舱口天蓬

Tarpaulin and canvas are the basic materials for cargo separation and

protection

(2) Unsuitable or badly adjusted slings may dislocate or break packages and damage their contents. Cargo handlers should take the following precautions when using slings:

1 ） Avoid crushing light or fragile articles in net slings and avoid banging drafts of cargo against the hatch coaming. Few commodities can be handled in net slings without being crushed.

2) Avoid building drafts too high. Even though the fragile boxes are placed on top, they may fall when the sling is removed on the pier or in the hold.

轻质易碎

3) Ensure that slings are securely fastened around the load. Slings placed haphazardly may slip and part, allowing the entire draft to fall to the deck, to the pier, or into the water.

4) Avoid careless winch operations, especially when handling fragile cargo. Careless handling of a load may damage the cargo in the sling, the sling itself, or the cargo already stowed.

5) Exercise care when using hooks, crowbars, and similar tools. The shipper’s marks on boxes, such as THIS SIDE UP and FRAGILE, must be observed.

滑脱或断裂

c. Damage from Chafing. Chafing is the wear of cargo caused by friction from rubbing against other objects. Chafing usually results from improper chocking, blocking, and bracing of cargo. On a vessel, cargo damage results if the motion of the vessel causes the pieces of cargo to rub against each other or against projections in the hold. Chafing damage is also caused by dragging cargo over rough spots or over other cargo. Chafing is dangerous if flammable cargo is carried in metal containers, particularly if heat is produced through friction.

支撑

d. Damage from Crushing. Crushed cases and containers usually are the result of carelessness in slinging, improper dunnaging, or pressure brought about by stowing heavy cargo on top of fragile cargo.

(1) Proper stowage, shoring, and chocking help reduce damage to cargo from crushing.

(2) Studies of packaging have resulted in the reinforcement and general improvement of packages. Most damage is attributed to handling and stowing rather than to the construction of the containers.

is resulted from

吊货粗心大意，不当垫舱，把重货放在易碎货物上面所产生的压力通常是造成箱子、容器被压碎的原因。

大多数货损是由装卸和积载造成的，而不是容器本身的构造问题。

e. Damage from Contamination. In planning the loading of a ship, personnel should give careful consideration to segregating cargo to avoid contamination damage. Many foodstuffs are contaminated by being put too close to substances such as paint or rubber. Since odors left in the hold of a vessel can contaminate future cargo, the hold must be clean and free from odors before loading.

f. Damage by Moisture. Damage caused by moisture is called sweat damage. Condensed moisture may corrode metal and mildew textiles, for example. This type of damage ruins more cargo than any other type. Cargo handlers can reduce or eliminate sweat damage by: (1) Properly preparing cargo for shipment. (2) Properly using dunnage to provide drainage and air circulation. (3) Using mechanical ventilation or dehumidifying systems.

A frequent cause of wet cargo is an improperly closed hatch that allows sea water to enter to hold. At times it may be necessary to discharge wet cargo. In this case, responsible personnel should make special provisions for drainage and drying.

Pay attention to this word structure.

g. Damage from Shifting. There is always danger that cargo may shift if empty spaces are not shored off adequately. Violent rolling or pitching can cause a few pieces of cargo to break out of stowage and move about freely in the hold. These pieces, in turn, bang against and dislocate other cargo. Serious damage to the cargo and the ship can result. Cargo handlers should take the following precautions to avoid damage from shifting: (1) When stowing cargo, avoid leaving empty spaces. (2)Thoroughly secure and shore all cargo so that it cannot move.

剧烈的横摇或者纵摇使一些货物脱离整体堆装，在货舱中自由移动。

1. All the forces due to buoyancy are considered to act through ________.A. center of buoyancy B. center of gravity C. center of floatation D. center of effort

2. All the forces due to gravity are considered to act through ________.A. center of buoyancy B. center of gravity C. center of floatation D. center of effort

3. Dunnage would be used for ________.A. heavy cargo B. container cargo C. bulk cargo D. light cargo

4. Dunnage may be used to protect a cargo from loss or damage by ______.

A.ship's sweat B.B. inherent vice C.C. tainting D.D. hygroscopic absorption

5. Which of the following is not a principle type of cargo pump drives that can be used on tankers?

A. hydraulic B. electric C. wind force D. Steam

6. Only ships with a capacity of at least ________ 20-foot containers are considered partial containerships.

A. twenty

B. thirty

C. forty

D. fifty

7. Which of the following is not a probability to make pilferage a source of cargo loss? A. cargo’s nature B. cargo’s poor package C. cargo’s mark D. poor security of discharge port

8. When it is indicated that more than one piece of cargo was shipped under the same TCN and each piece of cargo has its own label, __________ is used.A. package method B. unit method C. block method D. straight method

9. When general cargo with different amounts in each draft is involved, the checker should use ________. A. package method B. unit method C. block method D. straight method

10. Which of the following is not a factor that cause cargo damage? A. contamination B. chafing C. shoring D. shifting

11. According to the passage, which of the following factor ruins more cargo than any other type?

A. damage by contamination B. damage by moistureC. damage in transit D. damage in handling

12. The necessity of the segregation of cargoes is determined by ______.

A.experience from practice B. various types of cargoes C. different types of ships D. personal abilities

13. The most variable factor in the control of broken stowage is ______.

A. the use of excessive amounts of dunnage B. the use of excessive amounts of filler cargo C. the failure to stow some items in neat and uniform rows

and tiers D. the skill ， industry and interest of the longshoremen

14. If a void occurs in the cargo hold ， it is better to ______ to control the broken stowage ．

A. fill it with small pieces B. cover it with large pieces C. brace it with dunnage D. leave it as it is

15. It's ______ to stow optional cargo in the lower hold ． You’d better give it block stowage in the tweendecks, then it can be easily discharged either at Shanghai ， or Dalian or Tianjin ．

A. possible B. impossible C.proper D. improper

16. Generally speaking ， the heavier cargo will go into the ______ ， distributing it evenly fore and aft ， the lighter cargo will probably be placed in the ______.

A. deep tanks ／ lower holds B. lower holds ／ tweendecks C. tweendecks ／ deep tanks D. deep tanks ／ tweendecks

17. ________ is not usually used in liquid cargo systems. A. Hydraulic drive systems B. Electric drive systems C. Steam drive systems D. Man-powered drive systems

18. Stress on the topping lift of a swinging boom can be reduced by ________.A. rigging a back stay B. increasing the mechanical advantage of the cargo purchaseC. raising the boom D. taking all slack out of the preventer

19. Which statements is true concerning the gooseneck ________. A. It is a sailing maneuver which brings the vessel’s head through the wind B. It connects the boom to the mast and allows the boom to swing freely C. It is a sailing condition where there is an air flow over the sails D. None of the above

20. Bulk cargo refers to ______. A. homogeneous cargo not enclosed in a containerB. cargo which requires refrigeration C. cargo which is very dense D. cargo which occupies a large volume of space

1. 空高2. 亏舱3. 载重量 4. 安全工作负荷5. 积载因素6. 浮吊 7. 浮心8. 重心9. 立方容积 10. 杂货船

Air draught

Broken stowage

deadweight

Safe working load

Stowage factor

Floating derrick

center of buoyancy

Center of gravity

Cubic capacity

General cargo ship

11. 理货作业12. 理货单13. 在 …… 旁边14. 恶劣天气状况15. 舱口天蓬16. 易碎件17. 归因于，属于18. 凝水19. 空气循环，空气环流20. 机械通风

Tally work

Tally sheet

Be adjacent to

Inclement weather conditions

Hatch tent

Fragile article

Be attributed to

Condensed moisture

Air circulation

Mechanical ventilation

1.Each entry onto the plan would detail the quantity, the weight and the port of discharge. It will effectively show special loads such as heavy lifts, hazardous cargoes and valuable cargo, in addition to all other commodities being shipped.

2.Containerization is a general term that describes the transportation of goods in specially designed containers so that loose products, small packages, high value items, and high density cargoes are unitized for easier handling.

3. At ports where tallying is known to be of poor quality, and if large quantities of cargo are involved, it is recommended that the crew perform an additional tally of the cargo as it is discharged from the vessel.

4. However, incorrect manner of count may lead to discrepancy between figures reflecting quantity of pieces loaded into each particular hold specified in Daily Reports and Final Cargo Plan.

5. However, it is useless for personnel to protect the hatch and the cargo if they allow cargo to remain in the open on the pier after being discharged from the vessel.

6. On a vessel, cargo damage results if the motion of the vessel causes the pieces of cargo to rub against each other or against projections in the hold.

7. Chafing is dangerous if flammable cargo is carried in metal containers, particularly if heat is produced through friction.

Exercises from the test bank Cargo operations

______ is not usually used in liquid cargo systems ．A ． Hydraulic drive systemsB ． Electric drive systemsC ． Steam drive systemsD ． Man-powered drive systems

All the damage and shortage ， ______ those incurred after discharge and before delivery to receivers ， should be noted in the discharging report ．A ． IncludingB ． BesidesC ． ExceptD ． In addition to

All the holds to be loaded with grain must be swept ______ commencement of loading ．A ． Cleanly/duringB ． Clear/meanwhileC ． Clean/betweenD ． Clean/prior to

Backstays are ______ ．A ． Running rigging leading aft from the mastsB ． Running rigging leading forward from the mastsC ． Standing rigging leading aft from the mastsD ． Standing rigging from the cross trees to the mast head

Cargo handlers should take the following precautions with the exception of ______ to avoid damage from shifting ．A ． Keep the loads as close to the rail or deck as possibleB ． If cargo is likely to settle ， make provisions to secure it after it has settledC ． Thoroughly secure and shore all cargo so that it cannot moveD ． when stowing cargo ， avoid leaving empty paces

Damage by ______ shall not be considered as handling damage ．A ． exposure to inclement weather conditionsB ． carelessnessC ． the use of improper gearD ． moisture caused by condensation

Dunnage may be used to protect a cargo from loss or damage by ______ ．A ． Ship's sweatB ． Inherent viceC ． TaintingD ． Hygroscopic absorption

For any given pedestal crane ， when the boom is lengthened ， the lifting capacity is ______ ．A ． unchangedB ． increasedC ． eliminatedD ． decreased

How should you signal the crane operator to hoist ________ ．A ． With forearm vertical and forefinger pointing up ， move hand in small horizontal circlesB ． With arm extended downwards and forefinger pointing down ， move hand in small horizontal circlesC ． Extend arm with fingers closed and thumb pointing upwardD ． Place both fists in front of body with the thumbs pointing upward

How should you signal the crane operator to lower the boom and raise the load ________ ．A ． Extend arm and point finger in the direction to move the boomB ． Extend arm with thumb pointing downward and flex fingers in and outC ． With forearm vertical and forefinger pointing up ， move hand in small horizontal circlesD ． With arm extended downwards and forefinger pointing down ， move hand in small horizontal circles

How should you signal the crane operator to move slowly ________ ．A ． Use one hand to give any motion signal ， and place the other hand motionless in front of the hand giving the motion signalB ． Extend arm with the thumb pointing up ， and flex the fingers in and out for as long as the load movement is desiredC ． First tap your elbow with one hand and then proceed to use regular signalsD ． First tap the top of your head with your fist and then proceed to use regular signals

If an attempt is made to hoist a load that exceeds the capacity of an electric winch ， an overload safety device causes a circuit breaker to cut off the current to the winch motor ______ ．A ． when the line pull reaches the rated winch capacityB ． after the line pull exceeds the rated winch capacityC ． after a short build-up of torqueD ． immediately

Most pedestal crane power is provided by ______ ．A ． Electro-hydraulic unitsB ． Steam unitsC ． Independent internal combustion power unitsD ． All of the above

Official draft measurements should be ______ by authorized persons ，agreed by both parties involved ．A ． executedB ． locatedC ． fixedD ． Measured

On no account ______ to be exceeded ．A ． is the SWL of the craneB ． are the SWL of the craneC ． the SWL of the crane isD ． the SWL of the crane are

Stop ______ the derrick at once ， the gooseneck is bent ．A ． To useB ． To operateC ． ManeuveringD ． Using

The boom indicator on a crane will indicate the ______ ．A ． Length of the boomB ． Angle of the boomC ． Lifting capacity of the boomD ． Direction of the boom

To ______ sanitary water from any vessel ， an application shall be made to Harbor Authorities for approval ．A ． dischargeB ． recircleC ． loadD ． take in

We'll put off ______ until Friday ．A ． to dischargeB ． dischargeC ． dischargingD ． to be discharging

We've changed our ______ not to start loading this evening ．A ． heartB ． heartsC ． mindD ． Minds

What is meant by the term“luffing the boom”of a crane ________ ．A ． Stopping the boomB ． Topping or lowering the boomC ． Moving the boom left or rightD ． All of the above

What is/are the advantage （ s ） of cranes over conventional cargo booms ________ ．A ． Cranes are able to pick up and drop loads over a greater spotting areaB ． Increased safety because the deck is clear of running and standing riggingC ． Simplicity of operation of the crane by its operatorD ． All of the above

Which action （ s ） are included in crane operations ________ ．A ． Pre-operation of the anchor windlassB ． Preparing steam on deckC ． Luff ， slew ， and hoist operationsD ． All of the above

吊臂升降

吊臂旋转 吊钩升降

Which part of a conventional cargo gear rig provides for vertical control and positioning of a boom ________ ．A ． Cargo whipB ． Gooseneck fittingC ． Spider bandD ． Topping lift

Which part provides for transverse control and positioning of a boom in a conventional yard and stay system ________ ．A ． GuyB ． ShroudC ． SpiderD ． Topping lift

双杆联吊系统

Which statement （ s ） is/are TRUE concerning crane cargo operations ________ ．A ． Do not exceed rated load capacity of crane and container spreader or slingsB ． During any cargo handling operation ， the safety of personnel is paramountC ． Cargo handlers must be outfitted with adequate protection from personal injuryD ． All the above

理货与计量作业

______ will be paid by shipowners after tallyman doing the tally work ．A ． Cargo-handling expensesB ． Tally moneyC ． Cargo-tallying duesD ． Tally fees

A shore is a piece of securing dunnage that ______ ．A ． Runs from a low supporting level up to the cargo at an angleB ． Is also known as a distance pieceC ． Is placed on the deck under the cargo to distribute its weight evenlyD ． Is run horizontally from a support to the cargo

Can you tell me something about the tallying methods at your port ________ ．A ． CertainB ． Be certainC ． SureD ． Be sure

During loading or discharging ， the tallymen must make contact with ______ on duty so as to solve problems in time ．A ． Ship ownerB ． Ship’s officersC ． ShippersD ． Consignors

Foreman ， the ship ______ ， please get the stevedores to fill the port wings with heavier packages ．A ． Lists to starboardB ． Is shifting to starboardC ． Is inclined to starboardD ． Is listing to starboard

In the case of any actual or apprehended loss or damage the carrier and receiver must ______ all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and tallying the goods ．

A ． Make B ． Take C ． Have D ． Give

Inflammable cargo ______ in the holds adjacent to the engine room ．A ． Shall never be stowedB ． May be stowedC ． Can be stowedD ． Should be stowed

Making cargo plan for appropriate distribution of the cargo on board is ______ duty ．A ． A ship's officer'sB ． A Tallyman'sC ． A port planner'sD ． A foreman's

May I have a copy of the cargo plan .Certainly ， here ______ ．A ． is itB ． are youC ． they areD ． you are

Please ______ a cleaning gang to sweep out the hold ．A ． Arrange forB ． To arrangeC ． To arrangeD ． Arrange to

Stress on the topping lift of a swinging boom can be reduced by ______ ．A ． Rigging a back stayB ． Raising the boomC ． Increasing the mechanical advantage of the cargo purchaseD ． Taking all slack out of the preventer

The ______ provides a rapid means of tallying when items of the same commodity are being loaded or unloaded in uniform drafts consisting of an equal number of pieces ．A ． unit methodB ． block methodC ． straight methodD ． package method

The man directing and supervising the work of stevedores is the ______ ．A ． Local agentB ． WatchmanC ． DockerD ． Foreman

The mass of a loaded floating cargo ship equals ______ ．A ． GT+NTB ． DWTC ． the mass of the steels usedD ． ship + bunkers + stores + consumables + cargo

The ship is now too much listing to portside ． I suggest that you ______ light cargo on portside and heavy cargo on starboard side ．A ． Will putB ． Would putC ． PutD ． Shall put

The stevedores have already stowed the porcelain ware ______ up to the deckhead ．A ． looselyB ． closelyC ． heavilyD ． Strongly

The terminal stuff tallies the cargo mainly before the ship's ______ ．A ． LoadingB ． LeavingC ． ArrivingD ． Sailing

There is another thing I want to let you know ． The lighting in the hold is very poor ， even ______ dark to work the cargo ．A ． IfB ． VeryC ． TooD ． Very much

Therefore you are requested to arrange ______ for the above mentioned amount of additional cargo to be loaded on board ．A ． In due courseB ． On timeC ． In timeD ． Swiftly

Vessels transiting the canal must have their accommodation ladders and cargo booms ______ ．A ． removedB ． rigged inC ． readjustedD ． Tested

We'll adopt the mechanical tallying method ______ ．A ． soon or lateB ． soon or laterC ． sooner or lateD ． sooner or later

Which statement is TRUE concerning the gooseneck ________ ．A ． It is a sailing maneuver which brings the vessel's head through the windB ． It connects the boom to the mast and allows the boom to swing freelyC ． It is a sailing condition where there is a loss of air flow over the sailsD ． None of the above

______ are two vertical supports ， usually steel ，one each side of the centerline of the ship used to support booms ．A ． ShroudsB ． King postsC ． StaysD ． Turnbuckles

______ provide athwartship support for the mast or king posts ．A ． ShroudsB ． King postsC ． StaysD ． Turnbuckles

A cargo boom is a ______ ．A ． double sized mattress consists of more than 890 coils ．B ． spar extending from a mast or a king postC ． flap （ Becker rudder ） can be fitted to the rudder’s trailing edgeD ． bridle arrangement having a long beam of the length of the container

A monkey fist is found on a ______ ．A ． Heaving lineB ． Lead lineC ． ManropeD ． Mooring line

撇缆头结

A natural fiber rope can be ruined by dampness because it may ______ ．A ． rotB ． shrinkC ． stretchD ． Unlay

A pelican hook ______ ．A ． Can be released while under strainB ． Is used for boat fallsC ． Is used for extra heavy loadsD ． Is used for light loads only

A rope ladder with wooden rungs is a ______ ．A ． drop ladderB ． life ladderC ． Jacob's ladderD ． jury ladder

On an anchor windlass ， the wheel over which the anchor chain passes is called a ______ ．A ． Brake compressor wheelB ． Devil's clawC ． WildcatD ． Winchhead

The head block is located ______ ．A ． At the base of the boomB ． At the head of the boomC ． At the head of the mastD ． On top of the jack staff

The tackle that raises and lowers the boom is ______ ．A ． the cargo fallB ． The cargo hoisting wire ropeC ． the topping liftD ． the cargo whip

The use of ______ between bags may lead to chafe and tearing of the bags ．A ． strips of burlapB ． heavy paperC ． dunnage boardsD ． strips of rope yarn

You should keep clear of ______ ．A ． Any line under a strainB ． Lines that are paying outC ． Lines that are coiled down onlyD ． None of the above are correct

Summary of this chapter Homework: 1. Review what we have learned today. 2. Keep the new words and phrases in mind. 3. Preview next part of the text.