panama | may 2017 | lecciones y factores de éxito - microrredes rurales fotovoltaicas
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Lecciones y factores de éxito -
Microrredes Rurales Fotovoltaicas
Unai Arrieta Salgado
Trama TecnoAmbiental (TTA), Barcelona
Energía fuera de la red para el desarrollo rural en América
Latina y el Caribe - Taller de clausura
Ciudad de Panamá
2-3 Mayo 2017
• SME Founded in Barcelona en 1986
• Independent consultants and engineers in distributed renewable energy
Since 1987: Off-grid rural electrification practitioners
Design and Project management of RE-hybrid micro-power plants and micro grids for rural electrification in southern Europe, Africa, Latin America, Oceania …
Micro-grid project developers, implementers and operators
Other areas: Energy Efficiency, Sustainable Building, Distributed Urban PV
Trama TecnoAmbiental (TTA)
Member of:
3 villages
(Chad)
2002
2005
2009
Santo Antâo
(Cape Verde)
Las Balsas (Ecuador)
Akane
(Morocco)
2012
Cal Peraire
(Spain)
1987:
Beginning Farmhouses PV
electrification
(Spain)
1994
2006
Escuain
(Spain)
1997 Font:TTA
2007
Atouf
(Palestine)
Diakha Madina (Senegal)
Beni Said
(Morocco)
Isla
Floreana
(Ecuador)
2015 2016
4 villages
(Ghana)
Burundi
La Rambla del Agua
(Spain)
Tanzania
Rwanda and
Kenya
PV off-grid Micro-grid Experience
2014 2013
PROJECT CYCLE OF A MICRO-GRID
1. Project identification 2. Need assessment and data gathering
4. Techno-economic analysis
5. Engineering 6. Procurement
7. Installation 8. Commissioning 9. Capacity building 10. Service operation
3. Business model and tariff definition
Usos
productiv
os
CHALLENGE: SHARING THE ENERGY AVAILABLE WITHOUT CONFLICTS
Need comprehensive experience in technical and management levels with multidisciplinary skills
Need innovative approach to energy distribution and metering!
HIGHLIGHTED CHALLENGES OF MICROGRIDS
Social Aspects
• Identifying final users’ energy needs (energy services-electricity)
• Sharing the available energy / resource without conflicts
Management of individual energy
demand
• Provide incentives to use the available energy at moments with generation surplus
• Accumulate energy not used, for each user, independently
• Guide users on how to improve energy use habits
Technical-economic sustainability of
service
• Ensure that battery, inverters etc. operate within design thresholds
• Reduce tariff collection uncertainty
• Tariffs reflect real operating costs
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
BUSINESS MODEL
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS
DEMAND CHARACTERIZATION
QUALITY SOLUTION (ENGINEERING & COMPONENTS)
METERING CONCEPT
and TARIFFS
PROCUREMENT & LOGISTICS
O&M
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
BUSINESS MODEL
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS
DEMAND CHARACTERIZATION
QUALITY SOLUTION (ENGINEERING & COMPONENTS)
METERING CONCEPT
and TARIFFS
PROCUREMENT & LOGISTICS
O&M
1. ASSESS THE ENERGY DEMAND
Demand characterisation
2. COMPARATIVE DEMAND CHARACTERISATION
Assessment of load categories based on data analysis of similar villages and own experience
– Through surveys, questionnaires and own observation
– The users are not experts
– Define users’ demand requirements
– Consider socio-economic data
Pefil consumo para uso doméstico, servicios, pequeña industria (<200
kWh/mes)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
3,5 14
24,5 35
45,5 56
66,5 77
87,5 98
108,5
119
129,5
140
Rangos de consumo mensual (kWh)
us
ua
rio
s %
de
l to
tal
Added value solution: Scalable
Monte Trigo, Cape Verde
Chad
Financial Sustainability :
• Tariffs designed to ensure enough revenues to cover its M&O&M, replacement and unforeseen costs and, including or not, pay-back of investment
Tariff Schemes for energy management
Tariff schemes:
-Power-based
-Energy-based
-Service-based (EDA)
-Combination of above
Linked to the quality of service:
Service duration Service disruption
(max)
24/7 ˂ 1%
18/24, 12/24, … ˂ 10%, ˂ 15%, …
Weekends On demand
Seasonal …
METERING AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Electricity Dispenser
ENERGY DAILY ALLOWANCE TARIFF
IMPLEMENTATION
Electricity metering
Vending system Energy and Financial
audit
Clients’ management and financial statements
X Wh/day (flexible) and Y W or kW; pre-paid fixed monthly fee ($/month),
different for different energy/power levels. Dispensers allow for a flexible
and smart energy demand:
•Management of individual energy depending on status of micro-grid.
•User interface red/green LEDs for awareness and demand management
•Equipment operates within design thresholds extending life
•Simplified financial planning and transparent, between operator and users
The EDA algorithm
As an analogy, we can imagine the dispenser as a buffer water tank The tank gets a constant trickle inflow from the micro-grid proportional to the contracted energy daily allowance The tank empties as energy is consumed
When the consumption is equal to the fill up rate we are in balanced consumption The tank has a capacity equivalent to 3 days of energy daily allowance You can use this energy anytime but you cannot store more units than the tank’s capacity
DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
Give incentives to the users to shift their demand to follow energy production times
Radiation W/m2
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Bonus f > 52 Hz
Restriction f < 49 Hz
Normal Normal
08:00 12:00 16:00 06:00 18:00
Low SOC of battery
Battery fully charged
Legal Framework
• Create or adapt regulation to the reality of off-grid areas, both in
terms of socio-economic aspects and technology aspects
• Open to different tariff schemes (such as EDA) and allow
methodologies to set schemes/rates different to grid-connected (for
instance, rates based on agreements between users and operators)
• Set how/what subsidies are applicable; rather subsidise capital
costs than recurrent tariffs
• Regulate and recognise the “right to exist” (as any other business)
of private, local micro-grid operators
• Simplify administrative / bureaucratic processes for small projects
(for instance below 1MW, 2MW etc.)
Cost structure – capital costs
CAPEX
Generation
(Wp)
Storage
(kWh)
Conversion
(kVA)
Distribution grid
(km, connexions)
Logistics / R
emo
tene
ss
Services / Local m
arket matu
rity/risk