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Part 3: Obstacles to Developing Targeted Cancer Therapies Adrianna San Roman Leah Liu Clare Malone

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Page 1: Part 3: Obstacles to Developing Targeted Cancer …sitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/cancer...Part 3: Obstacles to Developing Targeted Cancer Therapies Adrianna San Roman

Part 3: Obstacles to Developing Targeted Cancer Therapies 

Adrianna San Roman Leah Liu 

Clare Malone 

Page 2: Part 3: Obstacles to Developing Targeted Cancer …sitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/cancer...Part 3: Obstacles to Developing Targeted Cancer Therapies Adrianna San Roman

If targeted therapies are so great, why can’t we treat all 

cancers? 

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Obstacles 

•  IdenFfying targets 

•  Finding medicines for targets 

•  Moving into the clinic 

•  Cancer resistance 

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Obstacle 1: Targeted therapies require targets! 

Wikimedia 

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How do you idenFfy a target? Discover differences between normal cells and cancer cells:  •  DNA mutaFons  •  Protein levels  

Problem: Most cancer cells have DNA that looks like someone exploded their DNA and then put it 

back together randomly Michale Strock 

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Driver vs. Passenger MutaFons 

“Driver” is causing the cancer 

“Passenger” is a mutaFon that happens along the way to becoming cancer, but isn’t causing the cancer 

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Which mutaFons are “drivers”? 

geograph.org.uk 

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SoluFon: Look for common mutaFons in many tumor samples 

However, rare but important “driver” mutaFons will be overlooked, and are very difficult to idenFfy 

Sample 1  Sample 2  Sample 3  Sample 4 

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Not all driver mutaFons are good targets 

B  D C A 

Normal  Cancer 

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Obstacle 2: HiYng the Target 

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Which protein has a targeted therapy? 

Mutated in 20‐25% of all  human cancers 

Importance in human cancer discovered in 

1982 

Mutated in 7% of all  human cancers   

Importance in human cancer discovered in 

2002 

✔ 

B  B‐raf 

Ras 

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Cell Growth Example – Ras Pathway 

B‐raf 

Abnormal cell 

growth and 

division 

Ras  Mek 

Cancer Cell 

Signal  Receptor  Pathway Component 

Pathway Component 

Output Pathway Component 

PLX4032 Growth signal  Cell 

growth and 

division 

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p53 

Tumor suppressors:  How do you “target” something that is not there? 

Fixing mistakes in DNA  

Control of Cell Division 

Control of Cell Death 

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So far we’ve learned… 

1.  It can take years of research to idenFfy promising targets 

 2.   It can be difficult or impossible to find medicines that alter promising targets  

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Obstacle 3: Moving from the lab to the clinic does not always work 

Photo by Umberto Salvagnin hhp://www.flickr.com/photos/kaibara/3075268200/ 

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How many potenFal medicines make it into clinical trials? 

 A.) 1 in 100  B.) 1 in 1000  C.) 1 in 10,000 

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Why don’t they make it to clinical trial? 

•  Cannot be effecFvely delivered to paFent (oral, IV etc) 

•  Not stable enough for use in the clinic 

 •  Not specific for target  •  Toxic to normal cells  

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Most potenFal medicines fail in clinical trials 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 

All indicaFons 

Ovarian Cancer 

Breast Cancer 

Prostate Cancer 

Colorectal Cancer 

Non‐small cell lung cancer 

Med

icines app

roved a9

er trials 

7%  4%  3%  2% 9%  8% 

BioMedTracker BIO study 2011 Insidebiola.com 

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Why do medicines fail? 

 •  Can’t give enough medicine to people •  Medicine does not do what we thought it 

would •  Medicine hits target, but target is less 

important than we thought 

2.) Medicine has too many side effects 

1.) Medicine is not effecFve  

•  “Off‐target” effects •  HiYng target not safe 

TherapeuFc window 

Dose 

Bene

fit 

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Targeted therapies might have beher luck 

•  More is understood about the biology before trials are started (beher efficacy) 

PLX4032’s end‐stage clinical trial is the shortest on record!  

B‐raf 

Cancer growth 

•  Risk of serious side‐effects is expected to be lower (safer) 

This means a wider therapeuFc window, so it is easier to achieve effecFve doses safely! 

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Obstacle 4: Cancer is always changing 

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How does cancer fight back? 

Medicine  Resistance 

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Resistance to PLX4032 

Before therapy  Aoer therapy  Average relapse: 7 months 

Flaherty et al. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:809‐819.  

 

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Mechanism of Resistance #1 

Cancer cell growth and division 

Cancer cell growth and division 

New mutaFon 

Secondary mutaFon in the target protein 

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Ras Pathway 

B‐raf Ras 

Growth signal 

Mek 

 Cell 

Signal  Receptor  Pathway Component 

Pathway Component 

Output Pathway Component 

Cell growth and 

division 

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Mechanism of Resistance #2 

Cancer cell growth and division 

B‐raf 

Mek 

MutaFon in a downstream protein 

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Mechanism of Resistance #3 

Cancer cell growth and division 

B‐raf 

Mek 

MutaFon bypasses target protein 

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Cancer resistance to targeted therapies 

•  Resistance is a common problem in targeted therapies 

•  Some common mechanisms include:  Second mutaFon in the target protein  MutaFon in a protein downstream of the target  MutaFon that bypasses the target protein 

•  CombinaFon therapies may help combat resistance 

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What we learned tonight: 

Adrianna:  Principles of cancer •  How cancer cells are different from normal cells •  Why is not one disease 

   Leah:  Cancer therapeuFcs •  Chemotherapy and radiaFon  •  Targeted therapies 

   Clare: Obstacles to developing cancer therapies •  IdenFfying and hiYng targets •  TranslaFng discoveries to the clinic •  Cancer resistance to therapy  

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Why haven’t we won the war on cancer yet? 

Because it is not one war, so it requires more than one soluFon.  

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We have made progress in some major bahles! 

Cancer Type  1975 5‐year Survival Rate  2011 5‐year Survival Rate 

PromyelocyFc Leukemia  35%  98% 

Childhood Leukemias  30%  80% 

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia 

23.1%  89% 

Fausel, 2007  Druker NEJM 2006 SEER Cancer StaFsFcs Review. 1975‐2008 

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What does the future of cancer therapy look like? 

Near Future:  •  More targeted therapies  

•  Second‐ and third‐line therapies to combat resistance 

Distant Future: •  CombinaFon of medicine specific for paFent 

•  Manageable chronic disease 

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Thank you! SITN would like to acknowledge the following 

organiza;ons for their generous support. Harvard Medical School 

Office of CommunicaFons and External RelaFons Division of Medical Sciences 

 The Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS) 

 The Harvard Graduate Student Council (GSC) 

 The Harvard Biomedical Graduate Students OrganizaPon (BGSO) 

 The Harvard/MIT COOP 

 Restaurant Associates