paracity

反相城市 1

2 Casgrande Laboratory mdash 2nd CAFAM Biennale Beijing 2014Paracity

文巫祈麟 Nikita Wu

来自芬兰的建筑团队 Casagrande Laboratory 主事者马可卡

萨格兰（Marco Casagrande 长期关注自然与人为城市互为

影响之议题近年来提出「第三代城市」（3rd Generation

City）「都市河流学」（River Urbanism）「都市针灸术」

（ Urban Acupuncture）等崇自然尊天地之新种都市规划创见

他亦是 2013 年欧洲建筑奖的得主

现时台北寸土寸金的条件下在澹水河道中间两座往来台北

市和新北市忠孝桥和中兴桥之间存在着这座会依河水涨退冲

刷或淤积时大时小的沙洲岛其土地面积约为一公里宽三百米

长三十多公顷因地界和产权会随自然条件改变使得这岛

有着全台北最为廉宜的地价岛上现有二十一名岛主因其岛

位于洪水平原一级管制区限制开发仅能在岛上种菜

在本次参与北京中央美术学院美术第二届 CAFAM 双年展

他以本座沙洲岛做为设计标的以〈反相城市〉（Paracity）为

名因袭「开放形态」(Open Form) 建筑的操作手法构建开

放平台尊重个体使用者需求自主营建内容使无人闻问被

城市发展遗忘的沙洲岛成为有机生态岛

〈反相城市〉以源自欧洲新型木建筑材料「交错层压木材」

（cross-laminated timber 简称 CLT）做为主要建材突破传

统木建筑之规模及型式在岛中以 6times6times6 米的空间模块为基

本架构单位构造出有机网格此基本空间模块能抗震抗火及

洪涝亦能在建于防洪区山间废置工业区或是贫民窟等跟

不上工业城市发展而被人们抛弃的城市区域主木结构之上

居民们能 DIY 自建房舍社区自主农耕建立花园和大自然

共相习气在共构可持续发展有机生态平台中还加载高端先

进环保科技技术模组机具能淨化污染的河水生产生质能

源回收岛民有机灰水废物与处理淤积污泥之再利用不但

能就岛上居民所需灵活设置更能同步淨化台北城中因工业发

展所产生的污染源

马可反思人类进代城市发展历程千百年间世界各民族透过

中央集权分配城市土地利用以城外农村周边自然资源支持城

内居民生活所需作为延续人类文明巩固既得利益当权者便宜

行事的解决方案这时期的城市和大自然连接并没有消失

甚至是因为依附大自然所给的优势条件下城市得以延命存

续他称之为第一代城市工业革命之后人类向资本主义

靠拢资本的本性便是无理性的追逐扩大化提高生产力

刺激人们消费拜金拜物城市以摧毁自然为手段无限膨胀

城市疆界与自然争地农村的农民们嚮往所谓城市的繁华

喧嚣现代摩登以为无穷尽的ldquo开发rdquo是值得庆贺的ldquo进

步rdquo现象这正是我们现在面临到最大的城市发展议题

非理性疯狂资源竭尽开採人口密度爆炸土地超负荷利

用不仅全面断开和自然环境的连接乃至藐视自然以为

人可胜天足能驾驭自然马克思在资本论曾谈到ldquo异化rdquo

便是我们所处时代的城市悲哀人类在资本的无限扩张

中被城市机器异化贻害深远这便是他所谓之第二代城

市

〈反相城市〉提供人类对第三代城市的想像或者说幽

微地提示了与现存工业城市相反的发展愿景回归第一代

城市和自然安好共存进一步修补第二代城市人为工业

建筑对自然的污害意图变身成为台北城中一隻正面积极

的寄生虫吸取工业后的废料化作成洁淨肥料和大自然和

谐共生祈达天人合一的精神境界

反相城市

反相城市 3

Text Marco Casagrande

Paracity is a biourban organism that is growing on the principles of Open Form individual design-build actions generating spontaneous communicative reactions on the surrounding built human environment and this organic constructivist dialog leading into self-organized community structures development and knowledge buildingThe growing organism the Paracity is based on a three dimensional wooden primary structure organic grid with spatial modules of 6 x 6 x 6 metres constructed out of CLT cross-laminated timber sticks This simple structure can be modified and grown by the community members working as teams or by an assigned Paracity constructor The primary structure can grow even on neglected urban areas such as river flood plains hillsides abandoned industrial areas storm water channels or slums Paracity suites perfectly to flooding and tsunami risk areas and the CLT primary structure has a high standard of earthquake performance People will attach their individual self-made architectural solutions gardens and farms on the primary structure which offers a three dimensional building grid for the DIY architecture Primary structure offers the main arteries of water and human circulation but the finer local knowledge nervous networks are grown by the inhabitants Large parts of the Paracity is occupied by wild and cultivated nature Paracityrsquos self-sustainable biourban growth is backed up by off-the-grid environmental technology solutions providing methods for water purification energy production organic waste treatment waste water purification and sludge recycling These modular plug-in components can be adjusted according to the growth of the Paracity and moreover the whole Paracity is designed not only to treat and circulate its own material streams but to start leaching waste from its host city becoming a positive urban parasite following the similar kind of symbiosis as in-between slums and the surrounding city In a sense Paracity is a high-tech slum which can start tuning the industrial city towards an ecologically more sustainable direction Paracity is a third generation city an organic machine urban compost which is helping the industrial city to transform into being part of nature

PARACITY TAIPEI

The pilot project of the Paracity is growing on an urban farming island of Danshui River Taipei City The island is located between the Zhongxing and Zhonxiao bridges and is around 1000 meters long and 300 meters wide Paracity Taipei is celebrating the original first generation Taipei urbanism with high level of illegal architecture self-organized communities urban farms community gardens urban nomads and constructive anarchy Paracity Taipei will be powered mostly by bioenergy that is using the organic waste including sludge taken from the surrounding industrial city and by farming fast growing biomass on the flood banks of the Taipei river system Environmental technology components are mounted on barges that are plugged into the Paracity maintenance docks Barges can be modified according to the needs of the growing biourbanism Paracity is based on free flooding There are no flood walls The first 6 m level above the ground is not built but the whole city is standing on stilts and thus providing the whole ground floor for community actions nature and space requiring recycling yards Paracity Taipei will construct itself through impacts of a collective conscious as a nest of post-industrial insects Paracity is estimated to have 15000 ndash 25000 inhabitants

Casagrande LaboratoryCentre of Urban Research ParacityMarco Casagrande Menno Cramer Katie Donaghy Niilo Tenkanen Nikita Wu Joni Virkki Ycy Charlie Sauli Ylinen

PARACITY


ParacityPicture Niilo Tenkanen

反相城市 5


Open formIn its growth Paracity is following the organic design methodology of Open Form (Oscar Hansen Svein Hatloy) in which community level design is viewed as an open dialog with design actions generating spontaneous design reactions within the surroundings Open Form is close to the original Taiwanese ways of developing the self organized and often ldquoillegalrdquo communities These microurban settlements are containing a high volume of Local Knowledge which we also believe will start composting in Paracity when opening up the community development to the citizens Centralized architectural control is opened up in order to let nature including human nature to step in The life providing volume of Paracity is 11 existence maximum highest possible life in the given conditions and more

反相城市 7

CLT SkeletonParacity provides the skeleton but citizens bring in the flesh Design should not replace reality Flesh is More The skeleton the primary structure of Paracity is constructed out of 6 meters long (50x50 cm profile) cross laminated timber CLT sticks which are used to form 6x6x6 m cubes that are piled up to 16 stories high (8 cubes) The CLT primary structure has a fine earthquake performance and it is fire resistant The structural elements sticks with wood joints are prefabricated and transported to the Paracity Island on barges The construction work ndash the growing of the Paracity primary organism can be manually done by residents in teams of by professional parasite constructors The CLT structure is just a landscape on which citizens will attach their own houses and gardens

Pictures Joni Virkki


Enviromental technologyThe biourban growth of the Paracity is supported by high environmental technology which is mounted on barges These modular bio-vessels are attached to the Paracity service harbour and can be adjusted according to the needs of the evolving urban organism The post-industrial fleet of bio-vessels can travel along the Taipei river system and is ready to start the biourban restoration process also from other hot-spots of the river city The environmental technology barges provide solutions for bull Waste water treatment of Paracity and of the

surrounding Taipei bull Water purification The infrastructural water

circulation is originated from the polluted Danshui River

bull Sludge treatment for fertilizer and bio-energybull Closed circuit aquaculture bull Recycling of construction wastebull Recycling of organic waste for fertilizer and

bio-energy The barges have no problem with the flooding river

Parasite UrbanismParacity is living off the material streams from the surrounding Taipei Even the polluted river is a resource for this biourban intestine Paracity is Medieval medicine using leaches to cure the circulation Paracity is letting off the bad blood of Taipei and it uses it a resource In fact it makes money out of the process Officially 37 of the Taipei City waste water goes untreated to the river Paracity wants it all And it wants all the other materials which the industrial city is regarding as ldquowasterdquo Paracity and modern Taipei live in a similar kind of a symbiosis as a slum and the city the urban nomads will clean the static city from its ldquowasterdquo only in Paracity the cleaning and recycling process is boosted up by high environmental technology In a sense the Paracity is a high-tech slum

Bio-energyThe main energy source for the Paracity is bio-energy which is using both treated organic waste and sludge from Paracity and surrounding Taipei and especially biomass that is harvested around Paracity and on the flood banks of the Taipei rivers The fertile flood banks flood plains and storm water channels provide ideal cultivation areas for fast growing biomass plantations The vegetation will be harvested by boats and then shipped to Paracity Bio-Energy Facility The growing of the biomass on the river banks will also benefit on the natural river restoration through root cleansing of sediment pollution and the biomass will have a positive impact on the Taipei micro climate and urban ecology

Existence MaximumParacity is a seed of the Third Generation City the organic ruin of the industrial city (2G) The modular biourban organism is designed to grow following the rule of nature existence maximum The primary structure can be grown by people and after Paracity has reached the critical mass the life providing system of the CLT structure will start escalating It will cross the river and start rooting on the flood plains Then it will cross the 12 meters high Taipei flood wall and grow gradually into the city Seeds of the Paracity will start rooting in the urban acupuncture points of Taipei illegal community gardens urban farms abandoned cemeteries and waste-lands From these acupuncture points the Paracity will start growing following the covered irrigation systems such as the Liukong Channel and eventually the biourban organism and the static city will find a balance the Third Generation Taipei

反相城市 9

Chemical water treatment on the root layersPurified water will be pumped up

The gardens on the upper levels purify water biologicallyThe water will be oxidized while draining

The purified water can be used on the fields

The city will flourishThis really is an organic machine

Picture Niilo Tenkanen


反相城市 11



MediatorAfter rooting on the riverside and gaining a critical mass the Paracity will climb over the 12 meters high reinforced concrete flood wall which is separating modern Taipei from the rivers and nature The flood wall will remain in the guts of the Paracity but the new structure enables Taipei citizens to fluently reach the river Paracity will reunite the river reality and the urban fiction Paracity is a mediator between the modern city and nature

Bioclimatic ArchitectureParacity has a lot of holes gaps and nature in-between houses The system is ventilating itself like a large scale beehive of post-industrial insects The different temperatures of the roofs gardens water bodies and shaded platforms will generate small winds between them and the hot roofs will start sucking in breeze from the cooler river Also the individual houses should follow the traditional principles of bioclimatic architecture and not rely on mechanical air-conditioning

PARACITY

反相城市 13

Biourban RestorationParacity is a positive organic tumour in the mechanical tissue of Taipei While it is leaching and processing the industrial and organic waste of the city it is gaining momentum in its growth and becomes more and more important to the static industrial urbanism Paracity is an alternative reality within the industrial development and will start treating the city the same ways as the urban acupuncture points of illegal community gardens and urban farms of Taipei do today Paracity has the ability to become a network of biourban acupuncture tuning the whole industrial city towards the organic ruining the industrialism on its way to become part of nature the Third Generation City

Free FloodingParacity is based on free flooding The whole city is standing on stilts allowing the river to pulsate freely with the frequent typhoons and storm waters The environmental technology of the Paracity is mounted on barges which have no problem with the flooding either Actually the Paracity is an organic architectural flood itself ready to cross the flood wall of Taipei and spread into the mechanical city

ldquoDICTATORrsquoS WALLrdquo TAIPEI CITY

Picture Joni Virkki


Potential biomass growing area

Danshui River

Paracity

反相城市 15

Number of overlapping blocks

1

2

3

4

5

6 - 8

Nerves alleys lanes passageways streets

Paved areas

Wild areas

Fields

Growing of biomass

Urban park

Bioplant

Barges

12500

Paracity Plan

market

PLUG-IN HarBOUr

100 m


Organic LayersThe biourbanism of the Paracity is as much landscape as it is architecture The totalitarian landscape-architecture of Paracity includes organic layers for natural water purification and treatment community gardening farming and biomass production as an energy source Infrastructure and irrigation water originates from the polluted Danshui river and will be both chemically and biologically purified before being used in the farms gardens and houses of the community The chemically purified water gets pumped to the roof parks on the top level of the Paracity from where the gravity will circulate the water into the three dimensional irrigation systems

AdaptabilityThe pilot-project of the Paracity is designed in Taipei but the solution is developed to work in different locations around the world Paracity offers an alternative for the Chinese strategic urban planning to start ecologically harmonizing the growing river cities of China And Paracity can be used as urban acupuncture for the emerging cities of China and elsewhere Paracity can grow along the Oshiwara chain of slums in Mumbai providing better living conditions cleaning up the Oshiwara River and more effectively treating the urban waste that is flooding in from the surrounding city Paracity can parachute into Nairobi and start growing from the fertile top-soil of the slums Paracity should grow into the favelas of Brazil and start celebrating the local knowledge of these organic communities Paracity is organic adaptable and welcomes local knowledge The city is built by hands of a high diversity of different people


反相城市 17

Picture Niilo TenkanenPicture Joni Virkki


Local KnowledgeParacity is inspired by the Local Knowledge of Taipei the original Taiwanese urban elements that include a high level of self-made ldquoillegalrdquo architecture self-organized communities extensive networks of self-organized community gardens and urban farms fluid nomadic ways of using the city communicative collective subconscious in community and urban scale feeling of dominating the no-manrsquos land by human nature and other forms of constructive anarchy The Paracity basically only provides the primary structure the three dimensional landscape for the Local Knowledge to be attached and grow The primary structure and the environmental technology solutions will remain pretty much the same no matter in which culture the Paracity starts to grow but the real human layer of DIY architecture and gardens will follow the Local Knowledge of the respective culture and site Paracity is always site-specific and it is always local

Treasure Hill 2003

反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21

After reaching the critical mass the organic Paracity will start gradually growing into the industrial city and

sending over seeds of future Paracity growth into selective points of urban acupuncture


COMMEDIA DELLrsquoARCHITETTURAText Marco Casagrande Picture Niilo Tenkanen (this page) Marco Casagrande (next page)

Architecture gives the commands and architects listen Actually nature gives the commands and architecture takes form Architect is a design shaman that communicates with this reality Design cannot replace reality nature Human control must be opened up in order to let nature step in Architecture must be ruined Ruin is when man-made has become part of natureTo be present is the key of all art Architect is a site-specific instrument through whom the great voice of architecture starts to resonate and find form This great voice is weak and needs great presence sacrifice and sensitivity to be heard Architect is one of the sensitive beings to hear this voice and protect the sound Architecture either is or it isnrsquot It cannot be speculated Architecture is a real reality

ldquoWhat really happened to Porcupinerdquo ldquoOne day he came back from the Zone and became amazingly rich amazingly rich The next week he hanged himselfrdquo ndash Stalker Tarkovsky

People live in space and this connection can be art a higher thing than what could be designed Architecture is an accident which is a higher thing than human control In order to understand the accident and to let life run through it one must be present To be present is the key of all art This crack in human control is the acupuncture point through which the organism of architecture can grow Biourbanism is the city of cracks Architecture is a mediator between man and nature connecting human nature with the rest of nature reality Architecture is the art of reality

反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999


Third Generation CityMarco Casagrande

First generation city was the human settlement in straight connection with nature and dependent on nature The fertile and rich Taipei basin provided a fruitful environment for such a set-tlement The rivers were full of fish and good for transportation and the mountains protected the farmed plains from the straightest hits of the frequent typhoons

The second generation city is the industrial city Industrialism granted the citizens independence from nature ndash a mechanical environment could provide everything needed for humans Nature was seen as something unnecessary or as something hostile ndash it was walled away from the mechanical reality

Third Generation City is the organic ruin of the industrial city The community gardens of Taipei are fragments of the third generation urbanism when they

exist together with the industrial sur-roundings Local Knowledge is present in the city and this is where Ruin Acad-emy focuses its research Among the urban gardeners are the local knowledge professors of Taipei Third Generation City is true when the city recognizes its local knowledge and allows itself to be part of nature

The way towards the Third Generation City is a process of becoming a learning and healing organization and to recon-nect the urbanized collective conscious with nature In Taipei the wall between the city and the river must be gone This requires a total transformation from the city infrastructure and the centralized power bureaucracy Citizens on their behalf are ready and are breaking the industrial city by themselves already Local knowledge is operating inde-pendently from the official city and is providing punctual third generation sur-roundings within the industrial city and by doing that providing self organized urban acupuncture for the stiff official mechanism

The weak signals of the unofficial collec-tive conscious should be recognized as the futures emerging issues futures that are already present in Taipei The official city should learn how to enjoy acupunc-ture how to give up industrial control in order to let nature to step in The local

knowledge based transformation layer of Taipei is happening from inside the city and it is happening through self organized punctual interventions These interventions are driven by small scale businesses and alternative economies benefiting from the fertile land of the Taipei Basin and of leaching from the material and energy streams of the official city This acupuncture is making the city weaker softer and readier for a larger change

RUIN ACADEMY

The Ruin Academy (Taipei 2010-2012) is set to re-think the industrial city and the relationship between the modern man and nature in the urbanized Taipei Basin It is looking from the local knowl-edge for the seeds of the Third Genera-tion City

Ruin is when man-made has become part of nature This is the subconscious desire of the industrial city and the collective trauma of the modern man Taipei is currently presenting the most advanced industrial co-existence of a modern city and uncontrollable organic anarchy nature including human nature is pushing through the industrial surface and turning the city towards the organic according to a post-human design and ecological sensibility To understand this force the reinforced and divided

反相城市 25

academic disciplines are of no use Neither is centralized politics providing any tools Communication needs to find another way

Ruin Academy has focused its research on the unofficial life-providing systems within the official mechanical city These spontaneous and citizen-generated systems are constantly ruining the official Taipei These are systems that are through punctual interventions fermenting and composting the city From the organic top-soil produced by these composts will emerge the Third Generation City the organic ruin of the industrial city an organic machine In Erik Swyngedouwrsquos terms rdquoNature and society are in this way combined to form an urban political ecology a hybrid an urban cyborg that combines the powers of nature with those of class gender and ethnic relationsrdquo The smelliest parts of unofficial Taipei contain the highest level of energy and life still in connection with nature at the same time the official industrialism aims for a sterile and fully controlled condition This brings to mind Andrei Tarkovskyrsquos maxim in Stalker ldquoWhen a tree is growing itrsquos tender and pliant But when itrsquos dry and hard it dies Hardness and strength are deathrsquos companions Pliancy and weakness are expressions of the freshness of being Because what has hardened will never winrdquo These urban composts are the cor-ners that are maintaining the essence of the Local Knowledge a constructive interaction of nature and human nature in the built human environment This local knowledge is suggesting the ways of the ruining processes for Taipei towards the Third Generation City

Different disciplines of art and science are meeting in the Ruin Academy fol-lowing the multidisciplinary research + design methodology of the Aalto Universityrsquos SGT Sustainable Global Technologies centre Cross-disciplinary knowledge building has proven vital on the research of the Third Generation City Ruin Academy co-operates with the architecture department of the Tamkang University sociology department of the National Taiwan University and with the SGT centre of the Aalto University Besides these teams and individuals have been joining the work from various different backgrounds Ruin Academy is unofficial pliant and weak in contrast to academic strength and hardness The Ruin Academy is a basic shelter for academic squatting stripped down from disciplinary focusing and institu-tional strength Most important is the connection to the Local Knowledge the site-specific wisdom of sustainable

human presence in the Taipei Basin This knowledge seems to be in straight connection with the collective memory of the First Generation City when the built human environment was depend-ent on nature and dominated by nature The Local Knowledge is the driving force for the organic penetrations through the industrial layer of the Taipei Basin today Local Knowledge is the force tuning the city towards the organic Our communi-cation center is the public sauna on the 5th floor of the Ruin Academy building4

We are looking for the seeds of the Third Generation City

What are the processes that are ruining the industrial Taipei turning it towards the organic third generation city

What are the systems that are bringing life into the modern machine

What is the life-force Chi that keeps the city alive and how can this Chi be negotiated with by means of Urban Acupuncture

THE ELEMENTS OF THE THIRD GENER-ATION TAIPEI

1 Urban Acupuncture

Urban acupuncture is characterized by punctual interventions through the official surface of the city which aim to establish contact between the urban collective conscious and the life-provid-ing systems of nature including human nature The networks of illegal commu-nity gardens and urban farms of Taipei present a fine example of urban acu-puncture These gardens are the urban acupuncture needles that manipulate and manifest the collective underlying organic Chi of the industrial city and turn the mechanical city towards an organic machine The spontaneous unofficial and self-organized community gardens are strong representations of anarchy through gardening The collective gar-dens are reflections of life world vs the surrounding city as the system world

2Illegal Architecture

The Instant Taipei is self-made architec-ture using the official city as a growing platform and energy sourceattaching itself like a parasite in order to leach electricity and water The illegal archi-tecture is so widespread and deep rooted as a culture in the Taiwanese cityscape that we could almost speak about another city on top of the ldquoofficialrdquo Taipei a parallel cityndashor a Para-City This DIY built human environment is tied directly to human nature and motivated by basic human instinct and mandated

only by desire and availability Para-doxically the illegal settlements such as Treasure Hill are living in a more balanced relationship with the natural environment

2 Urban Nomad

The urban nomad is the antithesis of Walter Benjaminrsquos flacircneur who is numb and absent in the capital-driven urban surroundings The urban nomad is on the move harvesting and trapping in a city that he views as a landscape wherein seasons and energy concen-trations are constantly changing The urban nomad can operate alone or in larger camp-like concentrations such as the night markets He is faster and lighter than the official control mecha-nism of the city which tries to prevent him from operating Besides trading the urban nomads are also harvesting the city of its trash and left-over goods for recycling This hit-and-run unoffi-cial economy is leaching on the steady material streams of the structural city and is presenting a form of street-level anarchy through business exchange A series of activities are on the move or popping up and disappearing in Taipei these include the night markets under-bridge activities street vendors sponta-neous karaoke gambling puppet thea-tre massage barber monks beetle-nut booths and even moving godsndashall very sensitive to the urban energy flows and hot-spots of urban acupuncture

4 River Urbanism

Taipei (1G) exists because of the river and the fertile flood plains The indus-trial city (2G) claimed independence from nature and turned the river into an industrial sewage site A reinforced concrete wall 12 meters high was con-structed in-between the built human environment and the river nature Third Generation City aims to reunite the river and city through the natural restoration of the river environment The river shall run as an ecological corridor through a city that is pulsating together with its hydraulics The city will be re-developed from the view point of the river Local knowledge still remembers the time when the water of the rivers was drink-able and people washed themselves in the rivers Every family had a rowing boat and the river was full of harvest This is still a living memory for some in Taipei but for the industrial generations the river has become a fiction

The Phoenix bird has not yet come and the River has not yet revealed its divine nature this is the end of me - Confucius


5 Ultra-Ruin

Ruin is when man-made has become part of nature The ruining processes of Taipei are keeping the city alive A weed will root into a crack in the asphalt and eventually ruin the city The crack is the acupuncture point and the weed is the needle The mechanical surface of Taipei is dotted with ruins and holes reflecting a larger vision of an organic machine the organic ruin of the indus-trial city People are constantly ruining the totalitarian control architecture of the industrial mind which they subcon-sciously feel as a threat to the human nature To understand the dynamics of the ruining processes of a city is essen-tial for the growing of the Third Genera-tion built human environment Treasure Hill is a high-density ruin a fragment of the Third Generation City In the settlement the same space is shared by people and jungle and the complex three-dimensional power balances between the different species including humans is delicately changing day by day Treasure Hill also lives on a flood bank and does not view the river as a threat It is inhabited by urban nomads who are harvesting the surrounding city The whole settlement is an urban acu-puncture needle for Taipei

Local knowledge is an element that is pushing through all the layers of the 3G City a connection between the modern man and nature Following Fritz Lang in Metropolis ldquoThe mediator between the head and the hands must be the heartrdquo Local knowledge is the mediator that is tying the Third Generation citizen with nature and which operates as the sub-conscious natural agent on the collec-tive conscious of the civilized man

BIOURBAN ACUPUNCTURE

Urban acupuncture is an urban envi-ronmentalism theory which combines urban design with traditional Chinese medical theory of acupuncture This process uses small-scale interventions to transform the larger urban context Sites are selected through an aggregate analysis of social economic and eco-logical factors and developed through a dialogue between designers and the community Acupuncture relieves stress in the body urban acupuncture relieves stress in the environment Urban acu-puncture produces small-scale but socially catalytic interventions into the urban fabric

This strategy views cities as living breathing organisms and pinpoints areas in need of repair Sustainable projects then serve as needles that

revitalize the whole by healing the parts By perceiving the city as a living creature thoroughly intertwined ldquourban acupuncturerdquo promotes communitarian machinery and sets localized nucleus ―similar to the human bodyrsquos meridi-ans Satellite technology networks and collective intelligence theories all used to surgically and selectively intervene on the nodes that have the biggest potential to regenerate

Originally coined by Barcelonan architect and urbanist Manuel de Sola Morales the term has been recently champi-oned and developed further by Finnish architect and social theorist Marco Casagrande this school of thought eschews massive urban renewal pro-jects in favour a of more localised and community approach that in an era of constrained budgets and limited resources could democratically and cheaply offer a respite to urban dwellers Casagrande views cities as complex energy organisms in which different overlapping layers of energy flows are determining the actions of the citizens as well as the development of the city By mixing environmentalism and urban design Casagrande is develop-ing methods of punctual manipulation of the urban energy flows in order to create an ecologically sustainable urban development towards the so-called 3rd Generation City (post-industrial city) The theory is developed in the Tamkang University of Taiwan and at independent multidisciplinary research center Ruin Academy With focus on environmen-talism and urban design Casagrande defines urban acupuncture as a design tool where punctual manipulations contribute to creating sustainable urban development such as the community gardens and urban farms in Taipei

Casagrande describes urban acupunc-ture as

[a] cross-over architectural manipulation of the collective sensuous intellect of a city City is viewed as multi-dimensional sensitive energy-organism a living envi-ronment Urban acupuncture aims into a touch with this nature

And Sensitivity to understand the energy flows of the collective chi beneath the visual city and reacting on the hot-spots of this chi Architecture is in the position to produce the acupunc-ture needles for the urban chi

And A weed will root into the smallest crack in the asphalt and eventually break the city Urban acupuncture is the weed and the acupuncture point is the crack The possibility of the impact is total

connecting human nature as part of nature

Casagrande utilized the tenets of acu-puncture treat the points of blockage and let relief ripple throughout the body More immediate and sensitive to com-munity needs than traditional institu-tional forms of large scale urban renewal interventions would not only respond to localized needs but do so with a knowl-edge of how city-wide systems operated and converged at that single node Release pressure at strategic points release pressure for the whole city

The theory of urban acupuncture opens the door for uncontrolled creativity and freedom Each citizen is enabled to join the creative participatory planning pro-cess feel free to use city space for any purpose and develop his environment according to his will This ldquonewrdquo post-in-dustrialized city Casagrande dubs the 3rd Generation City characterized by its sensitive citizens who feel the calling of a sustainable co-operation with the rest of the nature sensitive citizen who are aware of the destruction that the insensitive modem machine is causing to nature including human nature In a larger context a site of urban acupunc-ture can be viewed as communicating to the city outside like a natural sign of life in a city programmed to subsume it

Urban acupuncture focuses on local resources rather than capital-intensive municipal programs and promotes the idea of citizens installing and caring for interventions These small changes proponents claim will boost community morale and catalyse revitalization Boiled down to a simple statement ldquourban acupuncturerdquo means focusing on small subtle bottom-up interventions that harness and direct community energy in positive ways to heal urban blight and improve the cityscape It is meant as an alternative to large top-down mega-in-terventions that typically require heavy investments of municipal funds (which many cities at the moment simply donrsquot have) and the navigation of yards of bureaucratic red tape The micro-scale interventions targeted by ldquourban acu-puncturerdquo appeal to both citizen-activ-ists and cash-strapped communities

Jaime Lerner the former mayor of Curitiba suggests urban acupuncture as the future solution for contempo-rary urban issues by focusing on very narrow pressure points in cities who can initiate positive ripple effects for the greater society Urban acupuncture reclaims the ownership of land to the public and emphasizes the importance of community development through

反相城市 27

small interventions in design of cities It involves pinpointed interventions that can be accomplished quickly to release energy and create a positive ripple effect

He described in 2007 ldquoI believe that some medicinal ldquomagicrdquo can and should be applied to cities as many are sick and some nearly terminal As with the medicine needed in the interaction between doctor and patient in urban planning it is also necessary to make the city react to poke an area in such a way that it is able to help heal improve and create positive chain reactions It is indispensable in revitalizing interven-tions to make the organism work in a different wayrdquo

Taiwanese architect and academic Ti-Nan Chi is looking with micro urban-ism at the vulnerable and insignificant side of contemporary cities around the world identified as micro-zones points for recovery in which micro-projects have been carefully proposed to involve the public on different levels aiming to resolve conflicts among property owners villagers and the general public

A loosely affiliated team of architects Wang Shu Marco Casagrande Hsieh Ying-chun and Roan Ching-yueh (some-times called WEAK Architecture) are describing the unofficial Instant City or Instant Taipei as architecture that uses the Official City as a growing platform and energy source where to attach itself like a parasite and from where to leach the electricity and waterhellip [The Instant Cityrsquos] illegal urban farms or night mar-kets is so widespread and deep rooted in the Taiwanese culture and cityscape that we could almost speak of another city on top of the ldquoofficialrdquo Taipei a parallel city ndash or a para-city WEAK is calling urban acupuncture depending on the context as Illegal Architecture Orchid Architecture the Peoplersquos Archi-tecture or Weak Architecture The theory of urban acupuncture suggests that scores of small-scale less costly and localized projects is what cities need in order to recover and renew themselves

References

Adorno Theodor amp Horkheimer Max Dialectic of Enlightenment New York 1944

Adorno Theodor Negative Dialectics London 1973

Bardauskaite Guoda Compost City Sustaina-ble Urban Design Journal 1 Lund University Sweden 2011

Beekmans Jeroen Farming in a Ruin The Pop-Up City 2011

Benjamin Walter The Arcades Project New York 2002

Benjamin Walter The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility and Other Writings on Media Belknap Press 2008

Brezar Zas Ruin Academy Landezine Slovenia 2010

Casagrande Marco Guandu River Urbanism Taiwan Architect Taiwan 2009

Casagrande Marco Cross-over Architecture and the Third Generation City Epifanio Estonia 2009

Casagrande Marco Taipei from the River Inter-national Society of Biourbanism 2011

Casagrande Marco Ruin Academy Epifanio Estonia 2011

Casagrande Marco Illegal Architecture Egode-sign Canada 2011

Casagrande Marco Taipei Organic Acupuncture P2P Foundation Dec 2010

Casagrande Marco Urban Ecopuncture La Vie Taiwan Oct 2011

Casagrande Marco邁向第三代城市 - 廢墟建築學院10487851048785 安那其園丁 ACT Taiwan Oct 2011

Casagrande Marco Biourban Acupuncture ndash From Treasure Hill of Taipei to Artena ISBN 8890892315 9788890892318 International Society of Biourbanism Rome 2013

Campbell-Dollagham Kelsey Illegal Architecture in Taipei Architizer 2011

Clement Gilles Emergent Alternative IX Archi-tectural Theories of the Environment Post Human Territory (edit Ariane Lourie Harrison) Routledge 2012

Coulson Nick Returning Humans to Nature and Reality eRenlai 2011

Delana Urban Ruins Abandoned Building Houses Architecture Academy WebEcoist 2010

Grotowsky Jerzy Towards a Poor Theatre Warsaw 1964

Harbermas Juumlrgen The Theory of Communica-tive Action Beacon Press 1985

Horkheimer Max Eclipse of Reason Oxford University Press 1947

Inayatullah Sohail Questioning the future Meth-ods and Tools for Organizational and Societal Transformation Tamkang University Press 2002

Kajamaa V Kangur K Koponen R Saramaumlki N Sedlerova K Soumlderlind S Sustainable Synergies

ndash The Leo Kong Canal Aalto University Finland 2012

Kang Min-Jay Confronting the Edge of Modern Urbanity ndash GAPP (Global Artivists Participation Project) at Treasure Hill Taipei paper presented in the Asian Modernity and the Role of Culture Cities Asian Culture Symposium Gwangju Korea December 4 - 7 2005

Kaye Leon Could citiesrsquo problems be solved by urban acupuncture The Guardian 2172010

Kubric Stanley A Clockwork Orange UK 1971

Kurozawa Akira Dersu Uzala Mosfilm Soviet Union ndash Japan 1975

Lang Fritz Metropolis UFA Germany 1927

Lehtovuori Panu Experience and Conflict The Dialectics of the Production of Public Urban Space in the Light of New Event Venues in Helsinki 1993-2003 Espoo 2005

Leacutevi-Strauss Claude Tristes Tropiques France 1955

Pajunen Mia A Man from the Woods Waste-lands Magazine Finland 2012

Parsons Adam Urban Acupuncture Marco Casagrande University of Portsmouth 2010

Richardson Phyllis From the Ruins Taipei to Detroit Archetcetera 2011

Staffans Aija Vaikuttavat asukkaat Espoo 2004

Strugatsky Arkady amp Boris Roadside Picnic USSR 1971

Swyngedouw Erik Metabolic Urbanization In the Nature of Cities New York 2006

Tarkovsky Andrei Stalker Moscow 1979

White Richard The Organic Machine New York 1995

Wu Nikita Cicada Shenzhen Hong-Kong Bi-City Biennale of Architecture amp Urbanism 2009

Wu Nikita Anarchist Gardener Ruin Academy Taiwan 2010

Wu Nikita Anarchist Gardener II Shenzhen Hong-Kong Bi-City Biennale of Architecture amp Urbanism 2012

Yudina Anna itrsquos anarchical itrsquos acupunc-tural well itrsquos both marco casagrande Moni-tor Magazine 68 Berlin 2012


Rigid fabricText Menno Cramer Picture Joni Virkki

The empowerment of novelty flexibility and change will create an environment in which humans can grow and live in a natural manner They will not be constrained by the current rigid fabric of urbanised areas that doesnrsquot allow for natural growth to occur

Many of the issues urban societies are facing are caused by the lack of provision of life afforded by current cities The rigid urban fabric of urbanized areas does not allow for natural evolution to occur Natu-ral evolution within and amongst human beings is crucial for a truly sustainable society The redesign and re-evaluation of urban areas can alter and improve the pro-vision however this will only be a tempo-rary solution as for a new rigid fabric a new static state is induced It is not natural for humans to be in such a rigid dead fabric We are forced to move around in order to fulfil our basic needs Natural evolution only occurs in places where the speed of urban sprawl exceeds the planners or governments influence on where society starts to fall apart and from within the ruins life can spread

Negative aspects of the current city struc-ture are caused partially by the inflexibility of urban areas whereas a river moves over time cities are snapshots of pathways frozen in time Whereas tribal structures were in place to increase the social well being of a group the current urban metrop-olis seems to have lost this function User experience design and human centred design flourish more than ever However where are these views amongst the plan-ners and architects Humans are and should be the center point of any architec-tural design So what does the concrete giant do for me What does it bring me

Studies have shown that city life is posi-tively correlated with increases in depres-sion burnout health problems obesity economic disproportions racism and a steep increase in negative social interac-tion The current urban fabric has managed to evolve into a framework for a relatively sustainable capitalistic individualism where humans mutually agree to ignore each other and avoid any major human interaction

However society as a whole is suffering from this Urbanization allows for the cohabitation of multiple social classes and groups however it does not encourage natural social and individual well-being

Survival of the fittest has been eliminated in the physical terms however the battle for mental and physical space is even more ruthless Causing social discomfort and eg increased stress which is a dangerous threat to life in current society We all strive for superiority over other human beings Let it be economic physical physiological or mental We have constructed an urban fantasy of social cohabitation without ever intending to acknowledge the society one is a part of The discrepancy between personal well-being and social admiration is larger than ever

Humans are biological they come from nature and they are nature Humans need a space to live in because they canrsquot exist without being The current place pres-ent in a space where most of the earthrsquos human population inhabites is what we call urban areas An urban environment does not have the same qualities as a natural environment Todayrsquos society and social class has evolved from the neanderthalers and therefore we do not feel like caveman and women anymore However everyone has neglected the fact that the current exposure to a non-natural environment will harm us as human beings We have noticed negative consequences as listed above however thus far they have not out-weighed the benefits Seeing as that urban areas are growing more rapidly than ever I believe we need to re-evaluate the urban fabric as such and propose a biological solution for urban growth

It is this biological solution which will host a new way of life which will address some of the issues presented above in a natural biourban manner It is the way the issues are addressed through a this non-rigid structure which will aid society to develop and look at a new way of life The social interactions which are forged are there purely to emphasize the individual We work hard and network to grow personally in a paracity this is the city and we can grow from it around it with it and within it

反相城市 29


ParacityKatie Donaghy

A paracity is an organic structure which can encompass a large number of human individuals It has some things in common with our current urbanised areas however a paracity is not bound to space It can live off a currently existing city and inhabit the same space It can be seen as a second layer on top of a society A paracity lives off another city like a parasite off its host

How will a paracity affect the city it is leaching from If you imagine an actual leech and how it sticks onto your leg and sucks from your body Not only does it take away a resource from your body it can also pump actual parasites back into it which will harm your body However if you imagine it as a structure leeching onto the main city it will pull resources from the city but also provide to the city and will grow through these actions Local knowledge can spread through the fabric and infiltrates the city The resources it takes from the city will however depend more on what the city is able to provide rather than what the paracity wishes to take from it This will then develop into an organic relationship providing a physical structure where a community may begin to form The paracity would ideally be where old is combined perfectly with the new without having to be old but simply by acknowl-

edging the old The paracity can do this as it attaches onto it and takes from the city what is no longer desired

The structure of a paracity is unique in its construction method but also in the way that it chooses to move away from conventional traditional planning and architecture It offers a personalized architectural identity in which individ-uals may develop their own space and transform a structure into a place The paracity as a space is interesting similar to nature which grows around what is built a paracity will grow according to what is already present and what can be found to add onto that Where nature may struggle a paracity will find inno-vative solutions to incorporate some-thing into the structure or simply build around or on top of it It is this biourban approach to design which allows for the development of a unique structure in which individuals will form a com-munity These individuals will naturally come together as they have the will to create something which is their own which they can appropriate and share with others In a growing society one must also consider access provision and capacity How will the design of a space cope with something which is completely unpredictable The answer is found in how nature copes with growth and change in provision The paracity has no limits which are not defined by nature itself The paracity offers a place with new aims and thoughts With a new system of thought we can forge a new place which creates the space for a new

society to combine with what already exists and the organic growth of nature

The structure must offer organic growth and thereby give access to as much as it can The structure may fold itself around what is currently present and thereby incorporate it in its design How will individuals travel through this struc-ture once it has become more than just a structure The paracity seeks to be a point of play between the individual and the structure As Foucault has said as humans we need this play to help us enhance who we are and what we deliver This play will feed the structure as well as relationships between the individual and the structure and others living in the city This play will form at the moment where the individual becomes a part of a greater picture when an individual has invested in the city is the point where they will form a relationship which is constantly chang-ing in order to accommodate others as well as the change in nature

A crucial aspect for the success of a paracitic society in my view depends on how quickly a society will form and the pace at which it will grow Societies and relationships form organically over time and are dependent on the detailed design of the structure If one would put a very large number of strangers together the chance of success at form-ing a society will be lower than when a group naturally forms to subsequently slowly expands This will be dependent on the initial structure present but also

Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31

on what comes readily available from the city If there is too much available for the paracity to leech on then there will be more chance for a fast growing structure which will not accommodate the natural growth we are seeking

A place will also depend on growing organically in order to function as a society Places have rules and commu-nity engagement Elders often play an important role in being in charge and enabling a community to grow around them according to unwritten rules like in Treasure hill In a paracity it is nec-essary for this hierarchy to form itself in order for the rest of the society to treacle down from this in such a way that there is no room for altruism and only co-dependencies This allows a society to grow organically mimicking natural growth Where in nature a tree will not grow under another tree or too near another tree because they would be fighting for each others light ground and water in society we must live according to similar innate rules whereby we prove selfless and show an interest in the well-being of others A paracity must therefore grow according to need rather than desire When the city needs new labour or when relationships become complicated we must envisage that new people will come and help to form a greater community

A community network often refers to an online form of community whereby indi-viduals become linked through interest and other personality traits rather than according to location This changes the way our day to day society works If you

think of a city no matter the scale we often do not interact with those in our close proximity If we are lucky enough to live in an area where people spend a lot of time we may get to know some familiar faces however we still wonrsquot often reach out for help or offer help as easily as we would if we were a part of a defined community network or living in a small village where everyone knows each other As individuals we have the innate trait to want to help others whether it be because we care or simply because it makes us feel good This gets lost in an individualistic city where we find it more difficult to extend help to a stranger but also where there is often no one to recognise and praise your efforts The paracity offers a solution for this which is rooted in its design The parac-ity offers a communication which lies beyond the current systems whereby the city itself becomes a form of communi-cation Those living in the paracity will communicate through the design and what they can offer to it

The paracity defines itself in its origin as reliant on another living structure in order to forge its existence Without another living structure it is unable to survive It leaches off society in order to make its own Through this act of leeching off another society it becomes to a certain extent dependent on it This dependency is what creates a com-munity network in the paractiy as indi-viduals become reliant on one another to develop this complex structure The structure of this paracity will depend on what is readily available and how differ-ent users come together and assemble

these unique pieces It is this act of coming together which will help differ-ent users to become more assimilated with one another and begin to develop a network This network will then create a community with co-dependencies In such a society where we are dependent on others it is more natural for indi-viduals to form a society where they come in aid to one another The society will then evolve naturally according to this pattern and what nature makes available to them It is expected that the actual structure of the paracity will play a significant role in how the community interacts and creates links between one another Dependent on the structure and how easy it is to create links between different sections will depend on how easy it becomes to forge relationships across different sections of the design

Living in a close environment it becomes necessary to hold contact with one another as we are so dependent on what another individual chooses to do How someone else chooses to expand or build their structure will directly affect those surrounding that structure Whether it be through sound chang-ing of available daylight or access All these things will come into play with the changing structure of the paracity A strong community network will help individuals to form a social structure in which they aid one another to create a friendly more organic place to live It is this friendly more organic structure which will then allows the community to continue to live according to parasitic rules and not to revert to the destructive ways of a traditional society


Bug Dome

Casagrande Laboratory mdash Selected Works

反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39

Marco Casagrande Finland Architecture Principal

Joni Virkki Finland Architecture Structural engineering

Niilo Tenkanen Finland Landscape architecture Visualization

Katie Donaghy Great Britain France Sociology

Ycy Charlie Taiwan Architecture Local knowledge

Menno Cramer Great Britain Netherlands Brain research

Nikita Wu Finland Taiwan Project management

Sauli Ylinen Finland Project management Civil engineering

Copyright Casagrande Laboratory Centre of Urban Research CURE 2014 Edit Niilo Tenkanen


THIS NEWSPAPER HAS BEEN PRODUCED FOR THE CHINA CENTRAL ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS - THE 2nd CAFAM BIENNALE 2014


文巫祈麟 Nikita Wu

来自芬兰的建筑团队 Casagrande Laboratory 主事者马可卡

萨格兰（Marco Casagrande 长期关注自然与人为城市互为

影响之议题近年来提出「第三代城市」（3rd Generation

City）「都市河流学」（River Urbanism）「都市针灸术」

（ Urban Acupuncture）等崇自然尊天地之新种都市规划创见

他亦是 2013 年欧洲建筑奖的得主

现时台北寸土寸金的条件下在澹水河道中间两座往来台北

市和新北市忠孝桥和中兴桥之间存在着这座会依河水涨退冲

刷或淤积时大时小的沙洲岛其土地面积约为一公里宽三百米

长三十多公顷因地界和产权会随自然条件改变使得这岛

有着全台北最为廉宜的地价岛上现有二十一名岛主因其岛

位于洪水平原一级管制区限制开发仅能在岛上种菜

在本次参与北京中央美术学院美术第二届 CAFAM 双年展

他以本座沙洲岛做为设计标的以〈反相城市〉（Paracity）为

名因袭「开放形态」(Open Form) 建筑的操作手法构建开

放平台尊重个体使用者需求自主营建内容使无人闻问被

城市发展遗忘的沙洲岛成为有机生态岛

〈反相城市〉以源自欧洲新型木建筑材料「交错层压木材」

（cross-laminated timber 简称 CLT）做为主要建材突破传

统木建筑之规模及型式在岛中以 6times6times6 米的空间模块为基

本架构单位构造出有机网格此基本空间模块能抗震抗火及

洪涝亦能在建于防洪区山间废置工业区或是贫民窟等跟

不上工业城市发展而被人们抛弃的城市区域主木结构之上

居民们能 DIY 自建房舍社区自主农耕建立花园和大自然

共相习气在共构可持续发展有机生态平台中还加载高端先

进环保科技技术模组机具能淨化污染的河水生产生质能

源回收岛民有机灰水废物与处理淤积污泥之再利用不但

能就岛上居民所需灵活设置更能同步淨化台北城中因工业发

展所产生的污染源

马可反思人类进代城市发展历程千百年间世界各民族透过

中央集权分配城市土地利用以城外农村周边自然资源支持城

内居民生活所需作为延续人类文明巩固既得利益当权者便宜

行事的解决方案这时期的城市和大自然连接并没有消失

甚至是因为依附大自然所给的优势条件下城市得以延命存

续他称之为第一代城市工业革命之后人类向资本主义

靠拢资本的本性便是无理性的追逐扩大化提高生产力

刺激人们消费拜金拜物城市以摧毁自然为手段无限膨胀

城市疆界与自然争地农村的农民们嚮往所谓城市的繁华

喧嚣现代摩登以为无穷尽的ldquo开发rdquo是值得庆贺的ldquo进

步rdquo现象这正是我们现在面临到最大的城市发展议题

非理性疯狂资源竭尽开採人口密度爆炸土地超负荷利

用不仅全面断开和自然环境的连接乃至藐视自然以为

人可胜天足能驾驭自然马克思在资本论曾谈到ldquo异化rdquo

便是我们所处时代的城市悲哀人类在资本的无限扩张

中被城市机器异化贻害深远这便是他所谓之第二代城

市

〈反相城市〉提供人类对第三代城市的想像或者说幽

微地提示了与现存工业城市相反的发展愿景回归第一代

城市和自然安好共存进一步修补第二代城市人为工业

建筑对自然的污害意图变身成为台北城中一隻正面积极

的寄生虫吸取工业后的废料化作成洁淨肥料和大自然和

谐共生祈达天人合一的精神境界

反相城市

反相城市 3



PARACITY TAIPEI



PARACITY



反相城市 5



反相城市 7












反相城市 9







反相城市 11





PARACITY

反相城市 13




Picture Joni Virkki



Danshui River

Paracity

反相城市 15


1

2

3

4

5

6 - 8


Paved areas

Wild areas

Fields

Growing of biomass

Urban park

Bioplant

Barges

12500

Paracity Plan

market

PLUG-IN HarBOUr

100 m





反相城市 17




Treasure Hill 2003

反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39












反相城市 3



PARACITY TAIPEI



PARACITY



反相城市 5



反相城市 7












反相城市 9







反相城市 11





PARACITY

反相城市 13




Picture Joni Virkki



Danshui River

Paracity

反相城市 15


1

2

3

4

5

6 - 8


Paved areas

Wild areas

Fields

Growing of biomass

Urban park

Bioplant

Barges

12500

Paracity Plan

market

PLUG-IN HarBOUr

100 m





反相城市 17




Treasure Hill 2003

反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39














反相城市 5



反相城市 7












反相城市 9







反相城市 11





PARACITY

反相城市 13




Picture Joni Virkki



Danshui River

Paracity

反相城市 15


1

2

3

4

5

6 - 8


Paved areas

Wild areas

Fields

Growing of biomass

Urban park

Bioplant

Barges

12500

Paracity Plan

market

PLUG-IN HarBOUr

100 m





反相城市 17




Treasure Hill 2003

反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39














反相城市 7












反相城市 9







反相城市 11





PARACITY

反相城市 13




Picture Joni Virkki



Danshui River

Paracity

反相城市 15


1

2

3

4

5

6 - 8


Paved areas

Wild areas

Fields

Growing of biomass

Urban park

Bioplant

Barges

12500

Paracity Plan

market

PLUG-IN HarBOUr

100 m





反相城市 17




Treasure Hill 2003

反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39





















反相城市 9







反相城市 11





PARACITY

反相城市 13




Picture Joni Virkki



Danshui River

Paracity

反相城市 15


1

2

3

4

5

6 - 8


Paved areas

Wild areas

Fields

Growing of biomass

Urban park

Bioplant

Barges

12500

Paracity Plan

market

PLUG-IN HarBOUr

100 m





反相城市 17




Treasure Hill 2003

反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39













反相城市 11





PARACITY

反相城市 13




Picture Joni Virkki



Danshui River

Paracity

反相城市 15


1

2

3

4

5

6 - 8


Paved areas

Wild areas

Fields

Growing of biomass

Urban park

Bioplant

Barges

12500

Paracity Plan

market

PLUG-IN HarBOUr

100 m





反相城市 17




Treasure Hill 2003

反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39















PARACITY

反相城市 13




Picture Joni Virkki



Danshui River

Paracity

反相城市 15


1

2

3

4

5

6 - 8


Paved areas

Wild areas

Fields

Growing of biomass

Urban park

Bioplant

Barges

12500

Paracity Plan

market

PLUG-IN HarBOUr

100 m





反相城市 17




Treasure Hill 2003

反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39












反相城市 13




Picture Joni Virkki



Danshui River

Paracity

反相城市 15


1

2

3

4

5

6 - 8


Paved areas

Wild areas

Fields

Growing of biomass

Urban park

Bioplant

Barges

12500

Paracity Plan

market

PLUG-IN HarBOUr

100 m





反相城市 17




Treasure Hill 2003

反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39














Danshui River

Paracity

反相城市 15


1

2

3

4

5

6 - 8


Paved areas

Wild areas

Fields

Growing of biomass

Urban park

Bioplant

Barges

12500

Paracity Plan

market

PLUG-IN HarBOUr

100 m





反相城市 17




Treasure Hill 2003

反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39












反相城市 15


1

2

3

4

5

6 - 8


Paved areas

Wild areas

Fields

Growing of biomass

Urban park

Bioplant

Barges

12500

Paracity Plan

market

PLUG-IN HarBOUr

100 m





反相城市 17




Treasure Hill 2003

反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39
















反相城市 17




Treasure Hill 2003

反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39














Treasure Hill 2003

反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39












反相城市 19

TRAKTORFAN

by M

arco


Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39













Rumours

反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39












反相城市 21








反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39

















反相城市 23

Land(e)scape 1999










RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39





















RUIN ACADEMY



反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39












反相城市 25










1 Urban Acupuncture





2 Urban Nomad


4 River Urbanism




5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39













5 Ultra-Ruin

















反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39












反相城市 27





References
























































反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39






















反相城市 29










Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39





















Ruin Academy 2011

反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39












反相城市 31









Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39













Bug Dome


反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39












反相城市 33

Ruin Academy



Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39













Treasure Hill

反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39












反相城市 35

Ultra Ruin


Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39













Floating Sauna

反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39












反相城市 37

60 Minute Man


Potemkin park

反相城市 39













Potemkin park

反相城市 39












反相城市 39












paracity

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