parts of the plant and their functions importance of plants without plants life on earth would not...
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Parts of the plant and their functions
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Importance of plants
• Without plants life on earth would not exist
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Plants:
• Primary source of food for people and animals
• Produce oxygen
• help to keep us cool
• renew the air
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Plants:
• slow wind speed
• provide a home for wildlife
• beautify surroundings
• perfume the air
• furnish building materials and fuel
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Parts of a plant
• Four basic parts–leaves
–stems
–roots
–flowers
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Leaves
• the food factory of the plant
• produce the food used by the plant or stored for later use
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Shape and size of leaves
• vary among plants
• used for identification of plants
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Leaf arrangement
• alternate
• opposite
• whorled–arranged in a circle around the
stem
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External leaf structure
• petiole - leaf stalk
• leaf blade (leaf)–has veins
–forms structural framework of the leaf
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Midrib
• large center vein from which all other leaf veins extend
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Margins
• edges of leaves
• assists in plant identification
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Internal leaf structure
• epidermis–skin of the leaf
–single layer of cells
–protects leaf from loss of too much moisture
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Guard Cells
• open and close the small pore on the underside of the leaf
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Stomates
• allow the plant to breathe and transpire–give off moisture
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Chloroplasts
• contain chlorophyll
• located inside the food making cells
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Photosynthesis
• process by which CO2 and H2O in the presence of light are converted to sugar and oxygen
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Chemical formula
• 6CO2 + 6H2O
• -----> in reaction with sunlight and chlorophyll ------>
• C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
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food
• manufactured in the leaves moves downward through the stem to the roots–used by the plant
–stored in stem or root and leaf in the form of sugar, starch or protein.
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Respiration
• plants respire 24 hours a day
• consume O2 and give off CO2
• plants produce more O2 through ps. Than they consume during respiration and growth.
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Stems
• have two main functions–movement of water and minerals
from the roots upward and movement of manufactured food down
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Stem functions
• support of leaves and reproductive structures
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Stems also
• used for food storage and reproduction of plants involving cuttings
• Green stems manufacture food just as leaves do
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External Stem Structure
• lenticels- breathing pores
• bud scale scars-indicate where terminal bud has been located previous year.
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Leaf Scars
• shows where leaf was attached
• Distance between the two represents one year of growth.
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Internal Stem Structure
• phloem- bark, carries manufactured foods down.
• Xylem- wood, carries water and minerals up.
• Cambium- separates the 2 and produces all new cells.
• Characteristic of dicots
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Internal Stem Structure
• dicot- dicotyledon, a plant with 2 seed leaves
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Monocot
• Monocotyledon - a plant with one seed leaf.
• Have vascular bundles, contain both xylem and phloem in each small bundle
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Monocot
• stems have no cambium
• cells enlarge to create size of mature stem
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Economic Importance
• food
• building materials
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Roots
• Usually underground• functions:
–anchor plant and hold upright–absorb water and minerals form
soil and conduct to stem–store food, & propagation
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Root Structure
• internal
–similar to stems
–older roots have xylem, phloem and cambian
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external
–root cap
•produces continuous supply of new cells
•protects roots as they push through soil
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Structure
• root hairs
–absorb moisture and minerals
• small roots
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Functions other than water and mineral absorption
• cash crops for food
–carrots
–beets
–radishes
–sweet potatoes• propagation
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Type of root systems
• fibrous-grasses
–easier transplanting
–shorter, smaller, more compact
• lap root-carrot
–longer and fewer roots
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Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
• pollination- color of flower attracts insects to fertilize flower– beginning of fruit and seed formation
• fruits and seed are attractive to birds who eat and spread seeds.
– Reproduces plant– some seeds carried on animals coats
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Parts of the Flower
• differ in size, shape, and color, some basic parts
• sepal
–green leaf-like part, covers and protects bud before opening
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Petals
• are actually leaves
• usually bright colors to attract pollinating insects.
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Parts of the Flower
• stamens
–male part of flower
–has two parts
•filament-stalk
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Anther
• anther- sac-like structure on top of filament, contains pollen
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Parts of the Flower
• Pistil - female part
• in the center of flower
• has three parts
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Pistil
• three parts
• stigma - top - sticky
• style - tube leading from stigma to ovary
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Ovary
• egg cells develop here
• grows to become fruit or seedcoat
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Types of Flowers
• complete
–contains 4 main parts
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Incomplete
• does not have all 4 main parts
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Perfect
• has stamens and pistils
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Imperfect
• lacks stamens or pistils
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Types of Flowers
• monoecious
–stamens and pistils are found in separate flowers on the same plant
•ex: Corn
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dioecious
• male or staminate flowers found on one plant, female or pistilate flowers on another plant
• ex: holly