particle detector and accelerators 2011. 4. 12 kihyeon cho

Particle detector and Accelerators

2011. 4. 12

Kihyeon Cho

Summer school, 2006.06.16-17

AcceleratorsAcceleratorsLinear AcceleratorsCircular Accelerators CyclotronSynchrotrons

Colliding-Beam Machines*


DetectorsThe interactions of charged particles and radiation with matterdE/dxDetector of Single Charged ParticlesSilicon detectorProportional CountersDrift ChambersScintillation CountersBubble ChambersCerernkov CountersShower Detector and CalorimetersElectromagnetic Shower DetectorsHadronic Shower DetectorsMuon Detectors

*


?Summer school, 2006.06.16-17*


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17* (The Standard Model)


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17* (light): (photon) (wave)


, *


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17* (A Better Microscope) : l = 0.0000005 m (0.5 mm 5000) scanning electron microscope


What is a particle accelerator?Accelerators can be used to transform energy into mass and vice versa.An accelerator can be used as a super-microscope to "see" tiny particles (quarks, leptons, etc)http://nobelprize.org/physics/educational/accelerators/research-1.html


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17* . . (l = h/p) : : (E = mc2 )


Probing small thingsTo probe 1 micrometer

To probe 1 fm?

*


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17* : : :


Fixed Target Exp. vs. Colliding Beam Exp. :


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17* F=qE


Linear Accelerator ()

Circular Accelerator ()CyclotronTo accelerate with fixed RF and constant B-fieldSynchrotronA particular type of cyclic particle accelerator in which the magnetic field (to turn the particles so they circulate) and the electric field (to accelerate the particles) are carefully synchronised with the travelling particle beam.*


Fixed TargetColliders (synchrotron)(Source: http://pdg.web.cern.ch/pdg/cpep/lin_circ.html)


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17* : :


Cyclotron*


Limitation of Cyclotrons*=> Synchrotrons


Charged Particle Motion in Magnetic Field*=> Synchrotrons


Bending Charged Particles*


Focusing Charged Particles*


Collider and Storage Ring*


Principle machine components of an accelerator Injection: Let original particle come to the vacuum chamber Vacuum chamber: Avoid the accelerated particles collide with normal matter (like air molecules) Radio-Frequency Cavities: Provide electric fields to speed up charged particles Bending Magnets (dipole magnets): Curve the particles in the vacuum chamber Focusing Magnets(quadrupole magnets) Concentrate the particles into a thick beam.


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17*: SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center): PEP (Positron Electron Project): BaBar


Accelerator ComponentsElectron Gun Damping Rings Beam Switch Yard Klystrons A LINAC: SLACS ACCELERATOR CHAIN(SLAC = Stanford Linear Accelerator Center)


SLAC: Electron Gunhttp://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/accelerator.html


SLAC: Beam Switch Yardhttp://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/accelerator.html


SLAC: Damping Ringhttp://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/accelerator.html


The electron gun produces a flow of electrons The bunching cavities regulate the speed of the electrons so that they arrive in bunches at the output cavity. The bunches of electrons excite microwaves in the output cavity of the klystron. The microwaves flow into the waveguide , which transports them to the accelerator . The electrons are absorbed in the beam stop. SLAC: Klystronhttp://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/accelerator.html


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17*: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory: TevatronCDFD0


~2000 ScientistsFermilab experiments using accelerators> 2 publications every week~2 Ph.D.s every week1930


A synchrotron: Fermilabs acceleratorsSource: http://www.fnal.gov


Tour of Accelerator Complexat Fermilab


Cockroft-Walton


Linac


Booster


Main Injector


Tevatron


Antiproton


Tevatron:CDF & DZeroAdd Antiproton lineReduce the CDF vertical size to match D0Tevatron

CDF and DZeroCDFDZeroCDFDZero


735 km 300 kWns from Main Injector

MINOS


ns from Booster

MiniBooNE735 km 300 kW


Beam for Detector Development735 km 300 kW


Test Facility for Accelerator DevelopmentSuper Conducting RF Technology735 km 300 kW


Test Facility for Muon Cooling735 km 300 kW


SeaQuestAdd a beamlineSeaQuest Detector PhotoProton

SeaQuest735 km 300 kW


Neutron Cancer Therapy

Patient treatments since 1976


Fermilab Accelerator ComplexOperating SimultaneouslyTevatronMINOSMiniBooNEMINERvADetector R&D Accelerator R&D Test FacilitiesSeaQuestNeutron Cancer TherapyDZeroCDF


FERMILABS ACCELERATOR CHAIN


FNAL: Cockroft-Walton accelerator- Developed by John D. Cockroft and Earnest T. S. Walton at the Cavendish Laboratory (England)- This type of accelerator consists of a multi-step voltage divider which accelerates ions linearly through constant voltage stepsThe major accelerator facilities make use of several types of devices to build up the energy of the particles. The Cockroft-Walton accelerator is used as the first stage of acceleration at Fermilabhttp://www.fnal.gov


FNAL: The LINAC at FermiLabThe Fermilab Linac is a negative hydrogen ion, 400 MeV accelerator. It includes a 25 keV H-minus ion source, a 750 keV electrostatic accelerating column, a 116 MeV drift-tube (Alverez) linac operating at 201.25 MHz, and a 401 MeV side-coupled cavity linac operating at 805 MHz


FNAL: The boosterThe Booster is a circular accelerator (synchrotron) that uses magnets to bend the beam of protons in a circular path. The protons travel around the Booster about 20,000 times so that they repeatedly experience electric fields. With each revolution the protons pick up more energy, leaving the Booster with 8 billion electron volts (8 GeV). http://www-visualmedia.fnal.gov/VMS_Site/active.html


FNAL: The Main Injector Tunnel- Main Injector, completed in 1999, accelerates particles and transfers beams.- The functions of Main Injector Tunnel: 1) Accelerates protons from 8 GeV to 150 GeV. 2) Produces 120 GeV protons, which are used for antiproton production. 3) Receives antiprotons from the Antiproton Source and increases their energy to 150 GeV. 4) Injects protons and antiprotons into the Tevatron.http://www-visualmedia.fnal.gov/VMS_Site/active.html


FNAL: The TevatronThe Tevatron receives 150 GeV protons and antiprotons from the Main Injector and accelerates them to almost 1000 GeV, or one tera electron volt (1 TeV). Traveling only 200 miles per hour slower than the speed of light, the protons and antiprotons circle the Tevatron in opposite directions. The beams cross each other at the centers of the 5000-ton CDF and DZero detectors located inside the Tevatron tunnel, creating bursts of new particleshttp://www-visualmedia.fnal.gov/VMS_Site/active.html


Antiproton


FNAL: The Tevatron Works


CERN*


Colliding-Beam MachinesSummer school, 2006.06.16-17*


High Energy Experiment


Fixed target vs. Colliding beams(total energy)2-(total momentum)2 = invariant in all frames of referenceAssume that 800GeV(Ebeam) proton collides in a fixed target(proton). Center of mom. frame Laboraroty frame Total energy: ECM Ebeam+mp Total momentum: 0 Pbeam Invariant: ECM2 (Ebeam+mp )2-Pbeam2

E = [ 2(mp2+Ebeammp) ]1/2 = 38.8GeVWe are enough to 19.4GeV+19.4GeV proton beams in collider !!!Question: Whats the advantage of a fixed target experiment?


*Fixed target vs. Colliding beams


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17* Fermilab: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) CERN: European Laboratory for Particle Physics (Swiss-France) SLAC: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (US) DESY: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (Germany) KEK: High EnergyAccelerator Research Organization (Japan) BNL: Brookhaven National Lab. (US) CESR: Cornell Electron-Positron Storage Ring (US) IHEP: Institute for High-Energy Physics (China)


*Experiments related to CKM parametersTalk by Elisabetta Barberioe+e- B FactoriesMajor experiments ongoing, some ended


AcceleratorsSystematic approach to answer questions in particle physicsFactor X 10 in 15 years*


e+e- and Hadron Collider*


*-


Belle II (2014~)http://www.kek.jp


*- (Tevatron)Heavier B => Full Service of B factory


*- (Large Hadron Collider)CMSALICEATLASLHCbCERNLHC at CERN


?*


DetectorsThe interactions of charged particles and radiation with matterdE/dxDetector of Single Charged ParticlesSilicon detectorProportional CountersDrift ChambersScintillation CountersBubble ChambersCerernkov CountersShower Detector and CalorimetersElectromagnetic Shower DetectorsHadronic Shower DetectorsMuon Detectors

*


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17* (Event) (Detector) Fixed targetColliding Beams


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17*


Fixed Target Detector ) FOCUS Summer school, 2006.06.16-17*


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17*


Collider Detector ) The CDF Detector*RETAINED FROM CDF RUN 1 Central and wall calorimeters

Solenoidal magnet

Central and extension muon detectors

NEW FOR CDF RUN 2

Tracking system Silicon vertex detector (SVXII) Intermediate silicon layers (ISL) Central outer tracker (COT)

Scintillating tile end plug calorimeter

Intermediate muon detectors

Scintillator time of flight system

Front-end electronics (132 ns)

Trigger system (pipelined)

DAQ system (L1, L2, L3)


The CDF detector * wire drift chamber (96 layers) TOF System

A new powerful 3d tracking system and vertex detector covering |h|out to 2.0.

A new scintillating tile plug calorimeter covering |h| out to 3.6.


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17* (Event Reconstruction)


Summer school, 2006.06.16-17*Quark/Gluon Gluon, Quark, Antiquark Quark, Antiquark


ReferencesSummer school, 2006.06.16-17*DongHee Kim, Summer School (2005)Nguyen Hong Quang, Dept. of Physics, KNUSuyong Choi, KIAS winter school (2010)YoungKee Kim, KPS (2009)


References[1] Introduction to High Energy Physics, 4th Edition, Donald H. Perkin, University of Oxford, 2000[2] http://www.fnal.gov[3] http:// www.cern.ch[4] http://www.egglescliffe.org.uk/physics/particles/newfolder/acc1.html[5] http://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/[6] http://hands-on-cern.physto.se/[7] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/accel2.html and many different websites


Thank you.*


****This plot shows the current heavy flavor physics experiments by electron and positron. BESII, CLEOc, Belle, BaBar.They has excellent photon resolution.*The next thing is superbelle.*This plot shows the current heavy flavor physics experiments by electron and positron. CDF and D0.*Let me talk about LHC Experiment. There are 4 big experiments at LHC which areCMS, ATLAS and LHCb.

particle detector and accelerators 2011. 4. 12 kihyeon cho

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