Part - 11

Research

2. RESEARCH

2.1 Methods - Heed o f the Study

Hypotheses

Objectives

Research Methodology

Appendix t o the Chapter

2 .2 Analys is

2 .3 Findings

METHODS

Need for Study

The Government has realised the potential of

Tourism. It has given it an Industrial status, placed it on

the concurrent list, prepared Action Plans, established

Financial Corporation exclusively for Tourism and encouraged

Tourism - related education. The Accommodation Sector is an important component

of Tourism, as may be seen from various reports and ar:icles

that call for more rooms and beds to accommodate the

increasing flow of tourists.

1 "Oberoi, Taj and Welcome Group Hotels are said to

be among the world's best. However, most are located in

metropolises and charge exhorhitant rates. Other hotels are

owned by private parties with no expertise in managing or

marketing hotels. There is a strong need to improve

existing services and set up budget hotels near beaches,

monuments, wildlife sanctuaries and mountain range." The

author further adds "what is lacking is infrastructure in

transport, travel, hotel rooms and sports." The

researcher's work lies in exploring some of the above stated

facts and come to empirical conclusions based on sys~ematic

study of the Accommodation sector and its interface with

Tourism.

Rypotheses

However it is not clear (i) whether a relationship

exists between the growth of Tourism and that of Accommoda-

tion sector and (ii) whether accommodation sector is seen to

be capable of influencing Tourism. If the nature of

relationship could be established, then suggestions to make

the two work synergistically can be developed. At the

outset, therefore, these two hypotheses are tested.

That there is a relationship between growth of

tourism and accommodation sector - this is determined by

correlating the tourist population with the number of beds.

The computed figures show a correlation coefficient of 0.57.

This is also established by the regression equation as shown

in the appendix. Therefore it is concluded that there is

the presence of a reasonable positive relationship. (Please

see the appendix to this chapter for details).

The accommodation sector is capable of influencing

tourism. It is an accepted premise in the Ministry of

Tourism and Civil Aviation that removal of inadequacies in

the Accommodation Sector, would promote better tourism.

Tourist dissatisfaction have been seen to have had a

multiplier effect, dissuading subsequent, potential

visitors. It is on this assumption the Federation of Hotel,

Restaurants Association of India plead for a distinctive

accommodation policy and the Ministry attempts to encourage

it by coordinating with other ministries. It is well known

that poor infrastructure like accommodation sector

influences, whereas good infrastructure may not be an

attraction (if Kaul's "Component of Tourism" and Indian

Statistical Institute Survey is taken into consideration - which did not list accommodation sector as an attraction).

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The study proposes to explore the characteristics

of Tourism verses the Accommodation sector in order to lead

to policy guidelines. As such the objectives would be to

determine.

(1) The rate of growth in the inflow of Tourist to

Pondicherry as a centre..,

(2) Whether Accommodation sector has grown up over the

years. ,. (3) Whether the concept of 'Tourism' for the

Accommodation sector is different.

(4) The efforts by the Accommodation sector to promote

tourism.

( 5 ) The nature of jobs that need to be increasingly

incorporated in the Accommodation Sector.

(6) The characteristics of such tourists, the number

of days of stay, the age group, reason etc.

(7) The training activities undertaken in this sector

to help Tourism.

(8) Developments affecting the sector that favourably

and adversely affect Hotel Industry and ultimately

tourism.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2 As the type of research chosen is 'Opportunity

Oriented Research' the decision stages are: (1) Perceiving

opportunities and difficulties, (2) Identifying significant

problems, (3) Determining the problems that could be saved

and (4) Exploring decisions tentatively. Therefore the

research design followed is Descriptive Design, under which

case Analysis method as been adopted.

Source of Data

The research involves primary and secondary

sources. The primary source is the survey method through

Questionnaire, the secondary sources being published papers,

articles, reports of the Tourism Ministry to Government of

India.

Survey

All the units of the Accommodation Sector that are

registered as Hotel with the Yunicipality have been

considered provided the said accommodation unit has existed

for atleast one financial year and is not letting out rooms

on monthly rental basis. The source was the list of

Accommodation unit from which the Directorate of Tourism

collect annual data for Statistical Report to the Government

of India. Forty (40) such units exists and have been

covered. The list of surveyed units and stated below:

LIST OP ACCOYODATION UNITS Accommodation (Government)

1. Hotel Pondicherry Ashok

2. Government Tourist Home

3. Yatri Nivas

4. Youth Hostel

5. Hotel Ruchi

Accomodation (Private)

6. Hotel Mass

7. Hotel Surguru

8. Hotel Ram International

9. Hotel Ellora

10. Hotel Emiraj

11. Hotel Amala

12. Raj Lodge

13. Aristo Guest House

14. Cottage Guest House

15. Fenns Lodge

16. G.K. Lodge

17. Ajanta Guest House

18. Blue Star Hotel

19. Hotel Bristol

20. Hotel Kanchi

21. Hotel - Al- Rasheed 22. Park Guest House

23. Sai Baba Guest House

24. Sekar Lodge

25. Hotel-De-Europe

26. Hotel Felix

27. L. Yangalatchumi Guest House

31. Royal Lodge

Regal Lodge

Anitha Lodge

Albert Lodge

Babu Lodge

Victoria Lodge

Shanmuga Lodge

International Guest House

Oriya Nilayam

L.P.K Lodge

Data Collection and Time Frame

The data collection was commenced in February 1992

and culminated in July 1993. The collection of each

Questionnaire was always preceded by pilot survery. After

each pilot survery there was a gap of one month to reframe

the final questionnaire. Besides the time required for

pilot survey collection for each set of Questionnaire took

approximately three month and was spread out as a series

over the rhole stretch of period.

Questionnaire Framing

It is a case of structured undisguised 3

guestionnaire . The types of questions have been both

closed and open types. In some cases unstractured -

undisguised auestionnaire used by using Depth Interview.

The data was collected through Personal Interview. The

technique in personal interview has been Laddering

Technique. The five sets of questionnaire were to be

addressed to the authorities of accomodation units, is

Hotelier's and Guest House-keepers. All these

questionnaires has some kind of overlaps and purpose of such

overlaps was to ensure continuity and even crosscheck the

data collected. However, each questionnaire would have its

purpose well laid down.

The first questionnaire was on Hotelier's

Perception on tourism and tourists, second questionnaire was

on 'Promotion', the third questionnaire was on 'Job and

Roles', the fourth questionnaire would on 'Training' and the

fifth questionnaire was cn factors affecting the development

of Hotel Industry. These are elaborated here.

The first questionnaire titled "HOTELIER'S

PERCEPTION" had in total fifteen questions besides the usual

introduction. The question numbers 2, 3, 7, 12 and 15 were

open types. The questions 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, I1 and 14 were

directed towards comprehension of tourist profile. Question

15 was focussed at unvieling: What is Tourism? The rest of

the questions rere to find out the facilities the Hotel

offers and the response of tourists to those.

The Second questionnaire was titled 'PROMOTION'

the objective of the questionnaire was io find out how

hotels are promoting their own units and tourism in

Pondicherry. The promotion,it nature, budget for promotion,

promotional strategies have to be touched by the

questionnaire.

The third questionnaire was on JOB, ROLES AND

THERE OF QUALIFICATION in the accomodation units in relation

specifically to tourism. Questions numbered 4 through 8

were regarding decisional levels and operational level.

Question numbers 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 were focussed on

qualification levels and the preference in terms of

promotion or induction. Question numbers 16,18 were on job

rotation and job automation.

The Fourth questionnaire was on TRAINING. There

were as many as 15 questions. The questionnaire was largely

open ended. Question 3, 4, 5 , and 6 were focussed on the

kind of hotel and facilties. Question 7 and 8 lead

questions which help in focussing on training programme.

From question 9 onwards it was all foucussed on On-the-Job

Training.

The Fifth questionnaire was mostly open ended it

was on FACTORS AFFECTING FAVOURABLY OR UXFAVOURABLY the

development of Hotel Industry in Pondicherry. The factors

affecting change has formed the basis of favourableness in

development of tourism that affect accomodation unit.

Question 1 also tried to probe into mission of such

accomodation units.

Thus the next chapter, analysis covers these m a e r

the respective titles: Hotels Reiception, Tourist Promotion

and Training, Job and Roles and Development affecting Rote?

Industry.

Analysis and Interpretation

The first part was the testing of hypothesis, this

was done in two phases:

(a) The simple correlation was done to find out the correlation coefficient 'r'.

(h) Test of significance was taken up with a null hypothesis and alternate hypothesis. Null hypothesis being that there is no correlation between number of beds and tourist population.

Further the Time Series Trend Analysis was done

for the tourist population and the number of beds. The

years taken into consideration were from 1985 through 1992.

A short term growth rate was worked out.

Further an exercise of a simple regression analysis

was undertaken wherein the dependent vairable has been beds

and the independent variable has to be the tourist

population. In order to further check the process ofand the

reliability of the regression equation, one has work out the 2

coefficient of determination identified as R .

Details of the analysing with respect to the

Questionnaire given earlier, is given here.

In the first questionnaire the percentage analysis

based on frequency of response has been done in the cases of

question numbers 1,5,6,9,11,13, and 14. In case of question

number 3 and 4 besides percentage analysis model class bas

been taken Into consideration in infering facts.

In the second questionnaire on promotional

activities the following response frequency was computed

regarding various question and thereby percentage analysis

was done, however even model classes itself would have been

sufficient to help inference, so both the model class and

percentage analysis helped in drawing interferences.

In the third questionnaire in the cases of

question numbers3,4,5,6 and 7 at first certain percentage

blocks had to be made (being Parameters) against which

frequency of response has to be calculated and then the

percentage analysis was adhered to. In cases of question

numbers 8 through 18, the frequency of response was the

basis of percentage and model class analysis.

In the questionnaire on training in the case of

question numhers 6 and 9 blocks as parameters were

established and the frequency of response against each block

was taken as the basis of percentage calculation. Question

numhers 3,4,9,10,11,12,13 percentage analysis were done.

Question 15 was comprehended to find out the qualitative

response.

In the questionnaire on development affecting

hotels, question 2 was analysed on the basis of content

analysis in respect to each factor and then Force Field 4

Analysis was done to reach to a conclusion. Question 1 was

qualitative and therefore qualitative analysis was possible.

In the reference to certain other questions

analysis was done on a qualitative basis and sometimes not

all respondents such questions. However, the qualitative

opinions have also found due respect in the analysis part.

The scales used in some question training and analysis were

ordinal or interval scale.

Limitations:

(1) Sometimes there existed paucity in the secodary 5

data.

(2) The limitation of the case study approach exists

in this work both in data collection us well as in

generalisation.

(3) The area (geographical) has been limited to

Pondicherry centre only.

If 'r' is calculated to be between .4 and .8 there is a 6

moderate - to - strong relationship between the variables " 7

Again . The sign (+ or - ) or the correlation coefficient

indicates whether the relationship is positive or negative.

The plus (+ ) sign on the ......... Coefficient indicates

that their is a positive relationship".

The computed correlation coefficient 'r' is

+.570441. This indicates that their exists "Positive

Correlation" between the variable and it is definitely

moderate relationship.

Several statistical tests have been devised to

determine whether the correlation coefficient is

significant; however, only one test of significance will be

considered here for analysis.

The Null Hypothesis in this case is: There is no

correlation between Tourist population and beds.

To accept or reject the Null Hypothesis a 't'

value has to be computed, the formula of testing such a

significance of relationship for simple correlation is:

Assume that 80 per cent confidence level was

selected prior to the study of the relationship between

Tourist Population and the Beds. Reference to a students

't' table for n -2 or 6 degrees of freedom the critical

value is 1.440.

The computed value is greater than the critical

value therefore we reject the Null Hypothesis and accept the

"Alternate Hypothesis". That is, there exist relationship

between Tourist .population and beds. --

TABLE 2.1.2

CALCULATION NEEDED POR REGRESSION ANALYSIS OP BEDS

2 Y (No. of Beds) X (Tourist) X X Y

i i i ('000) ( '00000)

The Regression Equation is:

An estimate of the co-efficient 'b' is calculated from the

following formula:-

By inserting into this formula n = 8 and then the totals of

the four columns in the Table 11. one obtains:

These two estimates are then used to complete the Regression

Equation:

*Y = estimated number of beds; - *Y = 1.8116 + .064 (X)

(The regression equation where 'Y' is the dependent

veriable representing beds and 'X' is the independent

variable representing tourist population)

TABLE - 2.1.3 THE ESTIMATED NUMBER OF BEDS FOR THE FOLLOWING YEARS

ARE AS FOLLOWS

Year Number of Beds ......................................

TABLE - 2.1.4 2

CALCULATION R FOR THE BEDS REGRESSION EQUATION

2 R - Coefficient of Determination 8 2

" A Regression Equation with an R value of 0.50 - 1.00 is

judged to be a good job of explaining the variance observed

in the dependent variable."

Y - dependent variable (Beds)

X - Independent variable (Tourist inflow) The calculation is capable of explaining about 57

per cent of the total variance observed in the dependent

variable the number of beds. Stated in another sense, the

researcher can say that 43 per cent of the total variance in

number of beds is 'Unexplained' by tbe Regression Equation.

REFERENCES

1. R. Subramaniam, The Promise of Tourism, (Survey of Indian Industry: Hindu Madras - 1993). p.415.

2. Luck, Wales. Taylor, Rubin - Delhi: PHI, 1982), p.64.

Marketing Research, (New

3. Boyd, Westfall and Stasch - Marketing .&~8orcfi (Delhi: AITB, 1988). p.313 .

4. Blanchard and Hersey, Management of Organisational Behaviour, (New Delhi: Prentice Ball India, 4th edition), p.271.

5 . Tourism Review - Report of an Expert Group Meeting - (Organised by ESCAP -22 -25 November, 1988, UN), p.6.

6. Luck, Wales, Taylor, Rubin, Marketing Research, (New Delhi: PHI. 1982). p.427.

7. Boyd, Westfall and Stasch, Marketing Research, (Delhi: AITB, 1988). p.567.

8. Ibid., p.576.

2.2 ANALYSIS

This chapter is divided into two sections:

1. Examination of the data with respect to the questionnaire.

2. Listing the findings

This is because of many of the objectives have to

be seemed by obtaining data from more than one question.

Furtherd, it is only when these data are examined that

listing be undertaken.

Questionaries

The five questionnaires are examined in the folloaing

orders:

1. Hotelier's Perception

2. Promotion

3. Job and roles

4. Training

5 . Favourable and unfavourable developments

HOTELIER'S PERCEPTION

Table 2.2.1

Kinds of Tourist

Particulars No. of Respondent Percentage

Business Tourist

Holiday

Religious 6 17

Culture

Educational

Honeymoon 2 5.71

Conference 1 2.85

(The percentage column sill not add up to 100 because multiple ticking was allowed in this question)

From the table 2.2.1, presented above it appears

that Bussiness Tourists and Holiday Tourists are the main

group of Tourists visiting Pondicherry. It should be also

noted that the next important group is the Religious Tourists

Note: 1. Filled in questionnaires sere available from 35 organisations, 5 organisations abstained.

2. The percentage in some cases have been approxi- mated to next digit in case the computed percentage is 0.5 and above.

who have attraction for the Ashram mainly. Occasionally

one finds Educational Tourist, Honeymoon Tourists and

Conference Tourists in Pondicherry. In order to see left

over French Culture and also the synthesis of Tamil and

French cultures, cultural tourists come over the

Pondicherry around 11 per cent of the respondent opined

so. Around 74 per cent and 63 per cent of respondents

have stated that business tourist and holiday tourist are

the dominant groups. However, around 17 per cent stated

that they receive tourist who have religious purpose.

TABLE 2.2.2

OCCUPANCY RATE IN THE HOTEL

Percentage by Season Off-season occupancy

No. of Percentage No. of Percentage Respondent Respondent

1 - 25 26 - 50 3 9 9 26

51 - 75 11 3 1 20 5 7

76 - 100 2 1 60 6 17

Total 35 100 35 100

The occupancy rate during season is concentrated

in the range of 76 per cent to 100 per cent. However, some

respondent opined having a percentage between 51 per cent to

75 per cent. During off-season the occupancy rate is in

the range of 51 per cent to 75 per cent. The next range

being 26 per cent to 50 per cent. It should also be

mentioned that irrespective of season none of the respondent

recorded an occupancy of the range one per cent to 25 per

cent. The season months have been found to be January,

February, Yay, June, July, August, September, December. The

off-season are March, April, October and November. It

should also he noted that most of these organisations who

usually receive the Business Tourist, record 100 per cent

occupancy both in season and off-season.

TABLE 2.2.3(a)

(CLASSIFICATION BASED ON AGE GROUP)

MALES

(Percentage of Population)

Particulars 1% - 20% 21% - 40% 41% - 60% 61% - 80% 61% - 100

Less than 15yrs. 2 (5.71) 1 (2.85) 1 (2.85) 1 (2.85)

Less than 30yrs. 1 (2.85) 1 (2.85) 6 (17) 5 (14.28)

Less than 60yrs. l o (29) 3 (8.57) 10 (29)

Above 60 gears 4 (11.42) 2 (4.89)

FEMALES

~ e s s than 15yrs 4 (11.42) 1 (2.85)

Less than 30yrs 4 (11.42) 4(11.42) 4(11.42)

Less than 60yrs 9 (26) S(14.28) 6(17)

Above 60 years 1 (2.85) 4(11.42)

(The percentage will not add up to 100, because in all categories every respondent did not feel that they had tourists).

In less than 15 years range the female population

5ominates. In less than 30 years range the male population

oornlnates. The female population follows with less than 20

oer cent. In the age group of less than 60 years the male

population is again on the higher side with population range

betreen 81 per cent to 100. In above 60 years range the

female population is lesser than the male the modal class in

such case is between 61 per cent to 80 per Cent.

TABLE 2.2.3(b)

Classification based on Percentage of population

Percentage Males Females population age groups age groups

15 30 60 60 15 30 60 60

In table 2.2.3(h), the study is to find out the

dominance of males or females in general in tourist

population. The results indicate that male tourist is

higher than the female tourists. The maximum of the

tourists belong to the age group less than 60 years and the

maximum number of female tourists are less thn 30 age group.

TABLE 2.2.4

Duration of Stay

No. of average No. of Percentage days Respondants

Less than 3 days

Less than 6 days

6 days and above

The average time spent by a tourist in Pondicherry

is less than 3 days and this was the unanimous opinion of

all the respondents.

TABLE 2.2.5

Hotel Bookings

Particulars Yes No

Booking through travel agent 7(20) 28(80)

According to table 2.2.5 the booking to The

Hotels/Units of accommodation was direct. Around 80 per

Cent of tbe respondents do not use the service of the Travel

Agent. However, 20 per cent of the respondent do use the

service of Travel Agents in matters of accomodation booking.

TABLE 2.2.6

Tourist Population

Percentage in Bracket

Percentage share of population Indian Foreign

1 - 25 2 (5.7) 11 (31)

(The percentage will not total upto 100, because all respondents could not give figures in reference to the quest ion)

According to table 2.2.6 most of the tourists in

the hotels/units of accommodation are of Indian origin.

According to 57 per cent of the respondents of accommodation

are the Indian tourists (Domestic) account for 76 per cent

to 100 per cent of the population. Some of the units have

reported that they prefer only Indian tourists. Foreigners

also have a share in the tourist population and this

accounts in a range mainly of one per cent to 25 per cent.

One unit in Pondicherry prefers only foreigners.

TABLE 2.2.7

Facilities Offered

Kind of Facilities No. of Respondent Percentage

Dance/Cultural Programme 1

Sight seeing 20

Currency exchangelcredit cards 3

Car facility 4

Swimming pool 1

Car Parking 1

(The total in the percentage column will not add upto 100 because all did not have such facilities)

From Table 2 . 2 . 7 it is evident that most of the

respondents i.e. 57 per cent have sight seeing as a

facility. The next important facility is rental car

facility. Around 11.42 per cent of the respondents opined

that they have such facility. Some of the units also

stated that they accept credit cards or they help in foreign

TABLE 2.2.8

Sight Seeing Facility

Particulars No. of Respondents

Self arranged 5(14)

In collaboration with some other Agencies 15(43)

Table 2 . 2 . 8 follows from table 2.2 .7 . Sight

seeing facility being the most common and dominant facility

provided by most of the hotelslunits of accommodation are

arranged in two ways, solely by the Individual unit or in

colloboration with some other agency. The other agencies

are PTDC and some travel services.

TABLE 2.2 .9

Types of Food

Types of food No. of respondent Percentage

South Indian

North Indian

Chinese

Continental

(The total in percentage column will not add up to 100. because all hotels did not have foodings).

According to table 2.2.9, 23 per cent of the units

stated that North Indian food was popular and was provided.

Around 17 per cent of respondent opined that the preference

of tourists was for South Indian dishes and continental

dishes. Only one unit stated that Chinese was preferred by

tourists.

TABLE 2.2.10

Covernment Policy

Particulars Yes No

Government Policies have impact on Hotel Business 35(100)

Table 2.2.10 states that government policies

towards tourism has not had much impact in the hotel

business. This was the unanimous opinion of all the

respondents.

TABLE 2.2.11

Unique Belling Proposition (USP)

Particulars No. of respondent Percentage

Rooms

Food

Service 13 37

Recreation 2 5.71

(The percentage column rill not add up to 100, because of multiple ticking).

The unique selling proposition for most of the

units centered round rooms that they offered, as many as 80

per cent of the respondents so opined. Again as many as 37

per cent opined that service was their unique selling

proposition. Some units have also stated the 'Food' and

'Recreation' as their unique selling proposition.

During the survey it is noted that one unit

prefers its unique selling proposition to be the oldest

accommodation unit in pondicherry.' Four respondents stated

the location near bus-stand is their unique selling

proporition.

TABLE 2.2.12

Origin of Domestic Tourist

States No. of respondents Percentage

Tamil Nadu 25 71

Kerala 19 54

Karnataka 10 29

Andra Pradesh 6 17

Maharastra 6

Bengal 6

Other North Indian States 1

(The percentage column will not add up to 100, because of multiple ticking)

From table 2.2.12 it is evident that most of the

domestic tourists have their origin from the neighbouring

state of Tamil Nadu. The next important group of tourists

are coming from Kerala around 54 per cent of the respondents

stated 80. Yet 29 per cent of the respondents stated that

tourists from Karnataka are another important group.

Tourism according to the Hoteliers meant the following:

"Tourism is the backbone of the hotel industry"

"Tourism is an integral part of State's development,

exchange of culture and other habits"

"Tourism is mode for exchange and culture"

"Tourism in Pondicherry is merely for Ashrams and

Auroville"

"Tourism means sight-seeing"

"People want to enjoy their holiday other than in their

native, to get away from routine life"

Some have put it merely as a medium of relaxazion

and enjoyment a break from daily business schedule. It has

been stated by some as more business for accommodation

sector.

TABLE 2.2.13

PROMOTION DEPARTMENT

Particulars Yes No

Does the hotel have distinct promotional wing - 35 (100)

* Figures in bracket indicate percentage

According to Table 2.2.13, the hotels do not have

distinct promotional wing. This fact has been endorsed by

all the respondents. There lies 100 per cent agreement to

the stated fact. The table presented above backs the fact

that the accommodation units do not have distinct wing for

promotion, yet it should be observed they opt for promotion

in their own ways.

Note: (1) Filled in questionnaires were available from 35 organisations, 5 organisations obstained.

(2) The percentage in some cases have been approximated to next digit in case the computed percentage is .5 and above .

TABLE 2.2.14

DIFFERENT PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITY

Different Promotional Number of Percentage Activities Respondents

Advertising

Exhibition

Sponsorship - Pamphlet

Travel Agent

(The total percentage column will not add upto 100, as all respondents did not have such activities and multiple ticking was allowed).

According to Table 2.2.14, the different

promotional mixes are Advertisement, Exhibition, Pamphlets

and Travel Agents. Promotion through sponsorship (public

relation) did not gain any importance at all. Around 54 per

cent of the respondents stated that they have used

advertising as a promotional strategy. Promotion through

travel agents are the next most important mix, it has been

acknowledged by around 17 per cent of the respondents.

Pamphlets and exhibitions have been used by 8 . 6 per cent and

2.8 per cent of the respondents as promotional mix on Some

occasions.

It should be noted that the researcher while

surveying on this issue found out that quite many respondent

regarded "word-of-mouth" as promotion mix and some also

pointed out "Rickshaw Puller" and "Auto Rickshaw" have

proved to be good promotion mix i.e. Publicity for the

concerned accommodation unit.

TABLE 2.2.15

ADVERTISING MEDIA

Different Media Number of Percentage Respondents

Newspaper

Magazines

Television

Radio

Advertisement hoardings

Cinema slides

(The total of percentage column will not add upto 100, because of multiple ticking).

Table 2.2.15, states the advertising media mix.

The advertising media mix has newspapers, magazines, cinema

Slides, advertisement hoardings and radio. Around 34 Per

Cent respondents opined that they have used newspapers and

magazines. Cinema slides are quite popular. Around 17 per

cent of the respondents use cinema slides as an advertising

media. Advertisement hoardings have also been used by some

14 per cent of the respondents. Such hoardings are

displayed at important junctions and commercial places.

Many of it is found in the bus stand also. Radio has also

been tried as a communication device. Television has not

been used as yet by any of the respondents.

TABLE 2.2.16

RESPONSIBILITY FOR PROMOTION

Particulars Number of Percentage Respondents

Marketing Manager

General Manager 19 54.0

Sales Executives

No Special Designation

(The total in the percentage column will not add upto 100, as some of these units did not ever do promotion)

Table 2.2.16, tries to find out the person behind

the promotion activities. It should be noted that most of

the units do not have marketing manager or sales executives

to handle such promotion. The general manager in 54 per

cent of the cases is responsible for such promotion. It was

also observed that in smaller units the owner and the

general manager are one and the same person.

TABLE 2.2.17

SALES PROMOTION

Kinds of Sales Number of Percentage Promotion Respondents

Special food packages 1 2.85

Reduction of room rents 11 31.00

Hosting of widely attended - Conventions and other activities

Tie-up with other hotels outside 1 2.85

(The total of the percentage column will not add upto 100, as some of the respondents did not undertake sales promotion)

Table 2.2.17, states the kind of sales promotions

that the units undertake to boost the traffic of tourists.

Many of the units do not believe in sales promotlon

altogether. However some of the units do have sa!ss

promotion &s s strategy. Reduction of room rents stands to

be the most common sales promotion technique. As many as 31

per cent respondents use reduction of rent as a sales

promotion strategy. It is followed by some who use food

packages or tie-ups with other hotels in order to do some

sales promotion.

TABLE 2.2.18

BUDGET ALLOCATION

Particulars Number of Percentage Respondents

Below 10% of Net Revenue

10% - 20% of Net Revenue

Above 20%

No idea

(The total of the percentage column rill not add upto 100, as all did not have such promotional effort and many other refrained from answering)

Table 2.2.18, presents the budget allocation for

marketing activities. The allocation has been stated in

reference to revenue earned by the unit. The fact that has

been interesting, is that, in term of revenue many were not

able to state the percentage. The survey indicated that in

most of the cases it may be the "Affordable Method" by which

the budget is decided. In few cases it was stated to be

below 10 per cent of the net revenue.

TABLE 2.2.19

SEPARATE PROMOTION

Particulars Number of Respondents

Yes No

Separate Promotion Activity for Foreigners

Table 2.2.19, states the inexistence of separate

promotional activity for foreign tourists. It should be

borne in mind that all the respondents said that they do not

have any separate promotional activity for foreign tourists.

TABLE 2.2.20

WAY PROMOTION

Particulars Number of Percentage Respondents

-

For improving sales 19 54.0

For creating better image 7 20.0

For cutting down competition threat 6 17.0

(The total of percentage column will not add upto 100, as all did not answer this question)

Table 2.2.20 tries to find out the motivation

behind the promotion effort of these units. The three

motivating factors are:

(1) Improving sales,

(2) Creation of better image, and

(3) Cutting down the competition threats.

Most Of the respondents have stated 'Improving sales' to be

the purpose behind promotion. However creation of better

image and cutting down of competition threats have also been

stated to be motives behind promotional activities.

TABLE 2.2.21

ROLE OP HOTELS IN TOURISM PROMOTION

Particulars Number of Percentage Respondents

By giving place of tourist attractions also in the hotel advertisement 9

By organising tour package for hotel customers

By organising special room tariff for tourists who stay for longer period 7

(The total of the percentage column will not add upto 100, because all did not have answered for this question)

Table 2.2.21, states that hotels help in tourism

promotion of Pondicherry. Some 46 per cent altogether

opined so. Most of the respondents stated that by

mentioning a place of tourism interestlattraction in hotel

advertisements they were attracting more tourists. Some

also opined that by arranging special room tariffs the

tourists were being motivated to stay longer. Tour packages

did not evoke any response from the respondents.

JOB AND ROLES

TABLE 2.2 .22

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES

Total number of Number of Percentage Employees Respondents

Total 40 100

Table 2.2 .22 , states the employee strength in the

accommodation unit. Most of the hotels have employees

between 1 - 50 members. Around 92 per cent of the

respondents have stated that the employee strength is in the

range of 1 - 50. However in case of star category hotels

the strength is much more.

TABLE 2.2.23

DECISIONAL LEVEL EMPLOYEES

Particulars Number of Percentage (percentage) Respondents

1 - 25 35 87.5

26 - 50 4 10.0

Total 40 100

Table 2.2.23, states the percentage of decisional

level employees to the total strength. Around 87.5 per cent

of the respondents have indicated that the percentage of

decisional level employees vary between 1 to 25 per cent.

It should be noted in this regard that some of the

respondents have indicated a higher percentage of employees

in decisional level, this is because these accommodation

units are small and therefore, the proprietor and his family

is responsible in maintenance, service and control of the

unit.

TABLE 2.2.24

OPERATIONAL LEVEL EMPLOYEES

Particulars No. of Respondent Percentage

............................ Total 40 100 .................................................

Table 2.2.24, states the percentage strength of

operational level employees to the total number of

employees. I t has been found that in most of the

accommodation units the percentage of operational employees

are around 76% or more of the employee strength.

TABLE 2.2.25

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH DEPARTMENT

Particulars Number of Exployees

1 - 20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100

Food and Beverage 12(34%) l(2.58) l(2.55) l(2.55) - Department

Front Office 38(95%)

House Keeping 38(95%)

Personnel 3(7.5%)

Materials 2(5X) Management

Security 17(48.6%)

(The total of the percentage column will not to 100, because not all have employees in each department)

Table 2.2.25, essays to find out the maximum staff

in each department. Its purpose is also to indicate which

departments are indispensable for the accommodation units.

It has been found that maximum number of employees are

engaged in Food and Beverage department. It is also in hlgh

percentage. The front office and housekeeping seem to be a

must for accommodation units. 95 per cent of respondents

have stated that they have front office assistants and

housekeepers. But such employee strength do not exceed more

than 20 per cent. The survey brings out the fact that 85

per cent of the units do not have material management

trained personnel. None of the units have marketing

personnel. Security is quite important as stated by 48.6

per cent of the respondents.

TABLE 2.2.26

MINIMUM QUALIPICATION AT OPERATIONAL LEVEL

.................................................. Minimum Qualification No.of Percentage

7 IS) 1wls Its

Post Graduation

G. aduation - Any other qualification - No Specification 40

Table 2.2 .26 , states the minimum qualifications

required in case of operational jobs. The minimum

qualification options are post graduation, graduation, any

other qualification and no specification. All the 100 per

cent respondents unanimously stated that there is no

specification for operational level.

TABLE 2.2.27

MIHIMUY QUALIFICATION FOR DECISIONAL EMPLOYEES

.................................................. Particulars No. of Percentage

respondent -------------------------------------------------- Post graduation 2 3

Graduation 35 87.5

Management Degree - Qualification in hotel 5 Management /Tourism

Under Graduate 3 7.5

No specification 3 7.5

(The total of the percentage column will not add up to 100, because multiple ticking was allowed)

Table 2 . 2 . 2 7 , we find that there exists some

minimum qualification for decisional levels. As many as

87.5 per cent of the units claimed that graduation was the

minimum qualification. Around 12.5 per cent have opined

that qualification in hotel management/tourism can be a

minimum qualification. On decisionel level also some do not

have specification as opined by 7.5 per cent. Around 3 per

cent of the respondents say that post graduation is the

minimum qualification. Some have said that parameter for

minimum qualification cannot be one it has to be coupled

with certain other criterion prefarably with qualification

in hotel management/tourism.

TABLE 2 .2 .28 3 3 Q ' PROMOTION PREFERENCE

Particulars No. of Respondent

Yes No

Is tourism related 5(12.5%) 35C87.54) Qualification given Preference

Table 2 . 2 . 2 8 , states whether tourism related

qualifications are given preference. In case of promotion

in job around 1 2 . 5 per cent opined that preference in

promotion would be given. Around 87.5 per cent opinei that

no such preference will be given.

TABLE 2 .2 .29

ORIENTATION TRAINING GIVEN TO EMPLOYEES IN TOURISM RELATED SUBJECTS

.................................................. Particulars No.of Respondents Percentage .................................................. Yes

NO

Total 40 100 .......................................................

In table 2.2.29, around 95 per cent of the

respondents have stated that they do not have any

orientation programme for their employees. Some 5 per cent

stated that they do give training to employees.

TABLE 2.2.30

IF YES

.................................................. Particulars NO. of Respondents

.................................................. Operational level 2

Decisional level 1

..................................................

Tab12 2.2.30, follows from Table 2.2.29, in this 5

per cent of the respondents further clarif~ed, the level at

which orientation is given. It was at the operational level

and decisional level.

Further it was noted that the courses in which

orientations were given are (a) Customer Service and (b)

Hotel Management in General.

TABLE 2.2.31

JOB ROTATION PRACTICED

.................................................. Particulars No.of respondents Percentage .................................................. Yes 1 3.7

No 39 96.3 ........................... Total 40 100 ..................................................

Table 2.2.31, handles the aspect of job rotation.

It was found to be absent except one. Therefore job

rotation is not practised in most of the units. One In

which job rotation was practised did not follow any specific

TABLE 2.2.32

AUTOMATION

Particulars No. of Respondents Percentage .................................................. Yes 2 5

No 38 95 ------------------------------ Total 40 100 --------------------------------------------------

Table 2.2.32, automation was not existent in 95

Per cent the units. However in 5 per cent units it existed.

It existed in their front office and accounts.

TRAINING

TABLE 2.2.33

MANAGEMENT OF HOTELS

.................................................. Particulars No. of respondents Percentage

.................................................. Proprietor 30 83.33

Non-proprietor 6 16.67

Total 36 100

Table 2.2.33, brings on the fact that most of the

hotels are managed by proprietors, 1s many as 83.33 per cent

hotels are managed by propreitors. Around 16.67 per cent of

the hotels are managed by Non-proprietor, who are under the

employment of propreitor.

Note: (1) Total number of respondents were 36 with 4 abstention.

(2) The percentage in some cases have been approximated to next digit in case the computed percentage is 0.5 and above.

TABLE 2.2.34

TARIFF

Range of tariff A/C Rooms Non-A/C Rooms Single double single double

(Rupees)

1 - 50

51 - 100 101 - 150 151 - 200 201 - 250 251 - 300 301 - 350 351 - 400 401 - onwards

(The total in the percentage column rill not add up to 100, as different units have different composition).

Table 2.2.34, states the existing tariff structure

in these hotels. The A/C single rooms are clustered in

range of Rs. 151 to Rs.200. The A/C double rooms are

clustered between the range of Us. 151 - Rs. 250. In A/C

suits there exists hotels which have price of Rs. 4001- and

above per day.

The Non-A/C single rooms have a tariff Clustered

at &.one to Rs.50 and double rooms have a tariff structured

between Rs. 50 to Rs. 100. These are therefore, the modal

classes.

TABLE 2.2.35

PERCENTAGE OF NON CONPIRMED/NON PERMANENT EMPLOYEES

Percentage of unconfirmed No. of Percentage to confirmed employees Respondents

1 - 20 3 8.3

61 - 80

81 - 100 251 - above

Table 2.2.35, studies of percentage of non-

confirmed/non-permanent confirmed employees. It was found

that the modal class is between 41 to 60 per cent. It

should also be noted that in certain cases the percentage

wts as high as 251 per cent.

TABLE 2.2.36

TRAINING

Pa r t i cu l a r s Duration

I month 2 months 3 months 6 months l yea r &above

Front o f f i c e Z(5.55) 3(8.3) l l ( 30 .55 ) Z(5.58) S(13.5) a s s i s t a n t

Cashier 4(11) l ( 2 .77 ) I ( 2.77)

Stores and purchase 1( 2.77) l ( 2 .77 ) 3( 8.3) 3(8 .3) personnel

Rouse keepers 6(16.67) l (2 .77) 3( 8 .3) 2(5.65) Z(5.55)

Cooks 2 (5.65) l ( 2 .77 ) 2(5.55)

(The t o t a l of percentage w i l l never add upto 100, because a l l do not even have such t r a in ing ) .

Table 2.2.36, s t a t e s on t he job t r a in ing e x i s t s

f o r the following pos i t i ons : ( a ) Front o f f i c e a s s i t an t s , (b)

Cashier , ( c ) S to re s and Purchase personnel, (d) House-

keepers and ( e ) Cooks. Front o f f i c e a s s i s t an t s have

normally h igher dura t ion of t r a in ing , i t var ies in Some

cases between th r ee months and 3 years. Similarly s tores

and purchase personnel have training period mostly between 3

months and 6 months. The housekeepers have training varying

from one month to one year, it depends on the organisation

and its management. Here on-the-job training means: 1.

work to be done, 2 . clarifications and 3 . control over

delegated work.

TABLE 2 . 2 . 3 7

Particulars No. of Percentage Respondents

Immediate supervisor 22

Training institution

(The percentage column will not add up to 100, as a11 did not have such training even)

Table 2 . 2 . 3 7 , on the job training is normally

administered and controlled by immediate supervisors of the

trainees. As many as 61 per cent of the respondents have

stated so.

TABLE 2.2.38

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

Methods No.of respondents Percentage

Feedback from trainees 2 5.5

Work on the job after the training 23 63.88

Feedback from supervisor 5 13.88

(The percentage column will not add upto 100, as some only responded to the question of performance evaluation)

Table 2.2.38, methods of performance evaluation - it is seen that 63.88 per cent of the respondents have

stated that work on the job after training is a parameter

for evaluation. Some 13.88 per cent have opined that

feedback from supervisor were the basis of evaluation. It

was the view of all that feedback emphasised the ability to

"get along" with the superivisor rather than a systematic

method to appraise.

TABLE 2.2.39

DETERMINANTS OF HOTEL ATTRACTION

Unique attraction of the hotels, the survey showed were

these:

Economy

Shopping facility

Parking facility

Location in the heart of the city

Proximity to Ashram

Proximity to beach

Open-Air-Restaurant

Personalised Service

Ideal location for business people

Near the bus stand

(Note: To a general question, a variety of factors were mentioned. This question has been considered relevant for exploring possible suggestions)

TABLE 2.2.40

MISSION OF THE HOTELS

The survey found out some of the missions of these

accommodation units. These are enumerated below:

Service to tourists

Lodging service to outstation tourists

Boarding lodging of people connected with Ashram

Service to Buslness Group/Agriculturists

Catering services and lodging

Service to Business man and tourists

Boarding and lodging

Clean aesthetic environment to stay

Cater to needs of the tourists

To provide clean and hygiene services to the middle income group

Provide accommodation at nominal expenses

Boarding

Boarding and lodging for the Righ Income group

Service to foreign tourists

Service through excellence - Tourists, Businessmen and North Indians

Table 2.2 .40 , is 6n output of content analysis.

It was observed that over 90 per cent had their mission in

tune t o tourism. In t h i s regard it should be further noted

that some o f the h o t e l s have already eyes s e t on budget

t o u r i s t , t h i s i s what the new act ion plan on tourism i s a l s o

s ta t ing . Many o f these h o t e l s are having mission d i r e c t l y

focussed in on certain market niches .

FAVOURABLE AND UNFAVOURABLE FACTORS

The factors responsible for bringing changes in *

any business are the following: (a) Technological (b; * Knowledge explosion (c) Product and service adoloscence

* (d) Social (e) Political and (f) Economical.

The changes in these bring out an environment of

complex scenerio of favourable atmosphere and unfavourable

environment, and the oscillation is between both the

situations in which the factors become the driving forces or

the restraining forces. Grouping the favourable and

unfavourable elements in the changes of the above six

factors will be the appropriate strategy to weigh

consequences.

List of Favourable Elements

Technological Change

a) EAPBX

b) Airconditioners

C) Closed circuits Television

d ) Lifts

e) Fax ------------------------------------------------------------ * Fred luthans - Organisational Behavior - (McGraw Hill,ISE,

4th Edn.) p.623.

f) Water heater

g) Washing machines

h ) Electronic cash register

i) Computers

Knowledge Explosion

a) Magazines and Newspaper knowledge

b) Emphasis on hygiene

c) Growing tourism industry

d) Interior decorations

e) Improved service quality

f) Liesure and recreation

Product and Service Obsolescense

a ) Personalised Services

b) Room service

c) Swimming pools

d) Variety of dishes

f ) Improved services

g) More space available

Social Change

a) Acceptance of Bar

b) North Indian cuisines

c) Changing attitude towards life

d) Emphasis on cleanlines

e) Outgoing society

f ) Forigners presence welcome

g) Status oriented society

h) Security and safety

i) Growing number of women coming to stay in hotels

j) Time conscious society

Political Change

a) Government attitude towards tourism

b) Stable government in Pondicherry

c) Union territory status

Economical Change

a ) Rupee convertibility

b) Subsidies

c) Growing middle calss with discretionery income

d) High profit orientation

e) Devaluation

f) Incentives by tourism department

g) Industry status to tourism

List of Onfavourable Elements

Technological Change

a) Abusing of intercom facility

b) Leas of personal touch

c) Disturbance throughout the night

d) Demand on latest gadgetlfacilities

Knowledge Explosion

a) Trade unions

b) Customer are more insistent

c) Knowledge of local rules and laws

Product and Service Ohsolescense

a) Meals on leaves disliked

b) Untimely room facility demanded

c ) Bars and cabaret asked for

d) Limitation in prsvlding variety of food

e) Closed room restaurant obsolete

f) Furniture obsolete

Social Change

a) Non-vegetarian food

b) Cabaret dances

c) Video shows

d) Anti-social elements

Political Change

a) Political interference

b) Worker's agitation

c) Legal implications

d) Ministerial pressures

e ) Liquor free home

f) Donation

Economical Change

a) Practical problems in getting loans from banks and financial institution

b) Inflation

C) Taxation

d ) Changing chargesttax rates quickly

b. NO p?*rl b. W h r c m b. Iktlmly roo l d mn lrlskmt IKIII~IU rra

M c. Dl8trlua c. Kw1~6p of c, b gd W r c t

t W L t 1-1 ruln L Uh( for nlfY IU m n t l m

I pr0)1*

b. lr lmlq poll b. brtb lldlu Culllm

d. Lilt, lu 6. Iatwlor kco- 6. llprmd krvlcn d. l f m l a 11tlaa I W Y *

FINDINGS

As it is obvious, objectives 1 and 2 are based on

secondary sources. The tables below viz. Table - 2.3.1 and

Table - 2.3.2. handles objective 1 and 2.

TABLE 2.3.1

CALCULATION OF GROWTR RATE OF TOURIST POPULATION

(Time Series Analysis Trend)

2 Year Total No. t = Y - 1988.5 P' P ' xt t

t t of tourist 0.5

Total

(Time series analysis Trend)

Therefore,zPs - na ....... a =ZP' t t -

n 2

EP't xt = b z t ....... b =ZP' x t t

2 .xt

Antilog a = A

Antilog b = B

a = 41.727433 = 5.2159291 Antilog = 164410.33 B

b = 2.2599746 = .013331 Antilog = 1.031739

Growth rate being 3.17 per cent

The growth rate of Tourists from year commencing

on 1985-1992 has been 3.17 per cent.

t *P' = A.B Where B = (1 + r)

t Since r = B - 1

There r = 1 - 1.031769 = .031769 = 3.17% (approx.)

* The stated formula is :- t

P' - A. B t ............................................................

*Explanation :- t .

P' - A. (1 + r) t

Taking B - (1 + r ) We get :-

t

t P' - a + b.t applying least square principle, we have, the

t following normal equation

2 ~ ' ~ = na + bzt ................... (TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

TREND)

(2) TABLE 2.3.2

CALCULATION OF GROWTH RATE OF BEDS

(Time Series Analysis Trend) ............................................................ 2

Year Numbers t= y-1988.5 P P' x t t t

of Beds 5 (Log P )

1992 1964 7 3.2931415 23.051991 49 ............................................................ Total - 0 26.264571 .3222488 168 ............................................................

26.26457 a = ---------- = 3.2830714 Antilog = 1918.9842

8

.3222438 b = ---------- = .0019181 Antilog = 1.0044264

168

Growth rate is .4%

The growth rate of beds commencing form year 1985 to 1992

has been 0.4 per cent.

The enumeration given below is based on the broad

generalisations drawn from the Tables in the earlier

portions of the text.

( 3 ) The two dominant groups of tourists visiting

Pondicherry are the holiday/vacation tourlsts

and business tourists. Educational tourists and

honeymoon tourists are negligible.

While the general occupancy rate is high,

between 75 to 100 per cent, during the

offseason, it drops to 50 per cent. Therefore

occupancy rate and the scenario in general is

positive. It should be noted that a large

contributor to the reason of higher occupancy

rate is the business tourists for whom

seasonalities does not count much.

If we take the gender composition we find that

most of the population are males. The age group

status is that most of them are between 30 and

60 years. male or female.

The average duration of stay in Pondicherry is

for less than three days.

Travel agents play their roles in hotel booking.

Various kinds of services are offered to

tourists by the hoteliers:

(a) Sight seeing tours

(b) CurrencyJCredit card facilities

(c) Rental car facilities and Car parking

(d) Swimmingpool

(e) Cultural program and

(f) Dance program

(8) Most of the tourists are of Indian origin,

belonging to the neighbouring states of Tamil

Nadu and Kerala. The tourists go for Sourh

Indian and North Indian food, while some ao

prefer continental cuisine.

(9) The unique selling proposition ernphaslsed i n

most of the cases has been the quality of rooas

and services. However, some indicated locaticn

to be the unique selling proposition. Some also

stated that being an old establishment is In

itself a unique selling proposition.

Hotels do not have promotion wings as such.

Promotion in these hotels is done by the General

Manager who, in most cases is the owner.

Different promotional activities are undertake3

Out of which advertisement is considered to be

important. In the media mix we find thar

new6paper, magazines and cinema slides are quite

popular. publicity through rickshaw puller and

world-of-0011th is quite common too.

(11) The promotion budget has been found to be below

10 per cent of net revenue and could be

attributed to the use of Affordable Method.

There is no Clear indication of how the budget is

fixed. Promotion in most of the cases are

carried out within Pondicherry. Promotion

activity for the foreign tourists are the same

as for the domestic tourists. Sales promotion

is done mainly through a reduction of rents,

thereby leading to an increase in the duration

of stay. While advertising they do try to

present a picture of Pondicherry and, in the

message of the advertisement, they portray a

favourable image of Pondicherry.

The trainlng scenario has been quiet. The units

do not arrange orientation or formal training

for their employees. Even if they have some

degree in tourism or hotel management, there is

no preference given to employees for promotion.

On-the-job training is given mainly by the

immediate supervisor.

The evaluation during the training is done on

the basis of performance on the job. Feedback

technique is also used in some organisations.

wherein the line-senior reports on performance

of the junior. A S different jobs need different

periods of training, one cannot group all to

predict a fixed period as training. The

training varies from one month to three years,

depending on the kind of job.

(14) Certain kinds of jobs are common to all the

units, these are the front office and

housekeeping jobs. It has been found that many

units have either only one security or no

separate security staff. This is because the

front office assistant is supposed to do thls

job as well. Only a few units have opined that

they have limited job rotation. None of the

units seem to have availed the facility of job

automation.

The reason that could be assigned for the poor

training lies in the high percentage of non-

confirmed employees. It is as high as 4i per

cent to 60 per cent, if the modal class is taken

into consideration. Perhaps because of this,

the investment on training is not finding a

place.

Every organisation has two levels of jobs: ( 3 )

decisional and (b) operation. It has been found

that decisional employees are not more than 25 per

cent in the accommodation units. The operational

level has about 75 per cent of employees, though

in some cases it is much higher also. It only

shows that the ratio between decisional and opera-

tional is at least be 1:4 if not less. In case

of decisional employment there is a tendency to

have certain pre-requisites in candidates in most

cases. In case of operational jobs such

crieteria or specification of minimum

qualification is not found.

(17) Certain range of rentals is used in the study.

The room rentals in hotels is found to be quite

clustered within the specific ranges. The A/c

single is clustered around Rs.100 - Rs. 200 and

double rooms around Rs.151 - Rs. 250. Similarly

the single Non-A/c room is clustered within Rs.1 -

Hs.50 and double in Rs.50 4s.100. For budget

tourists, this clustering seems to be favourable.

(18) Tourism has been defined by the hoteliers more in

terms of their business. It has been a piecemeal

effort showing limited commonality in views. Some

defines it as more of infrastructure, some defines

it as more of cultural exchange. The dimension

added by most of the hoteliers to the concept of

tourism is that it is more business.