panduan menulis tesis 2008i ver 2012
TRANSCRIPT
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1.0 LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
Laporan projek Sarjana Muda adalah laporan penyelidikan yang ditulis oleh pelajar untuk
memenuhi sebahagian syarat penganugerahan Ijazah Sarjana Muda. Setiap laporan projek mesti
ditulis mengikut format yang telah ditetapkan sebagaimana yang diterangkan dalam makalah ini.
1.1 Panjang Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda
Panjang minimum laporan adalah 40 muka surat dan maksimanya tidak melebihi 100 muka
surat. Had maksimum ini tidak termasuk lampiran, jadual, gambar rajah dan lain-lain ilustrasi. Penulis
yang laporan projeknya melebihi had ini, hendaklah memohon kebenaran daripada Penyelia serta
Penyelaras Projek Sarjana Muda Jabatan masing-masing. Pembahagian jumlah muka surat untuk
setiap bab dalam laporan projek adalah sebagaimana dalam Jadual 1.1 berikut.
Jadual 1.1: Pembahagian Jumlah Muka Surat Untuk Setiap Bab
Perkara Minimum Maksimum
Bab 1 (Pengenalan) 5 20
Bab 2 (Kajian Literatur) 15 30
Bab 3 (Kaedah)
Bab 4 (Hasil dan Perbincangan)
5
10
20
20
Bab 5 (Kesimpulan dan Cadangan) 2 5
Rujukan 3 5
1.2 Penaipan Teks
Laporan projek mestilah ditaip selang satu setengah baris di atas kertas putih saiz A4
(210mm x 297mm) yang bermutu tinggi dan berat minimum 80 g. Bagaimanapun, bab, sub-bab,
tajuk, jadual, rujukan dan lampiran ditaip pada selang satu baris.
Had sempadan teks untuk setiap muka surat hendaklah ditetapkan dan selaras. Had
sempadan kiri ialah 4.0 cm (untuk tujuan penjilidan) sementara had sempadan atas, kanan dan bawah
ditetapkan pada 2.5 cm. Ini boleh diselaraskan melalui “Page Setup” (Microsoft Word). Huruf-huruf
condong dan bersambung (contohnya tulisan italic atau Gothic) dan yang kecil (contohnya tulisan
Mikron) tidak boleh digunakan untuk keseluruhan teks kecuali pada perkataan tertentu, rajah dan
jadual. Saiz (tinggi) huruf yang digunakan dalam teks hendaklah tidak kurang daripada 2.0 mm bagi
huruf besar dan 1.5 mm bagi huruf kecil.
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Taipan teks dengan pencetak titik matriks (dot matrix) tidak boleh digunakan kecuali dengan
pencetak titik matriks berkualiti tinggi (letter quality). Simbol yang tidak dapat ditaipkan hendaklah
ditulis dengan pen yang menggunakan dakwat hitam (Indian inks). Saiz font bagi teks ialah 12.
2.0 FORMAT PENULISAN LAPORAN PROJEK
Format penulisan dan kandungan laporan projek disusun mengikut urutan sebagaimana
dalam Jadual 2.1 berikut.
Jadual 2.1: Format Penulisan dan Kandungan Laporan Projek
Perkara Status Contoh
Lampiran Catatan
Muka Depan Kulit
wajib
1
-
Tetulang Buku Laporan Projek wajib 2
Muka Kosong wajib - -
Borang Pengesahan Status Tesis
wajib 3 tidak bernombor
Halaman Tajuk wajib 4 tidak bernombor tetapi dikira sebagai (i)
Halaman Pengesahan Penyelia wajib 5 bernombor Roman kecil
Halaman Pengakuan wajib 6 bernombor Roman kecil
Halaman Dedikasi pilihan 7 bernombor Roman kecil
Halaman Penghargaan pilihan 8 bernombor Roman kecil
Abstrak wajib 9 bernombor Roman kecil
Abstract (dlm. Bahasa Inggeris) wajib 10 bernombor Roman kecil
Kandungan wajib 11 dan 12 bernombor Roman kecil
Daftar Singkatan/Simbol/Istilah wajib 13 bernombor Roman kecil
Senarai Jadual wajib 14 bernombor Roman kecil
Senarai Rajah wajib 15 bernombor Roman kecil
Senarai Lampiran wajib (jika ada lampiran)
- bernombor Roman kecil
Teks wajib 16,17, 18, 19, 20 dan 21
bernombor Arab bersambungan dengan teks
Rujukan wajib 22 bernombor Arab bersambungan dengan teks
Lampiran pilihan 23, 24, 25 bernombor Arab bersambung dengan teks
Muka Kosong wajib -
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2.1 Kulit Depan dan Tetulang Buku Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda
Setiap salinan laporan projek hendaklah bermutu tinggi dan dibukukan dengan kulit jenis
“buckram” berwarna hijau terusi (warna untuk Fakulti Sains bagi Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda).
Pada muka depan kulit mestilah dicetak dengan bertulisan emas huruf besar cerai (bold) sebagaimana
susunan berikut:
Tajuk Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda
Nama penulis/pengarang
Nama penuh universiti dan tahun Ijazah dianugerahkan
(sila lihat contoh di Lampiran 1)
Pada tetulang buku Laporan Projek pula mesti ditulis perkara berikut:
Nama penuh Ijazah
Nama penulis/pengarang
Tahun Ijazah dianugerahkan dan UTM
(sila lihat contoh di Lampiran 2)
2.2 Muka Kosong
Setiap buku Laporan Projek hendaklah mengandungi satu helaian kosong di helaian pertama
dan terakhir.
2.3 Borang Pengesahan Status Tesis
Borang pengesahan status tesis hendaklah diisi dengan lengkap. Borang ini boleh diperolehi
dari Perpustakaan Sultanah Zanariah. Sila lihat contoh di Lampiran 3. Hanya laporan projek yang
mendapat gred A dan A+ akan diserahkan kepada perpustakaan sebagai bahan rujukan.
2.4 Halaman Judul
Halaman judul hendaklah mengandungi perkara-perkara berikut dan dalam tertib yang
disenaraikan.
Tajuk lengkap Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda
Nama penulis/pengarang
Ijazah yang mana Laporan Projek disyaratkan
Nama Fakulti dan nama penuh Universiti
Tahun ijazah dianugerahkan
(Sila lihat contoh di Lampiran 4)
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2.5 Halaman Pengesahan Penyelia
Contoh pengesahan adalah di Lampiran 5. Nama penyelia hendaklah ditaip di bawah
garisan tandatangan.
2.6 Halaman Pengakuan
Halaman ini mengandungi pengakuan tentang keaslian projek penyelidikan. Ia hendaklah
ditandatangani oleh penulis. Contoh pengakuan adalah pada Lampiran 6.
2.7 Halaman Dedikasi
Pelajar dibenarkan untuk menyatakan dedikasi kepada seseorang atau beberapa orang
dengan kata-kata yang tidak keterlaluan pada satu muka surat sahaja. Contoh dedikasi adalah pada
Lampiran 7.
2.8 Halaman Penghargaan
Penghargaan ialah ruangan bagi pelajar-pelajar memberikan penghargaan kepada pihak
tertentu. Penghargaan (jika ada) hendaklah ditulis dengan ringkas dalam satu muka surat sahaja.
Contoh penghargaan diberikan dalam Lampiran 8.
2.9 Abstrak
Abstrak hendalah ditulis dalam bahasa Melayu dan diikuti oleh terjemahannya dalam bahasa
Inggeris (Abstract) di muka surat yang berikutnya (sebaliknya bagi laporan projek yang ditulis dalam
bahasa Inggeris). Abstrak hendaklah ditulis tidak melebihi satu muka surat dan ditaip dengan langkau
satu setengah baris. Abstrak ini menjelaskan secara ringkas tentang bidang kajian, kaedah
penyelidikan, perbahasan utama tentang kajian dan singkatan keputusan yang telah dicapai. Contoh
abstrak adalah sebagaimana dalam Lampiran 9 dan 10.
2.10 Kandungan
Senarai kandungan hendaklah diletak selepas abstrak bahasa Inggeris pada halaman yang
baru. Senarai kandungan ini menyenaraikan secara berturutan dengan nombor muka surat kesemua
bahagian atau sub bahagian laporan projek, kecuali bahagian sebelum abstrak. Contoh senarai
kandungan diberikan dalam Lampiran 11 dan 12.
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2.11 Daftar Singkatan/Simbol/Istilah
Senarai ini menyenaraikan simbol atau singkatan atau tatanama atau istilah yang terdapat
dalam laporan projek. Contoh halaman ini ditunjukkan dalam Lampiran 13.
2.12 Senarai Jadual
Senarai jadual ini mengandungi semua tajuk jadual yang dimuatkan dalam laporan projek
berserta dengan nombor muka surat di mana ia boleh didapati. Contoh halaman ini boleh didapati di
Lampiran 14.
2.13 Senarai Rajah
Senarai rajah merupakan halaman yang mengandungi senarai fotograf, lukisan, graf, carta
dan peta. Nombor muka surat semua bahan illustrasi hendaklah dicatatkan. Contoh disertakan di
Lampiran 15.
2.14 Senarai Lampiran
Pada halaman ini, disenaraikan semua lampiran yang dimuatkan dalam teks. Sesuatu
penulisan tidak semestinya mengandungi senarai lampiran. Data kajian, jadual, contoh soal selidik,
peta gambar dan sebagainya yang terlalu panjang untuk dimuatkan ke dalam teks atau yang tidak
diperlukan secara langsung dalam perbincangan dalam teks, boleh disertakan sebagai lampiran.
3.0 TEKS UTAMA
Teks utama terdiri daripada:-
Pendahuluan (Bab 1)
Kajian Literatur (Bab 2)
Kaedah (Bab 3)
Hasil dan Perbincangan (Bab 4)
Kesimpulan dan Cadangan (Bab 5)
Rujukan
Lampiran
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4.0 BAB DAN KANDUNGAN
Laporan projek hendaklah ditulis dalam format bab, bahagian dan kalau perlu sub bahagian
yang sesuai. Setiap bab dinomborkan dengan huruf besar nombor Roman contohnya Bab I, Bab II,
Bab III dan seterusnya, atau dengan nombor contohnya Bab 1, Bab 2, Bab 3 dan seterusnya. Setiap
bab hendaklah diberikan tajuk. Jika cara ini yang dipilih, setiap bab mestilah mempunyai tajuk (supaya
seragam).
Tajuk bab hendaklah dituliskan empat (4) baris daripada nombor bab dan disusun
perkataannya supaya terletak di tengah-tengah barisan. Jika tajuk bab itu panjang dan melebihi satu
baris, aturkan perkataan-perkataannya dalam bentuk meruncing ke bawah.
Pecahan bab atau tajuk-tajuk kecil di sesuatu bab hendaklah diberikan nombor contohnya
1.1, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2.2 dan sebagainya. Struktur dan penomboran bahagian dalam teks boleh disusun
mengikut urutan tahap sub-tajuk dan tidak melebihi empat lapisan sebagaimana berikut.
BAB 1 Tahap pertama (Tajuk Bab)
1.1 Tahap kedua (sub-tajuk)
1.1.1 Tahap ketiga (sub-sub-tajuk)
Perenggan pertama, mestilah dimulakan 1.27 cm daripada jidar kiri dan empat (4) baris
daripada tajuk bab. Jangan mulakan perenggan baru pada baris akhir muka surat. Sebagai contoh
lihat Lampiran 16 dan 17.
4.1 Penomboran Muka Surat
Nomborkan muka surat mengikut urutan. Nombor muka surat hendaklah ditulis di sudut atas
sebelah kanan, 1.25 cm dari tepi atas dan 2.5 cm dari tepi sebelah kanan digit terakhir nombor
berkenaan.
Penomboran muka surat hendaklah memenuhi syarat berikut:-
(i) Bahagian permulaan laporan projek, bermula dari halaman judul, hendaklah dinomborkan
dengan angka kecil Roman (i, ii, iii dsb.); bahagian teks dan selepasnya hendaklah
menggunakan angka arab (1, 2, 3 dan seterusnya).
(ii) Halaman pertama laporan projek ialah halaman tajuk, dianggap sebagai muka surat “i” tetapi
tidak ditaip.
(iii) Halaman pertama bahagian teks dianggap sebagai halaman “1” tetapi nombornya tidak
ditaip. Begitu juga bagi halaman pertama setiap permulaan Bahagian atau Bab seterusnya,
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tidak ditulis nombor muka suratnya tetapi diambil kira bagi menomborkan muka surat
berikutnya.
4.2 Rajah, Ilustrasi, Graf dan Jadual
Setiap rajah, ilustrasi, graf dan jadual mestilah dinomborkan. Penomboran hendaklah
mengikut bab. Nombor rajah, ilustrasi atau graf serta tajuknya hendaklah ditaip pada bahagian bawah
rajah, ilustrasi atau graf dengan langkau satu baris. Nombor jadual dan tajuknya hendaklah ditaip pada
bahagian atas jadual dengan langkau satu baris. Jarak antara tajuk jadual dan tajuk rajah, ilustrasi
atau graf dengan jadual, rajah, ilustrasi atau graf hendaklah dengan langkau satu setengah baris.
Semua rajah dan jadual hendaklah disenaraikan di dalam halaman Senarai Rajah dan Senarai Jadual.
Rajah, gambar, graf atau jadual sebaik-baiknya diletakkan selepas sahaja ia dirujuk buat pertama
kalinya dalam teks (Lampiran 18, 19, 20 dan 21 ).
4.3 Rujukan
Nombor rujukan dengan saiz tulisan 12 (Font size 12) atau bibliografi di dalam teks mestilah
ditulis dalam bentuk [ ] dan susunan nombornya hendaklah berurutan. Nombor rujukan jika ditulis
selepas akhir ayat hendaklah dituliskan sebelum koma atau titik.
Semua rujukan yang disebut dan dipetik hendaklah disenaraikan selepas bab terakhir
(Lampiran 22). Senarai rujukan hendaklah ditulis mengikut format berikut.
Jurnal
Penulis (Tahun). Tajuk artikel. Tajuk Journal Jilid (Bil. Jika ada), Muka surat.
Contoh:
Fletcher, T.R. and Rosenfled, R.N. (1985). Determination of Boric Acid in Food. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
107, 2203-2212.
Hakim, E.H., Achmad, S.A., Juliawaty, L.D., Makmur, L., Syah, Y.M., Aimi, N., Kitajima, M., Takayama,
H., Ghisalberti, E.L. (2006). Prenylated flavonoids and related compounds of the Indonesian
Artocarpus (Moraceae). J. Nat. Med. 60,161-184.
Ngadjui, B.T., Abegaz, B.M., Dongo, E., Tamboue, H., Fogue, K. (1998). Geranylated and Prenylated
Flavonoids From The Twigs of Dorstenia mannii. Phytochemistry 48, 349-354.
Jamil, S., Sirat, H.M., Jantan, I., Aimi, N., Kitajima, M. (2005). Flavonoids from Artocarpus teysmanii
Miq. Malays. J. Sci. 24, 99-103.
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Buku
Penulis (Tahun). Tajuk. Edisi (jika bukan edisi pertama). Tempat dicetak. Pencetak. Muka surat.
Contoh:
Theusen, G.J. and Fabrycky, W.J. (1984). Engineering Economy. 6th. Ed. Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 150-178.
Burkill, I.H. (1966). Dictionary of The Economic Products of The Malay Peninsula, Ministry of
Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 1, 249-260.
Wade Jr., L.G. (2006). Organic Chemistry. 6th. Ed. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. 189-278.
Artikel di dalam Buku
Penulis (Tahun). Tajuk artikel. Di dalam: Nama Pengarang Buku. Tajuk Buku, Tempat dicetak.
Pencetak. Muka surat.
Contoh:
Sukiman Sarmani (1987). Pencemaran Radioaktif. dlm. Ahmad Badri Mohamad, Perspektif
Persekitaran, Petaling Jaya: Fajar Bakti. 71-87.
Artikel Persidangan
Penulis (Tahun). Tajuk artikel. Nama Persidangan. Tarikh persidangan. Tempat dicetak. Pencetak.
Muka surat.
Contoh:
Sheta, A.F. and Jong, K.D. (1996). Parameter Estimation of Nonlinear Systems in Noisy Environments
Using Genetic Algorithms. Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent
Control. September 15-18. Dearborn, Michigan: IEEE, 360 - 365.
Patent
Nama pencipta (Tahun). Tajuk Ciptaan (Nombor Patent).
Contoh:
Lindgren, A.E. (1988). Screen Room Air Inlet and Wave Guard. (U.S. Patent 6, 379, 457).
Prosiding
Nama penulis (Tahun). Tajuk artikel, Nama pengedit. Nama persidangan, Tempat Persidangan. Muka
surat.
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Contoh:
Prevost, M. and Bugarel, R. (1980). Several Physical Properties of Resin Concrete, in (Jones, E. et. al.
(ed.)). Proceedings of the International Seminar on Polymer Concrete. Stockholm. 85.
Tesis
Penulis (Tahun). Tajuk Tesis. Institusi: Penganugerahan Tesis.
Contoh:
Hanim Awab (1990). Analisis Bovina dan Porkina dalam Makanan Malaysia. Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia : Tesis Sarjana.
Nur Zulaikha Yusof (2008). Isolation and Applications of Red Pigments from Serratia marcescens.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Bachelor of Science (Industrial Chemistry) Project Report.
Bahan rujukan yang diterima untuk penerbitan tetapi belum diterbitkan lagi.
Contoh:
Jones, A.R. (1996). Stereoselective Synthesis of Maytansine Synthon. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans I. In
press.
Bahan rujukan yang telah dihantar untuk penerbitan tetapi belum diterima lagi.
Contoh:
Jones, A.R. (1995). Performance of Epoxy and Polyester Polymer Concrete. Angew. Chem. Submitted
for publication.
Bahan rujukan yang tidak diterbitkan
Contoh:
Hasnah Mohd Sirat. Pengasingan Sebatian Diterpena daripada Achasma. Tidak diterbitkan.
Perundangan
Nama Negara (Tahun). Tajuk perundangan. Nombor Perundangan.
Contoh:
Malaysia (1983). Perintah Monumen Lama dan Tapak Tanah Bersejarah. P.U.(A)41 1983.
Standard
Nama Standard (tahun). Tajuk Standard. Tempat dicetak, Nombor Standard.
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Contoh:
British Standards Institution (1987). Tongued and Grooved Software Flooring. London, BS 1297.
Katalog Komersial
Nama Pengedar (Tahun). Tajuk. Tempat dicetak: Nota.
Contoh:
Howick Partitioning Ltd. (1984). Howick: Partitioning in Business. Redhill (U.K.): Trade Brochure.
Rujukan dari Internet
Walaupun internet menyediakan maklumat yang banyak, namun informasi dari internet tidak kekal dan
selalu dikemaskini mengikut masa tertentu. Oleh yang demikian, kenyataan serta fakta ini TIDAK
BOLEH menjadi sandaran rujukan. Internet hanya boleh digunakan untuk menjejaki sumber asal
(primer) rujukan.
4.4 Lampiran
Sesuatu penulisan tidak semestinya mengandungi lampiran. Sekiranya ada, lampiran perlu
dinomborkan dan diberi tajuk. Lampiran hendaklah ditulis selepas kandungan utama ataupun teks
utama. Lampiran boleh mengandungi bahan-bahan penyokong contohnya graf, spektrum, atau
kromatogram; senarai dokumen dan sebagainya. Bagi laporan projek yang mengandungi program
komputer, program berkaitan hendaklah disalin dan diletakkan dalam lampiran. Contoh lampiran
ditunjukkan dalam Lampiran 23.
5.0 PENYERAHAN LAPORAN PROJEK UNTUK PENILAIAN
Satu salinan laporan projek dalam bentuk „spiral bound‟ hendaklah disiapkan dan dihantar
MENGIKUT TARIKH yang ditetapkan oleh Jawatankuasa Projek Sarjana Muda. Salinan laporan
projek tersebut hendaklah ditandatangani oleh Penyelia terlebih dahulu SEBELUM diserahkan
kepada Ahli Jawatankuasa Projek Sarjana Muda Jabatan Kimia. Pemeriksa dalaman Jabatan akan
membuat penilaian dan markah penilaian akan diberi berdasarkan kepada laporan projek yang
diserahkan ini. Segala cadangan pembetulan oleh pemeriksa atau penilai hendaklah dipatuhi oleh
pelajar setelah berbincang dengan penyelia sebelum naskah laporan projek dijilid.
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5.1 Prosiding Projek Sarjana Muda
Setiap pelajar dikehendaki menyediakan prosiding sepanjang LIMA HINGGA SEPULUH (5-
10) muka surat dengan langkau satu baris dan menyerahkan sebanyak DUA (2) salinan dalam
bentuk „hard copy‟ kepada Ahli Jawatankuasa Projek Sarjana Muda Jabatan Kimia. Prosiding ini akan
diserahkan kepada dua orang penilai untuk dinilai dan dijadikan rujukan ketika pelajar membentang
projek di Simposium Projek Sarjana Muda Jabatan Kimia pada tarikh yang ditetapkan. Format
prosiding dan contoh ditunjukkan dalam Lampiran 24 dan 25.
6.0 PEMBUKUAN LAPORAN PROJEK
6.1 Bilangan Salinan
Pelajar perlu menyediakan TIGA (3) salinan laporan projek berjilid keras. Satu salinan
laporan projek berjilid keras tersebut hendaklah diserahkan MENGIKUT TARIKH DITETAPKAN
kepada Ahli Jawatankuasa Projek Sarjana Muda Jabatan Kimia sebagai syarat pelajar LULUS
Projek Sarjana Muda (SSU 3924). Satu salinan diserahkan kepada Penyelia dan satu salinan lagi
untuk simpanan pelajar. Kegagalan menyerahkan naskah laporan projek berjilid keras kepada Ahli
Jawatankuasa Projek Sarjana Muda Jabatan Kimia akan mengakibatkan pelajar mendapat keputusan
GAGAL.
6.2 Perbelanjaan
Perbelanjaan menaip, mencetak, menjilid dan lain-lain ditanggung sepenuhnya oleh pelajar.
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SENARAI LAMPIRAN
LAMPIRAN TAJUK MUKA SURAT
1 Contoh Kulit Depan 13
2 Contoh Tetulang Naskah Laporan Projek 14
3 Borang Pengesahan Status Tesis 15
4 Contoh Halaman Judul 16
5 Halaman Pengesahan Penyelia 17
6 Halaman Pengakuan Pelajar 18
7 Contoh Halaman Dedikasi 19
8 Contoh Halaman Penghargaan 20
9 Contoh Abstrak 21
10 Contoh Abstract 22
11-12 Contoh Kandungan 23-24
13 Contoh Daftar Singkatan/Simbol/Istilah 25
14 Contoh Senarai Jadual 26
15 Contoh Senarai Rajah 27
16 Contoh Bab 28
17 Contoh Bahagian 29
18 Contoh Memasukkan Graf Dalam Teks 30
19 Contoh Memasukkan Gambar Dalam Teks 31
20 Contoh Jadual Dalam Teks 32
21 Contoh kedua Jadual Dalam Teks 33
22 Contoh Senarai Rujukan (mengikut sistem nombor) 34
23 Contoh Lampiran 1 35
24 Format Prosiding PSM 36
25 Contoh Prosiding PSM 2008 38
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ISOLATION AND APPLICATIONS OF RED PIGMENTS FROM
Serratia marcescens
(TIMES NEW ROMAN, FONT SIZE 12, BOLD, CENTER)
NUR ZULAIKHA BINTI YUSOF (BOLD)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
2.5 cm
2.5 cm 4.0 cm
2.5 cm
2.5 cm
2.5 cm
Lampiran 1: Contoh Kulit Depan
14
Lebar ≤ 25 mm Lebar ≤ 25 mm
Lebar ≤ 25 mm Lebar ≤ 25 mm
N
UR
ZU
LA
IKH
A Y
US
OF
BA
CH
EL
OR
OF
SC
IEN
CE
(IND
US
TR
IAL
CH
EM
IST
RY
) 2008 U
TM
NO
OR
AIS
HA
H A
LI B
AC
HE
LO
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F S
CIE
NC
E (C
HE
MIS
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008 U
TM
2008
UT
M
20 mm 20 mm
20 mm 20 mm
Font
Size 14
Lampiran 2: Contoh Tetulang Naskah Laporan
Projek
15
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
NOTES : * If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter
from the organisation with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.
DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT
Author’s full name : NUR ZULAIKHA BINTI YUSOF
Date of birth : 22 MARCH 1986
Title : ISOLATION AND APPLICATIONS OF RED PIGMENTS FROM Serratia
marcescens
Academic Session: 2007/2008
I declare that this thesis is classified as :
CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official
Secret Act 1972)*
RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the
organisation where research was done)*
OPEN ACCESS I agree that my thesis to be published as online open
access (full text)
I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows :
1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the
purpose of research only.
3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange.
Certified by :
…………………………. ………………………………………….
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
860322-46-5434 PROF. DR. WAN AZLINA AHMAD (NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.) NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Date : APRIL 2008 Date : APRIL 2008
Lampiran 3: Borang Pengesahan Status Tesis
16
ISOLATION AND APPLICATIONS OF RED PIGMENTS FROM
Serratia marcescens
X
NUR ZULAIKHA BINTI YUSOF
X
A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Science (Industrial Chemistry)
Y
Faculty of Science
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Y
2008
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Lampiran 4: Contoh Halaman Judul
17
“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is
sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Science (Industrial Chemistry)*”
Signature : ………………………………….
Name of Supervisor : ………………………………….
Date :………………………………….
* or Bachelor of Science (Chemistry)
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Lampiran 5: Contoh Pengesahan Penyelia
18
“I declare that this report entitled “Isolation and Applications of Red Pigments
from Serratia marcescens “is the result of my own research except as cited in the
references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not currently
submitted in candidature of any other degree.”
Signature : .............................................
Name : NUR ZULAIKHA BINTI YUSOF
Date : 30 APRIL 2008
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Lampiran 6: Halaman Pengakuan Pelajar
19
Sample of a dedication page
To my beloved mother and father
(tidak melebihi lima (5) baris,
Times New Roman, font 12, bold, spacing 1.5, Italic, center)
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Lampiran 7: Contoh Halaman Dedikasi
20
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
4 line spacing
Special thanks go to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Wan Azlina Ahmad, for her
help during the course of this research. Without her time and patience much of this
work could not have been accomplished. I have gained a lot of knowledge and
experience during doing this research.
I also would like to express my gratitude to PM. Dr. Farediah Ahmad and
PM. Mohd. Nazlan bin Mohd. Muhid for their guidance in FTIR analysis, as well as
PM Dr Wan Yunus and Nor Amalina Zulkifli from UiTM, Shah Alam for their
guiding and assistance in completion some part of this research.
A million thanks also go to Dr. Zainul Akmal Zakaria, all Biotech. Master
students, Biotech. research assistance and to my entire fellow friends for their
knowledge, encouragement and guidance throughout the research.
Last but not least, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my beloved
family for their continuous support, advices and motivation for me to complete my
research .Thank you so much.
(Maksimum 1 muka surat sahaja)
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Lampiran 8: Contoh Halaman Penghargaan
21
ABSTRAK
4 line spacing
Terdapat trend peningkatan terhadap penggantian pewarna sintetik oleh
pigmen semulajadi kerana permintaan yang tinggi oleh pengguna untuk produk
semulajadi. Pengguna telah menyedari bahawa produk semulajadi adalah lebih
selamat dan mesra alam. Dalam kajian ini, pemencilan dan pengaplikasian pigmen
dari Serratia marcescens, telah dijalankan. Penghasilan pigmen merah oleh Serratia
marcescens telah dinilai di dalam pelbagai medium iaitu cecair sisa nenas, kaldu
nutrien, gula merah dan campuran cecair sisa nenas dan gula merah untuk mencari
medium terbaik untuk penghasilan pigmen. Selepas itu, pigmen bakteria telah
diekstrak menggunakan cara pendidihan dan pengekstrakan pelarut untuk
penggunaan seterusnya dalam pewarnaan fabrik (akrilik, kapas, poliester, poliester
mikroserat dan sutera), pembuatan kertas dan pembuatan lilin. Semua fabrik telah
diuji daya tahan warnanya terhadap basuhan, perpeluhan, cahaya dan
geseran/gosokan menggunakan kaedah piawai (MS ISO). Daripada keputusan kajian,
warna pigmen yang paling terang telah diperolehi apabila Serratia marcescens
dibiakkan di dalam 10% gula merah. Teknik pendidihan telah dipilih sebagai cara
pengekstrakan terbaik disebabkan oleh pengendaliannya yang mudah terutamanya
untuk aplikasi skala besar. Akrilik yang diwarnakan telah menunjukkan tahan warna
yang tinggi terhadap semua rawatan luaran berbanding kapas, poliester, poliester
mikroserat dan sutera. Semua fabrik kecuali kapas menunjukkan tahan warna yang
rendah terhadap cahaya tetapi dalam lingkungan yang agak baik untuk ujian tahan
warna yang lain. Pigmen dari Serratia marcescens telah berjaya diaplikasikan di
dalam pewarnaan fabrik dan pembuatan lilin.
(Maksimum 1 muka surat dalam 1 perenggan sahaja)
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Lampiran 9: Contoh Abstrak
22
ABSTRACT
4 line spacing
There has been an increasing trend towards replacement of synthetic
colorants by natural pigments because of the strong consumer demand for more
natural products. Consumers have realized that natural products are much safer and
environmental friendly. In this study, the isolation and applications of pigments from
Serratia marcescens, was carried out. The red pigments production by Serratia
marcescens were evaluated in various media namely liquid pineapple waste (LPW),
nutrient broth, brown sugar (BS) and mixtures of LPW-BS to find the best media for
pigments production. The bacterial pigments was then extracted using boiling and
solvent extraction method for further use in fabric (acrylic, cotton, polyester,
polyester microfibre and silk) dyeing, candle making and paper making. The fabrics
were tested for its colourfastness towards washing, perspiration, light and
rubbing/crocking using standard method (MS ISO). From results of the study, the
most intense pigment was obtained when Serratia marcescens was grown in 10%
BS. The boiling technique was chosen as the best extraction method due to its simple
handling especially for the large-scale applications. The dyed acrylic fabric displayed
the highest colourfastness to all the external treatments compared to cotton,
polyester, polyester microfiber and silk. All other fabrics except cotton displayed low
colourfastness against light but tolerable range for other colourfastness tests. The
pigments from Serratia marcescens was successfully applied for fabric dyeing and
candle making.
(maximum 1 paragraph in 1 page)
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Lampiran 10: Contoh Abstract
23
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
AUTHOR’ DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF APPENDICES
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
xi
xii
xiii
xiv
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background of Study
1.2 Statement of Problem
1.3 Objective and Scope of Study
1.4 Significance of Study
1
2
2
2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Definition of Pigment
2.2 General Properties of Pigments
2.2.1 Principle Properties of Pigments
2.3 Classification of Pigments
4
5
5
6
2.4 Bacteria and Pigments 7
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Lampiran 11: Contoh Kandungan
24
3 EXPERIMENTAL
3.1 Materials 14
3.1.1 Bacteria 14
3.1.2 Growth Medium 15
3.1.2.1 Nutrient Broth 15
3.1.2.2 Nutrient Agar 16
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25
4.1 Growth Profile of Serratia marcescens 25
4.2 Factors Affecting the Production of
Pigments by Serratia marcescens 26
4.2.1 Effect of Temperature 26
4.2.2 Effect of Different Media 27
4.3 Characterizations of Pigments from Serratia
marcescens 27
4.3.1 FT-IR Spectroscopic Analysis 27
5 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 42
REFERENCES 44
APPENDICES 50
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Lampiran 12: Contoh Kandungan
25
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
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A - Acrylic
AATCC - American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
BS - Brown sugar
C - Cotton
DDW - Distilled deionized water
FT-IR - Fourier Transform Infrared
g - Gram
kPa - kiloPascal
L - Liter
LPW - Liquid pineapple waste
M - Molar
mg - Miligram
mL - Mililiter
N - Normality
NB - Nutrient broth
nm - Nanometer
OD - Optical density
PPD - Phenylenediamine
Pm - Polyester microfiber
rpm - Rotation per minute
RNA - Ribonucleic acid
rRNA - Ribosomal ribonucleic acid
S. marcescens - Serratia marcescens
(Nota: Daftar singkatan yang digunakan mestilah yang telah diiktiraf
penggunaannya di dalam penulisan makalah kimia dalam bahasa Inggeris. Tidak
perlu buat singkatan untuk bahan kimia dan unit yang lazim)
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Lampiran 13: Contoh Daftar Singkatan/Simbol/Istilah
26
LIST OF TABLES
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TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
3 line spacing
Dyeing performance of the pigment on the fabrics
The standard method and equipment used for the
testing of fabrics
The rating for change in colour (a) and staining of
fabrics (b)
The rating of fabrics for colourfastness to light
The rating for change in colour (a) and staining (b)
of the fabrics
The rating for staining of fabrics towards rubbing/
crocking
The stability of pigments on paper to fluorescent
lamp and sunlight
35
36
38
39
40
40
43
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inci)
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Lampiran 14: Contoh Senarai Jadual
27
2.5 cm
LIST OF FIG URES
4 line spacing
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
3 line spacing
The structure of prodigiosin
The structure of violecein
The structure of β-carotene
The structure of phycocyanin
Growth profile of S. marcescens
Culture of red bacteria in nutrient broth grown
at: (a) 25oC, (b) 30
oC and 37
oC
Colour intensity of pigments in different
media; (a) nutrient broth, (b) brown sugar 10%,
(c) brown sugar 1%, (d) liquid pineapple waste,
(e) control liquid pineapple waste, (f) control
brown sugar 10%, (g) control brown sugar 1%,
(h) control nutrient broth
Effect of time on pigments production
FT-IR spectrum of the pellets at different
times of bacterial growth
The stability of pigments at varying pH
UV/Vis absorption spectra of red pigments as
function of pH
Boling extraction method
Pigments extracted using petroleum ether
The UV/Vis spectrum for pigment extracted
using petroleum ether
9
9
10
10
25
27
27
28
29
30
31
32
32
33
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(1.27 cm)
inci)
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Lampiran 15: Contoh Senarai Rajah
28
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CHAPTER I
4x single spacing
INTRODUCTION
4x single spacing
1.1 Background of Study
2x single spacing
Synthetic colourants have been widely used in the industries for many years.
However, most of the synthetic colourants are toxic and some are potentially
carcinogenic if compared to natural pigments. The U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (USFDA) reported that 3 of 18 approved synthetic dyes caused
cancer in animals where 31,000 lbs of these dangerous dyes had already been
consumed by the U.S. public. Some of the examples for these carcinogenic
colourants are “Butter yellow" which was used for butter and olive oil, "light green
SF" for green peas, and thiourea used to prevent oranges from spoiling [1].
2x single spacing
As an alternative, the natural pigments were introduced to replace the
synthetic pigments due to their safety image, general health and numerous other
important properties [2].
4x single spacing
1.2 Statement of Problem
(Teks bermula di sini, 1.27 cm di jidar kiri dan bersambung ke jidar kiri bagi
baris kedua dan seterusnya serta “justify” kiri dan kanan. Taip menggunakan jarak
satu setengah baris dan perenggan berikutnya jarak teks dari jidar kiri 1.27 cm.)
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Lampiran 16: Contoh Bab
29
(Teks dari muka surat sebelum ini disambung di sini.)
4x single spacing
2.4 Bacteria and Pigments
2x single spacing
Microorganisms such as bacteria are important for many reasons, particularly
because they produce things that are of value to us [11]. One of the most important
product produce by bacteria is pigment. There are several examples of bacteria and
its pigment. Chromobacterium lividium, was rod-shaped, gram-negative, and
produced viscid colonies with abundant violet pigment on Tryptone glucose yeast
extract agar. The pigment appeared to be similar to that of other known species of
Chromobacterium and assisted in identification of the genus of the causative
organism [12].
2x single spacing
Recently, Alteromonas rubra was reported to produce new prodigiosin-like
pigments. Alteromonas rubra have three strains of red, antibiotic-producing marine
bacteria, which are commonly found in Mediterranean coastal waters during the
autumn months.
4x single spacing
2.4.1 Primary and Secondary Metabolites
2x single spacing
Pigments can be produced either as primary or secondary metabolites of
bacterial growth. Primary metabolite is one that is formed during the growth phase of
the microorganism. The products (pigments) were formed in parallel with growth
and the formations of products are not dependent on growth conditions (composition
of the medium). In addition, the production of pigments is not significantly
overproduced. The pigments are not essential for the growth and reproduction of
bacteria because the cell can still maintain normal growth rate after bleaching where
all the pigments have been removed [18]. An example of bacteria which produces
pigments as primary metabolites is Clavibacter agropyri [19].
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Lampiran 17: Contoh Bahagian
30
4.1 Growth Profile of S. Marcescens
2x single spacing
Figure 4.1 shows the growth profile of S. marcescens in NB. The normal
growth profile consisted of three phases; lag, log and stationary phase.
2x single spacing
Figure 4.1: Growth profile of S. marcescens (center)
2x single spacing
For this growth profile, lag phase was not visible as exponential growing
culture was used to inoculate the medium causing cells to commence growth
immediately. The log phase lasted for about 8 hours after inoculation into fresh
medium. After eight hours the growth was slow and the population reached the
stationary phase. This might be due to the depletion of nutrients present in the growth
medium [13].
Jika tajuk graf, rajah atau ilustrasi melebihi dua baris (spacing 1, justify kiri dan
kanan)
Figure 4.3: Colour intensity of pigments in different media; (a) nutrient broth, (b)
brown sugar 10%, (c) brown sugar 1%, (d) liquid pineapple waste, (e) control liquid
pineapple waste, (f) control brown sugar 10%, (g) control brown sugar 1%, (h)
control nutrient broth.
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (Hours)
Op
tic
al D
en
sit
y, O
D 6
00
StationaryLog
Lampiran 18: Contoh Memasukkan Graf Dalam Teks
31
Figure 4.2: Culture of S. marcescens in nutrient broth grown at: (a) 25oC, (b) 30
oC
and 37oC.
4.2.2 Effect of Different Media
S. marcescens was grown in different media (NB, LPW 100%, BS 1% in
LPW, BS 10% in LPW, BS 1% in DDW and BS 10% in DDW) in order to select the
best medium for the pigments production. The production of red pigments differed
considerably, depending on the medium used.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
Figure 4.3: Colour intensity of pigments in different media; (a) nutrient broth, (b)
brown sugar 10%, (c) brown sugar 1%, (d) liquid pineapple waste, (e) control liquid
pineapple waste, (f) control brown sugar 10%, (g) control brown sugar 1%, (h)
control nutrient broth.
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(a) (c) (b)
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Lampiran 19: Contoh Memasukkan Gambar Dalam Teks
32
4.5.1.1 Colourfastness Test
Colourfastness of a fabric refers to the ability of the fabric to maintain its
colour under several external conditions. These include colourfastness to crocking,
washing, perspiration, and light. The basic principle for colourfastness testing was to
compare the tested fabrics with the Gray Scale for change in colour and staining. The
AATCC (American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists) ratings for
change in colour and staining ranged from 1-5 were used [29]. The standard method
and equipments used in testing of fabrics is shown in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2: The standard method and equipment used for the testing of fabrics
(tajuk jadual sebaris, center)
Fabric testing Standard Method Equipment
Colourfastness to MS ISO 105-C01-1996 Auto wash, colour
matching cabinet
i) Washing MS ISO 105-A05-2003 Change in colour
MS ISO 105-A04-2003 Staining
ii) Perspiration MS ISO 105-E04-1996 Perspirometer
MS ISO 105-A05-2003 Change in colour
MS ISO 105-A04-2003 Staining
iii) Light MS ISO 105-B02-2001 Light fastness tester
iv) Rubbing/Crocking MS ISO 105-X12-2001 Crockmeter
MS ISO 105-A04-2003 Staining
(Jika tajuk jadual panjang, tajuk ditulis mulai sebelah kiri, justify, langkau sebaris)
Jadual 3.9: Jadual peratus kandungan minyak dalam hampas buah kelapa sawit
yang ditentukan dengan kaedah gravimetri (langkau satu baris jika
panjang)
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Lampiran 20: Contoh Jadual Dalam Teks
33
Table 2.2: The 1
H-NMR and 13
C-NMR Data of Compounds (118) and 4-hydroxyl-
onchocarpin
Carbons Compound (118) 4-hydroxylonchocarpin [68]
13C
NMR
1H-NMR
13C
NMR
1H-NMR
1 127.5 - 127.4 -
2 131.9 7.74 (1H, d, J =8.6 Hz) 131.9 7.72 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz)
3 116.8 6.91 (1H, d, J =8.6 Hz) 116.8 6.89 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz)
4 160.4 - 160.3 -
5 116.8 6.91 (1H, d, J =8.6 Hz) 116.8 6.89 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz)
6 131.9 7.74 (1H, d, J =8.6 Hz) 131.9 7.72 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz)
118.1 7.75 (1H, d, J = 15.6
Hz)
117.9 7.73 (1H, d, J = 15.2 Hz)
145.6 7.84 (1H, d, J = 15.6
Hz)
145.6 7.82 (1H, d, J = 15.2 Hz)
C=O 193.2 - 193.2 -
1 109.9 - 109.8 -
2 161.2 14.05 (s, OH) 161.2 n.a
3 114.9 - 114.9 -
4 161.7 - 162.0 -
5 108.8 6.36 (1H, d, J = 8.9 Hz) 108.8 6.33 (1H, d, J = 8.9 Hz)
6 132.2 8.05 (1H, d, J = 8.9 Hz) 132.2 8.02 (1H, d, J = 8.9 Hz)
1 116.3 6.75 (1H, d, J =10.0 Hz) 116.3 6.67 (1H, d, J = 10.0 Hz)
2 129.2 5.71 (1H, d, J =10.0 Hz) 129.2 5.68 (1H, d, J = 10.0 Hz)
3 78.5 - 78.5 -
4 28.5 1.44 (6H, s)
28.5 1.48 (6H, s)
5 28.5 28.5
n.a - not available
Nota: Jadual mesti di’centerkan’. Saiz font di dalam jadual boleh dikecilkan
sehingga size 10. Pastikan data di dalam jadual berada ditengah-tengah baris.
2.5 cm
2.5 cm
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Lampiran 21: Contoh kedua Jadual Dalam Teks
34
2.5 cm
REFERENCES
4x single spacing
(1.27 cm)
1. Burkill, I.H. (1935). A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay
Peninsula, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, 123-140.
2. Wade Jr., L.G. (2006). Organic Chemistry. 6th.
Ed. New Jersey, USA:
Prentice Hall. 189-278.
3. Endud, S. and Wong, K.-L. (2007). Mesoporous Silica MCM-48 Molecular
Sieve Modified with SnCl2 in alkaline Medium for Selective Oxidation of
Alcohol, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 101, 256-263.
4. Sirat, H.M., Ahmad, F., Susanti, D. and Ali, R.M. (2007). Antioxidant and
Cytotoxic Flavonoids from the Flowers of Melastoma malabathricum L.
Food Chemistry. 103, 710-716.
5. Sukiman Sarmani (1987). Pencemaran Radioaktif. dlm. Ahmad Badri
Mohamad, Perspektif Persekitaran, Petaling Jaya: Fajar Bakti. 71-87.
6. Sheta, A.F. and Jong, K.D. (1996). Parameter Estimation of Nonlinear
Systems in Noisy Environments Using Genetic Algorithms. Proceedings of
the 1996 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control. September
15-18. Dearborn, Michigan: IEEE, 360 - 365.
7. Tan Yan Peng (2001). Kajian Minyak Pati Ocimum basilicum dan Mentha
arvensis. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Tesis Ijazah Sarjana Muda.
8. Lindgren, A.E. (1988). Screen Room Air Inlet and Wave Guard. (U.S. Patent
6, 379, 457).
2.5 cm
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2.5 cm
Lampiran 22: Contoh Senarai Rujukan (mengikut sistem nombor)
35
Lam
pir
an 1
: S
pek
trum
In
fram
erah
Bag
i K
RG
1
4.0 cm 2.5 cm
2.5 cm
Lampiran 23: Contoh Lampiran 1
36
Final Year Project Proceeding, Session 2011/2012
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UTM (Times New Roman, Font 11, Italic)
PHYTOCHEMICALS FROM THE LEAVES OF ARTOCARPUS
SP. (Times New Roman, Font 14, Bold, ALL CAPS) (Enter)
(Enter)
Nur Azlin Othman and Shajarahtunnur Jamil (Times New Roman, Font 11, Bold)
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor
Bahru. (Times New Roman, Font 11, Italic)
(Enter)
Abstract (Times New Roman, Font 11, Bold)
(Enter)
Chemical investigation of the extracts from the leaves of Artocarpus sp. furnished six known
compounds, carpachromene (1), cycloartocarpesin (2), norartocarpetin (3), 2′-hydroxy-
4,4′,6′-trimethoxychalcone (4), friedelin (5) and lupeol (6). The structures of these
compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data and also comparison with
data reported in the literature. Compounds (1), (2), (3) and (6) exhibited cytotoxic activity
against MCF-7 human cancer cell. (Not more than 200 words, 1 paragraph, Times New
Roman, Font 11).
(Enter)
Keywords: Artocarpus, Moraceae, flavone, chalcone, cytotoxic (Not more than 5 keywords,
Times New Roman, Font 11)
(Enter)
(Enter) Introduction (Times New Roman, Font 11, Bold) (Enter)
Artocarpus is the most encountered genus, representatives of the Moraceae which distributed
over tropical and tropical regions. The genus Artocarpus consists of approximately 50
species, which are indigenous to the region of Southeast Asia [1]. However, the greatest
diversity is in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. In Malaysia, there are 9 genera and
137 species, mostly are tropical from lowlands to mountain forests. Artocarpus species is
noted as an abundant source of flavonoids, a class compounds which has chemistry and
biological activity properties attraction including antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity,
antiplatelet activity, anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxic activity against various cell
lines [2-3]. (Enter)
Artocarpus fulvicortex is one of Malaysian rare Artocarpus species. This plant is
locally known as „keledang tampang gajah‟. It is medium-sized tree with orange brown or
reddish brown bark [4]. Within the scope of continuation search for bioactive compounds
from natural plants, the leaves of A. fulvicortex were further investigated. In this paper, we
report the isolation and structural elucidation of six known compounds (1-6). In addition, all
the compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against TE-1, A549, MCF-7,
C33A, and CaCO2 cells. (Times New Roman, Font 11, justify)
(Enter)
(Enter)
Experimental (Times New Roman, Font 11, Bold) (Enter)
Vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and gravity column chromatography were carried out
by using Merck silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh) and Merck silica gel 60 (70-230 mesh)
respectively. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on 0.20 mm precoated silica
gel aluminium sheets (Merck Kieselgel 60 F254). Spots were visualized by UV light (254 nm
and 365 nm) and sprayed with vanillin sulphuric acid reagent. Melting points were measured
by using melting point apparatus equipped with microscope, Leica Gallen III and were
uncorrected. The 1H NMR and
13C NMR (400 MHz and 100 MHz) spectra were recorded on
a Bruker Avance 400 spectrometer. Residual solvents were used as an internal standard.
Lampiran 24: Contoh Prosiding PSM
37
Infrared spectra were recorded on Perkin-Elmer series 1600 spectrophotometer as thin
film
(NaCl windows) for liquid samples or KBr pellet for solid samples. Gas chromatography
(GC) analysis was carried out on Hewlett Packard HP6890. GC-MS analysis was equipped
with Wiley Library Software.(Times New Roman, Font 11, justify) (Enter) (Enter)
(1) (2) (3)
(4) (5) (6) (Enter) (Enter) Plant Material (Times New Roman, Font 11, Bold, Italic) (Enter) Leaves of Artocarpus sp.with voucher number HTBP 962 were collected from Hutan Simpan Pelagak, Terengganu in September 2007. (Times New Roman, Font 11, justify) (Enter) Extraction and Isolation (Times New Roman, Font 11, Bold, Italic) (Enter)
The dried leaves of Artocarpus sp. (1.5 kg) was ground and sequentially extracted using
petroleum ether, CH2Cl2, EtOAc, and MeOH (4L each) at room temperature for 48 hours.
The extracts were filtered and extractions were repeated twice by adding fresh solvents. The
extracts were concentrated by using rotary evaporator to give viscous dark green sticky of
PE crude extract (16.1 g), CH2Cl2 crude extract (18.0 g), EtOAc crude extract (17.9 g) and
MeOH crude extract (78.5 g). A portion of MeOH crude of the leaves (50.0 g) was further
suspended in water, and then partitioned with dichloromethane (AFLMD) and ethyl acetate
(AFLME). The AFLMD crude extract (1.0 g) was chromatographed over Si gel (60 g),
eluting with n-hexane-EtOAc (9:1) to give 1 (15.3 mg). A portion of CH2Cl2 crude extract of
the leaves (12 g) was subjected to Si gel VLC (250 g) and eluted with n-hexane, n-hexane-
EtOAc, EtOAc, EtOAc-MeOH and MeOH in order of increasing the polarity gave seven
major fractions. Fraction 6 (2.8 g) was subjected to Si gel column chromatography (70 g)
and eluted by n-hexane-EtOAc (4:1) to afford (1) (99.2 mg). The EtOAc extract of the leaves
(10 g) was subjected to Si gel VLC (280 g) and eluted under gradient conditions with
increasing amounts of EtOAc in n-hexane to give twenty fractions. Fractions with a similar
pattern on TLC were combined to give seven major fractions. Fraction 3 (0.9 g) was further
purified by Si gel column chromatography (50 g) and eluted with n-hexane-EtOAc (4:1) to
give (2) (21.2 mg). The AFLME (1.0 g) was also subjected to Si gel column chromatography
(50 g) and eluted by n-hexane-EtOAc (7:3) to afford (3) (13.6 mg). The PE extract (15.0 g)
was fractionated by Si gel VLC (280 g) and eluted with n-hexane, n-hexane-Et2O, Et2O-
EtOAc, EtOAc, EtOAc-MeOH and MeOH in order of increasing the polarity to afford
twenty five fractions. The fractions with similar pattern of TLC profile were combined to
give six major fractions. Recrystallization of fraction 1 using Et2O gave compound (4)
O O
OH O
OH
12
13 11
10
9
67
88a
54a 4
3
21'
2'
3'
4'
5'
6'
O O
OH O
OH
12
13 11
10
9
67
88a
54a 4
3
21' 3'
4'
5'
6'
OH2'
O
OH O
OH
67
88a
54a 4
3
21' 3'
4'
5'
6'
OH2'
HO
MeO OMe
OMe
OOH
3'
23
4
5
6
14'
5'6'
1'2'
O
H
HO
38
(115.8 mg). Fraction 4 (3.1 g) was purified by Si gel column chromatography (150 g) using
n-hexane-EtOAc (9:1) as an eluent, to yield (5) (9.3 mg) and (6) (23.6 mg). (Times New
Roman, Font 11, justify) (Enter) (Enter) Results and Discussion (Times New Roman, Font 11, Bold) (Enter)
Sequential cold extraction of powdered leaves of Artocarpus (1.5 kg) at room temperature by
using different polarity of organic solvents for 48 hours each, afforded dark green sticky of
PE crude extract (16.1 g, 1.1%), dark green sticky of CH2Cl2 crude extract (18.0 g, 1.2%),
dark green sticky of EtOAc crude extract (17.9 g, 1.2%), and brown gum of MeOH crude
extract (78.5 g, 4.2%). The MeOH extract was further suspended in water, then partitioned
with CH2Cl2 and EtOAc to yield CH2Cl2-soluble extract (AFLMD) (1.1 g, 1.4%) and
EtOAc-soluble extract (AFLME) (1.2 g, 1.5%). (Enter)
Compound (1) was obtained from the CH2Cl2 crude extract as pale yellow needles
(99.2 mg, 0.55%) with m.p. 236-238ºC, lit. 239-241ºC [5]. The TLC analysis with vanillin
sulphuric acid spraying reagent revealed a yellow spot suggesting a flavonoid. The IR
spectrum of compound (1) showed the presence of hydroxyl group at 3446 cm-1
, chelated
carbonyl group at 1656 cm-1
, C=C aromatic ring at 1615 cm-1
, and C-O stretching at 1297
cm-1
respectively. The UV spectrum displayed maximum absorptions at 236, 306, and 343
nm in MeOH, which was typical for a flavone derivative. The bathochromic shift induced by
NaOMe indicated the occurrence of free hydroxyl group at C-4' in ring B. While, after the
addition of AlCl3, the bathochromic shift of band II still occured, thus suggested the presence
of hydroxyl group at C-5 [6]. Analysis of the 1H NMR spectrum revealed the characteristic
signals of 2,2-dimethylchromene group. It was represented by a singlet signal integrated for
six protons at δ 1.49 corresponding to two methyl groups, H-12 and H-13, together with two
doublets at δ 6.68 and δ 5.78 (J = 10.0 Hz each) for the pyran olefinic protons, H-9 and H-10
respectively. Two doublets which formed an AA′BB′ spin system were also observed at δ
7.97 and δ 7.05 (2H each, J = 8.8 Hz) for the aromatic protons in the ring B. The isolated
protons appeared as singlets at δ 6.67 and δ 6.49 corresponding to H-3 and H-8 respectively.
A singlet signal resonated at downfield region δ 13.44 was assigned for chelating hydroxyl
group at C-5. The correlations between these protons can be observed in the 1H-
1H COSY
spectrum (Appendix 4). The signal at δ 7.97 (H-2′/H-6′) was coupled with the signal at δ
7.05 (H-3′/H-5′). Similarly, signal at δ 6.68 (H-9) was coupled with the signal at δ 5.78 (H-
10).
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Conclusion (Times New Roman, Font 11, Bold) (Enter) The sentences start here…..(Times New Roman, Font 11, justify) (Enter) (Enter)
References (Times New Roman, Font 11, Bold) (Enter)
1. Fabricant, D. S. and Farnsworth, N. R. (2001). The Value of Plants Used in
Traditional Medicine for Drug Discovery. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109:
69-75.
2. Newman, D. J., Cragg, G. M., Snader, K. M. (2000). The influence of Natural
Products upon Drug Discovery. Nat. Prod. Rep., 17, 215-234.
3. Mohammad, S. (2006). Anticancer Agents from Medicinal Plants. Bangladesh J.
Pharmacol., 1, 35-41.
4. Burkill, I. H. (1966). A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay
Peninsula. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives: Kuala Lumpur, 1-356.
5. Pecchio, M., Solis, P. N., Perez, J. L. L., Vasquez, Y., Rodriguez, N., Olmedo, D.,
Correa, M., Feliciano, A. S., Gupta, M. P. (2006). Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial
Benzophenones from the Leaves of Tovomita longifolia. J. Nat. Prod., 69, 410-413.
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6. Hakim, E.H., Achmad, S.A., Juliawaty, L.D., Makmur, L., Syah, Y.M., Aimi, N.,
Kitajima, M., Takayama, H., Ghisalberti, E.L. (2006). Prenylated flavonoids and
related compounds of the Indonesian Artocarpus (Moraceae). J. Nat. Med. 60,161-
184.
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© 2010 PSM Committee
Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Science