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b° kprl–e_p eyNp°_p° AÊepk L$fu_° [°dp¨ fl°gp kpÁe - h•jÁe L°$ n/ - AkpnÌe

[–hp°_° [pfhu Ap`hp_y¨ L$peÆ [yg_p–dL$ kprl–e_p AÊepkuA° L$fhp_y lp°e R>°.

kprl–edp¨ ""[yg_p'' A° _hu hp[ _\u. kprl–e_p AÊepk dpV°$ S>° `Ÿr[Ap°

A`_phpe R>°. [° `Ÿr[Ap°dp¨ ""[yg_p'' _p° D`ep°N h—p-Ap°R>p ‚dpZdp¨ \pe R>°

`Z c|[L$pmdp¨ \[p° f¸p° li°. æ$p¢Q°_° `Z A°hy¨ gpN° R>° L°$ Ap`Z° [yg_p–dL$

kprl–e_u QQpÆ L$fhpdp¨ rhh°Q__p S>° ›e°ep° l[p [°_y¨ S> `y_fph[Æ_ L$fu f¸p R>uA°

A_° [°\u ""[yg_p–dL$'' kprl–e_p d|Îep¨L$_, rhh°Q_ dpV°$ A_°L$ `Ÿr[Ap° R>°. [°dp¨

[yg_p–dL$ `Ÿr[ R>°Îgp \p°X$p¨ hjp£dp¨ rhi°j ‚L$pidp¨ Aph[u S>Zpe R>°. kprl–e -

rhh°Q__u q]$ipdp¨ Ap `Ÿr[ _hu R>°. R>[p¨ `Z M|b S> dl–h |ZÆ A_° gpc]$peu R>°.

dpfp Ap k¨ip°^_ L$peÆdp¨ D`fp°º[ ‚L$fZdp¨ d¢ ≈°k°a d°Lπ$hp_ A_°

S>N]$uiQ¨÷_u _hgL$\pAp°_u `pfı`qfL$ [yg_p L$fu R>°. S>°dp¨ _hgL$\pAp°_y¨ L$\pN[

[\p riÎ`N[ kpÁe-h•jÁe ı`ÛV$ L$fu Ap b¨_° _hgL$\pL$pfp°_u _uQ° dyS>b_u

_hgL$\pAp° S>°hu L°$ L]""Ap¨Nqmep['', ""gˇdZ_u Ar¡_`funp'',

""dpfu `fZ°[f'', ""d_Mp_u rdfp['', ""buS>”uS>_p ( [°S>'', ""Ap S>fid

A`fp^u'', ""]$p]$p_p ]°$idp¨'', ""dph[f'' A_° ""]$qfep'' ! 671&4Jn

""ep]$p°( L°$ `lpX$'', ""^f[u ^_ _ A`_p'', ""Ap^p`yg'', ""dyÃ$ucf L$p¨L$f'',

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! AÊepk L$fu [°dp¨ Ïeº[ \e°gu ]$rg[p°_u kdıep, _hgL$\pAp°dp¨

‚NV$ \[u `f¨`fp A_° Apr\ÆL$[p, fu[-fuhp≈°, kpdprS>L$[p hN°f° bpb[p°_° ›ep_° gC

Ap [dpd _hgL$\pAp°_p° KX$pZ`|hÆL$ A›ee_ L$fu b¨_° _hgL$\pL$pfp°_u

_hgL$\pAp°_p° [yg_p–dL$ AÊepk L$ep£ R>°.

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A¨[NÆ[ Ap`Z° _hgL$\pAp°_p _uQ° dyS>b_p R> (6) OV$L$ P_p° AÊepk

L$fuiy¨.

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≈°k°a d°L$hp_ `p°[p_u L©$ °dp¨ hpı[rhL$[p_y¨ r_Í$`Z L$f_pfp kS>ÆL$ R>°.

≈°k°a d°L$hp__u ""Ap¨Nqmep['' _hgL$\pdp¨ L$\phı[y_u ky¨]$f dphS>[ L$fu kS>Æ__u

A_ychk©rÛV$dp¨ Aph°gp L$\p¨ip°, `p”p°_° Apg°øep R>°. ""Ap¨Nqmep['' dp¨ ≈°k°a_p

e\pÆ\ ∆h__y¨ dp•rgL$ r_Í$`Z \ey¨ R>°. ""Ap¨Nqmep['' L©$_u L°$qae[dp¨ L$l° R>° L°$ ...

p

""V$ulp° A°_u Qp]$f A_° Qp°L$^p_ _° gp°cpdZp b_phhp hpZp_p f¨Np° `|f[p° A°dS>

L$\pdp¨ d¢ f¨N`|fZu L$fu R>°. R>[p¨ lz¨ L$lui L°$ L$Î`_p Apdp¨ blz Ap°R>u M` gpNu R>°.''

≈°k°a ∆h[f_° hlpg L$f° R>°. ∆h_ S>°hy¨ R>° [°hy¨ Alv ^bL°$ R>°. hpı[rhL$[p_°

Qp[fu_° L$iy¨ L$f[p _\u. A°dZ° L$gp ‚dprZL$ R>° `Z ∆h[f_° ^p°Mp° ]$C_° [p° _rl S>.

8( 97 "Ap¨Nqmep[' _hgL$\p_y¨ hı[y rhi° ≈°k°a L°$qae[dp¨ L$l° R>° L°$ - "A°L$

Ap\du Ne°gu k¨ıL©$r[ A_° kpepi`Z° rhkpf° `pX$hpdp¨ Aphu fl°g kpdprS>L$[p_u

hp[ R>°' "Ap¨Nqmep['.

"Ap¨Nqmep[' _hgL©$r cprhL$p°dp¨ r‚e \C rhh°QL$p°A° hMpZu R>°. A°hu S>

fu[° "gˇdZ_u Ar¡_ `funp' dp¨e° A°L$ k–e hp[_° ky¨]$f fu[° hZÆhu R>°. Ap L©$_°

dy¨bC dpVyÆØNp NpXÆ$_ N© ° D—d _hgL$\p [fuL°$ h^phu R>°. ... "dpfu `fZ°[f' dp¨e° A°L$

kpdprS>L$ `qfh°i_u hp[ ky¨]$f r_Í$`Z `pdu R>°. Alv ip°qj[ kdpS>_u kdıepAp°_°,

Apr\ÆL$ rhV¨$bZpAp°_° khZp£ ‹pfp \[p ip°jZ_°, h°W$‚\p_y(, ≈r[e ip°jZ_y¨ Np•fu_u

L$\p kp\° ky¨]$f [p]$p–de L$fu Ap‡ey¨ R>°. lL$uL$[ kp\° k`_p_y¨ fkpeZ L$\p_p°

`p]y$cpÆh L$f° R>°. "d_Mp_u qdfp[' dp¨ A° Qfp°[fdp¨ Ôhk[p gp°L$p°_u hp[ [\p L$\p_u

dp¨XZu cphL$p°_° fk `X°$ A°hu fu[° L$f° R>°. `f¨[y hpı[rhL$[p_y¨ rQ”Z `Z L$f° R>°.

L©$_p° AM¨X$ L$\p‚hpl A°L$u b°W$L$dp¨ L©$r—_° `|ZÆ L$fhp _p°[fy¨ Ap`° R>°. "d_Mp_u

qdfp[' _y¨ hı[y Qfp°[f_p r¿ı[u hZL$f kdpS>_y¨ ı`ÛV$rQ” A¨L$u[ L$fphu ≈e R>°. [p°

"buS>”uS>_p [°S>' dp¨ Np¨^ueyNu_ ∆h__° dp•rgL$[p_p° `pk Ap`u ‚NV$pÏep° R>°. c| [

S>°hp° hpOfu (1367) L$p°d_p° _peL$ `y_u S>°hu hNX$pD _preL$p, dp°rl_u S>°hu k¨ıL$pfu

A_° kp]$Nude ky¨]$f eyh[u L$\phı[y_u dphS>[ L$pm∆`|hÆL$ g° R>°. L©$_p° Apf¨c,

d›e A_° A¨[ ip¨r[\u b°ku_° kS>ÆL$ L$\p L$f[p lp°e [°hp° cph cphL$_° ≈N° R>°. S>°

rhQpfbuS> R>°, [° dp•rgL$ R>°. [°_° e\p\Æ_u c|rd D`f fp°`u_° [°_p am_u Apip L©$_y¨

L$gpde `pky¨ R>°. Np¨ u_p NyS>fp[dp¨ hpOfu (1367) kdpS>_p gp°L$p°_° Qp°fu L$peÆ L$fu

f¸p [° ºepf° b¨^ \i° (kS>ÆL$ L$l° R>°. "Ap L$\pdp¨ L$p°C DL$°g _\u, rhQpf_y¨ A°L$ buS>

R>° _° A°L$]$p A¨Ly$fhp_y R>°. A°hu d_° ÓŸp R>°.'

≈°k°a_u "Ap S>fid A`fp^u' [°d_p rinL$∆h__u Np\p R>°. Alv ApS>°

f°Îh°dp¨ S>° c∞ÛV$pQpf \C f¸p° R>°. V$u.ku. ‹pfp S>° Mp°Vy¨$ \C f¸y¨ R>°. ıV°$i_ dpı[fp°_u

≈°lzL$du_° kpQu fu[° Ïeº[ L$fpey¨ R>°. _peL$ kyf°fi÷dp¨ r`[p_p L$f[|[p° gv`pe R>°.

r`[p_p kpfp A_° Mfpb gnZp° y”dp¨ lp°e R>°. A°L$ rinL$ `p°[p_p rh¤p\w_°

kpfp° L$fhp L°$hu dl°_[ L$fu iL°$ [°_u hp[ dp•rgL$ fu[° \C R>°. [p° L$\pdp¨ ı”u_u isº[_y¨

]$iÆ_ `Z rQr”[ \ey¨. ƒepf° L$p°C Ap^pf _ lp°e –epf°e cp¨Nu `X$hp_° b]$g° rhL$pk

L$f° [°hu hp[ L©$dp¨ `X$Ope R>°. ≈°k°a d°L$hp_ A_ychL$\p_°e kprl–eL©$ b_ph° R>°

hpı[h_y¨ L$gpde g°M_. g°ML$ L$l° R>° -

"Ap L$\p dpfp rinL$ ∆h__u A_ych L$\p R>°' A_° Ap L$\p_u dphS>[ ›ep_

M¢Q_pfu b_u R>°.

"]$p]$p_p ]°$idp¨' _hgL$\p `Z hpı[rhL$ ^ D`f r_dpÆZ \C R>°. L$W$p°f

∆h_p_ych_° kS>Æ_p–dL$ k¨ı`iÆ ≈°k°a d°L$hp_ L$fphu iLep R>°. kdpS>dp¨ b_[u

k–e OV$_pAp° kp¨‚[ sı\r[_y¨ rQ”Z, Ly¨$hpfu dp[pAp° hN°f°_y¨ L$gpde Apg°M_ \ey¨

R>°. ]$ı[ph°∆ [’ep°_y¨ fp°QL$ bep_ "]$p]$p_p ]°$idp¨' \ey¨ R>°.

≈°k°a d°L$hp_ `p°[p_u ∆h_ `pW$ipmpdp¨ chpV$rhdp¨ ≈°e°gp, ≈Z°gp `p”p°_p

∆h[f rhi° `p°[p_p k–ep_ychp°_° kprl–e_p° f¨N QX$phu L$\p_° dgphu, QpL$X°$

QX$phu, cphL$_° k¨]°$i Ap`u ≈e, Ap_¨]$ fk `uhX$ph[u ≈e [°hu L©$r—_y¨ r_dpÆZ L$f°

R>°. [°d_u "dph[f' _hgL$\pdp¨e° Ly¨$hpfu dp[pAp°_u ∆h__u kdıep, k¨OjÆ_y¨

r_Í$`Z cphL$_° ı ¨q]$[ L$fu ]°$ [°hu fu[° \ey¨ R>°. l°fifuS> gpD^f A_° k°hpde r¿ı[u

kp›huAp°_p A›ep–d f¨N_° L|$_pNufu_° fu[° k–e_° Ap•rQ–e`|hÆL$ ∆h¨[ L$eyØ R>°. kS>ÆL$

L$l° R>° "dph[f' S>°hu L©$rAp°dp¨ L$Î`_p_p° Dd°fp° Ap°R>p° ep L$\p hmp¨L$p°_p S>[_ `|f[p° S>

R>°. A°hy¨ NpB hNpX$u_° L$l°hy¨ lh° AbM° `X$hp dp¨X$Èy R>°. Ap ‚L$pf_u L$\pAp° ∆h_dp¨\u

S>X$u R>° A_° A_ych_u L$°X$uA° L¨$X$pfpB R>°. ky]$uOÆ rinL$ ∆h_dp¨ Ap gM_pf_° A_°L$

A_ychp° A°hp gp›ep R>°. S>°dp¨\u dp_h∆h__u k¨Ly$g[pAp° A°_p S|>S>hpÍ$`° ]°$MpB R>°.'

≈°k°a_u "]$qfep' _hgL$\pdp¨e° L$\phı[y |h£ b_u Ne°gy¨ R>°. ≈°k°a d°L$hp_

A_ych\u OX$pe°gp kS>ÆL$ R>°. [°d_° ∆h_dp¨ A_°L$ `p”p° kp\° k¨`LÆ$ f¸p° R>°. Mpk [p°

Ar[[fpN_° Apgp`hpdp¨ [°Ap° AN∞°kf R>°. "]$qfep' _p `r[ gˇdZ_u ip°^ g°ML$ L$f°

R>° A_° [°_y¨ ApL$sıdL$ c°V$u S>hy¨ Ap k–e rhi° g°ML$ L$l° R>° -

"]$qfep' _p `r[ gMdZ_u ip°^ A_° kph ApL$sıdL$ \C S>[u [°_u Ap°mM

_p°[fu ApZ°g OV$_p _\u. lz¨ A°_° A¨S>m dp_y Ry>¨. Oœ¨ Mfy¨ ∆h[fdp¨ A°hy¨ b_[y¨ lp°e

R>° L°$ A° Nm° D[pfhy¨ L°$ kdS>hy¨ ]y$ÛL$f `X°$. `f¨[y r_er[_u A° S> gugp R>°.'

Alv L$Î`_p_p f¨Np° _rlh[π ≈°C iL$pe. dp” hpı[h_p° f¨N S>°hy¨ R>° [°hy rQ” R>°.

[p° e° L$\p_u dphS>[ A°hu \C L°$ "]$qfep' _y¨ Qqf” cphL$_p 1e_° ı ¨q]$[ L$fu ≈e

R>°. cphL$p°_° L$\pfk hlphu ≈e R>° A_° ≈°k°a d°L$hp_ [°dp¨ kam fl° R>°.

DQQ1 246797

""]$rg[ _hgL$\pAp°_p kd|ldp¨ AgN [fu Aph[u kS>ÆL$_u Ap _hgL$\pdp¨

N∞pd kdpS>_u khZÆ DS>qmep[ A_° `R>p[ opr[Ap° kp\°_p ]$rg[ opr[_p

S>_kdy]$pe_p k¨b¨^p°, k¨Ojp£ _rl `Z hZL$fp°_p `p°[p_p opr[ kdpS>_p Ap¨[qfL$

Ly$k¨`_° L$pfZ° k≈Æ[u rhk¨hpq]$[p A_° L$p•Vy¨$qbL$ rhV¨$bZpAp°_y¨ Apg°M_ L$mpL$ue

kcp_[p |hÆL$ \ey¨ R>°.

Apd ≈°k°a _|[_ L$\pbuS>_° kpfu fu[° L$\p_u dphS>[ L$f[p¨ [’ep°_y¨ r_Í$`Z

L$f[p¨ L$f[p¨ L$gp_° D≈Nf L$fu R>°. ≈°k°a_u "Ap¨Nqmep[' _hgL$\p [°_y¨ D]$plfZ R>°.

[p° "dpfu `fZ°[f' dp¨ L°$ "buS>”uS>_p [°S>' S>°hu _hgL$\pAp°_p _Ω$$f hpı[rhL$[p_y¨

L$gpL$ue bep_ R>°. "]$p]$p_p ]°$idp¨', "dph[f', "gˇdZ_u Ar¡_`funp' `Z [°_p

L$\pbuS>_° L$pfZ° cprhL$p°dp¨ gp°L$cp°¡e b_°gu [° S>p°k°a_u kS>ÆL$ kƒS>[p b[ph° R>°.

A°L$ L$\pL$pf [fuL°$ ≈°k°a Mpıkp JQL$pe°gp R>°. [°\u S> [p° [°d_u "Ap¨Nqmep[', ;1S

kprl–e AL$1 ‹pfp `yfıL©$[ \e°gu.

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