Pap Smear

Aurel A Babes – 1886 – 1961 Rumania Diagnostic du

Cancer du Col Utérin par les Frottis

Pap Smear

Leopold Koss – Koilocytic atypia

Ernest Ayre – spatula, koilocytic atypia – virus

1976 – Alexander Meisels, Roger Fortin – HPV

1983 – Harald zur Hausen – HPV-16, HPV-18 – cervical cancer

1988 – The Bethesda System

1996 – Thin Prep Automated screening HPV testing

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

Hayes Martin and Edward Ellis Memorial

Hospital, New York

Franzén, Zajicek, Löwhagen Sweden

Special Techniques

Albert Coons – 1912 – 1978 – immuno-fluorescence

Georges Kőhler – 1946 – 1995 – monoclonal antibodies

Kary Mullis – 1944 – PCR

Autopsy

Greek autopsia – to see for oneself

Egypt – mummification Mesopotamia –

examination of liver and entrails of sacrificed animals – hepatoscopy and haruspicy

Greek – battle field wounds

Aristotle – animal dissection

Autopsy

Human dissection – condemned criminals, public

Italian universities, plague victims

Pope Sixtus – 1471 – 1484 – bill permitting dissection

England – grave robbing, Anatomy Act 1832, resurrectionists – William Burke – 1792 – 1829; William Hare – 1792 – 1870, Edinburgh

Rembrandt van Rijn – 1606 – 1669 – The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaas Tulp

Rembrandt van Rijn – 1606 – 1669 – The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Joan Deyman

William Hogarth – 1697 – 1764 – The Reward of Cruelty

Famous Autopsies

King Henri IV – 1610 King James I – 1625 Thomas “Old” Parr –

1635 Claimed to be 152 years

old William Harvey

Napoleon Bonaparte – 1821

Ludwig van Beethoven – 1827

Vladimir Lenin – 1924 John F Kennedy – 1963

“You may take notes for 20 years, from morning to night at the bedside of the sick, upon the diseases of the viscera, and all will be to you only a confusion of symptoms...a train of incoherent phenomena. Open a few bodies and this obscurity will disappear.”

Marie-François-Xavier Bichat – 1771 – 1802

Father of histology

“Pathological anatomy is the essential basis for pathological physiology, to be supplemented further by pathological histology, chemical pathology, and experimental pathology.”

Karl Rokitansky – 1804 – 1878

Algemein Krankenhaus, Vienna

Father of the modern autopsy

Performed 30,000, supervised 70,000

“To investigate the causes of death, to examine carefully the condition of the organs, after such changes have gone on in them as to render existence impossible and to apply such knowledge to the prevention and treatment of disease, is one of the highest objects of the physician.”

Sir William Osler – 1849 – 1919

1,000 autopsies

The Future

Personalized medicine

Molecular pathology – FISH

Digital pathology – Telepathology

Quality assurance, Lean

Gene chip technology

References

Van Den Twell, JG, Taylor CR: A Brief History of Pathology: Preface to a forthcoming series that highlights milestones in the evolution of pathology as a discipline. Virchows Arch, 2010; 457:3-10.

Hajdu, SI: A Note From History: Landmarks in History of Cancer, Part I. Cancer, 2011;117:1097-102.

Hajdu, SI: A Note From History: Landmarks in History of Cancer, Part II. Cancer, 2011;117:2811-20.

Hajdu, SI: A Note From History: Landmarks in History of Cancer, Part III. Cancer, 2011;118:1155-68.

Weiss, L: 2. Early Concepts of Cancer. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2000; 19:205-217. Diamantis A, Beloukas AI, Katogeraki AM, Magiokinis E: A Brief Chronicle of Cytology: From

Janssen to Papanicolaou and Beyond. Diagnostic Cytopathology, 2012; DOI: 10.1002/dc22887. Hajdu SI, Ehya H: A Note from history: Foundation of Diagnostic Cytology. Annals of Clinical

and Laboratory Science, 2008; 38(3):296-299. Naylor B: The Century for Cytopathology. Acta Cytol 2000; 44:709-725. Weening JJ, Jennette JC: Historical Milestones in Renal Pathology. Virchows Arch, 2012; DOI

10.1007/s00428-012-1254-7. Burton J: A Bite Into The History of the Autopsy: From Ancient Roots to Modern Decay.

Forensic Sci Med Pathol, 2005; 1:4:277. Wright Jr, JR. Albert C. Broders’ Paradigm Shifts Involving the Prognostication and Definition of

Cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2012; 136:1437-1446.