PAMUKKALE PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITY

DENİZLİDENİZLİ, TURKEY, TURKEY

www.pamukkale.edu.trwww.pamukkale.edu.tr

National Technical Waste National Technical Waste Management Report from TurkeyManagement Report from Turkey

PAMUKKALE PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITY

DENDENIIZLZLI, TURKEYI, TURKEY

Asst. Prof. Selçuk TOPRAK

Asst. Prof. Osman Nuri AĞDAĞ

Asst. Prof. Abdullah Cem KOÇ

Assoc. Prof. Hüseyin SELÇUK

Dr. Mahmut FIRAT

IntroductionIntroduction

Management of the increasing quantities of solid waste is a Management of the increasing quantities of solid waste is a global environmental issue. global environmental issue.

The issue of waste is not only because of increasing quantities The issue of waste is not only because of increasing quantities but also largely because of an inadequate management but also largely because of an inadequate management system. system.

In general, there is a lack of organization and planning in In general, there is a lack of organization and planning in waste management due to insufficient information about waste management due to insufficient information about regulations and due to financial restrictions in many regulations and due to financial restrictions in many developing countries, like in Turkey.developing countries, like in Turkey.

Municipal solid waste is normally disposed of in an open dump Municipal solid waste is normally disposed of in an open dump in many Turkin many Turkishish cities and towns. cities and towns.

There are 3215 municipalities and 16 of them are metropolitan There are 3215 municipalities and 16 of them are metropolitan municipalities. municipalities.

Approximately 3000 municipalities have solid waste Approximately 3000 municipalities have solid waste management services. Solid waste generation rate in Turkey is management services. Solid waste generation rate in Turkey is about 1.34 kg per capita. about 1.34 kg per capita.

Simple landfill or dump is used for disposal of solid waste in a Simple landfill or dump is used for disposal of solid waste in a big part of the country. But, the numbers of sanitary landfill and big part of the country. But, the numbers of sanitary landfill and composting plant have been increased recentlycomposting plant have been increased recently

There are three official agencies interested in solid There are three official agencies interested in solid waste management in Turkey.waste management in Turkey.

– Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Forestry,

– State Institute of Statistics (SIS) State Institute of Statistics (SIS) – MMunicipalities. unicipalities.

Ministry of Environment and Forestry publishes Ministry of Environment and Forestry publishes and implements regulations related to solid and implements regulations related to solid waste managementwaste management

SIS publishes one of the major sources of information SIS publishes one of the major sources of information of solid waste in Turkey. of solid waste in Turkey.

Municipalities have responsible for collection and Municipalities have responsible for collection and transportation of solid waste, disposal of solid waste transportation of solid waste, disposal of solid waste and recovery and recycling of solid waste. and recovery and recycling of solid waste.

Statistical DataStatistical Data Quantity of solid wasteQuantity of solid waste - I - I The quantity and general composition of the The quantity and general composition of the

waste material is very important in the waste material is very important in the design and operation of solid waste design and operation of solid waste management systems. management systems.

Average Solid Waste Generation of Turkey (Kg/person/day)

1.31 1.34 1.38 1.34

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Ave

rage

Sol

id W

aste

G

ener

atio

n (k

g/pe

rson

/day

)

Quantity of solid wasteQuantity of solid waste - II - II

Solid Waste Generat ion (ton/year)- 2004

500 000 1 000 000 1 500 000 2 000 000 2 500 000 3 000 000 3 500 000 4 000 000 4 500 000 5 000 000

Ankara Denizli İstanbul İzmir Kocaeli Konya

Cit ies

Solid

Was

te G

ener

atio

n (t

on/y

ear)

Total Solid Waste Generation of Some Major Cities of Turkey

Quantity of solid wasteQuantity of solid waste - III - III

Quantity of Solid Waste in a day

Quantity of Solid Waste - IV

Solid Waste Composition -I Solid Waste Composition -I

SeasonHSW

(kg/day)Organic and wet

(%)Ash and slug

(%)Recyclable

(%)

Summer 0.6 80.21 2.61 17.18

Winter 0.5 46.2 45.89 7.9

Average 0.57 68.87 17.04 14.09

Household solid waste (HSW) composition in Turkey

Data indicate that the majority of the household waste in Turkey is organic in nature, and that slug and ash constitute an important fraction.

But, these data belong to about five years ago. Natural gas has become the major source of energy used for household heating.

So, quantities of slug and ash have been decreasing recently

İSTANBUL İZMİR BURSA ADANA MERSİN organics 43 46 53.1 64.4 63

recyclable 33.9 31 36.4 25.2 29.4 paper

cardboard 7.8 12 18.4 14.8 18.42

plastics 14.2 12 11.6 5.92 6.69 metal 5.8 3 3 1.4 1.25 glass 6.2 4 3.4 3.08 3.08 others 23.1 23 10.5 11.4 7.6

Municipal solid waste composition in major cities of Turkey (%)

Solid Waste Composition -II Solid Waste Composition -II

Solid Waste Composition - 1993

12%

66%

22%

Recyclable Waste

Organic Waste

Ash and Slag

Solid Waste Composition - 2004

44%

44%

12%

Recyclable Waste

Organic Waste

Ash and Slag

Solid Waste CompositionSolid Waste Composition -III -III

Recyclable Waste Composition

46%

9%

18%

22%

5%

Paper and Cardboard

Metals

Glass

Plastics

Textiles

Solid Waste Composition -IV Solid Waste Composition -IV

Parameters Average Value

Moisture Content (%) 63.00

Total Nitrogen (mg/kg dry solid) 195.00

Calorific Value (kcal/kg) 2100

Total Carbon (% dry solid) 12.00

Total Volatile Solid (% dry solid) 67.00

pH 6.20

Solid Waste CompositionSolid Waste Composition - V - V

Collection of solid wastes - I

• Local Authorities (municipalities) have responsible for waste collection and transportation in Turkey.

• Different containers are used for interim storage of solid waste. Generally, the size of 0.4 and 0.7 m3 containers are used for interim storage in Turkey.

Interim Storage Tools

(For Mixed Domestic Waste and Capacity is 700 L )

Collection of solid wastes - II

For Household Hazardous Waste

Batteries Other Hazardous Waste

Collection of solid wastes - III

Generally, the solid waste collection method used in Turkey is curb-side collection method without source separation.

But, in some of cities of Turkey, source-separated collection is carried out.

Collection of solid wastes - IV

Source separated collection of glass and paper &cardboard in Denizli city, Turkey

Collection of solid wastes - V

COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES

For Mixed Domestic Waste

For Medical Waste

Collection of solid wastes - VI

Disposal of solid wastes - I

• In spite of efforts to change open waste disposal sites into sanitary landfills and to build modern recycling and composting facilities, Turkey, as an economically developing country, still has over 2000 open dumps.

• Unfortunately, unsanitary landfilling has still used in some cities and towns in Turkey. Municipalities are compelled to construct a sanitary landfill for disposal of own solid wastes by Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

Unsanitary landfilling in Çal town in Denizli, Turkey

Disposal of solid wastes - II

Disposal of solid wastes - III

• Municipalities are compelled to construct a sanitary landfill for disposal of own solid wastes by Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

• In addition, Ministry of Environment and Forestry supplies economical support to municipalities for removal of solid wastes with sanitary landfilling or composting

Municipality waste indicators (Data includes clinical waste amount)

2001 2002 Total number of municipalities 3215 3215 Number of municipalities receiving waste services 2915 2984 Rate of population receiving waste services in total population (%)

~77 ~77

Amount of waste collected (000 tons/year) 25133.7 25373.1 Amount of waste per capita (kg/capita-day) 1.31 1.34 Amount of waste per capita in summer season (kg/capita-day) 1.28 1.32 Amount of waste per capita in winter season (kg/capita-day) 1.32 1.34 Number of landfill 12 12 Capacity (000 tons) 261282 277195 Amount of waste disposed of (000 tons/year) 8304.2 7061.4 Number of composting plant 3 4 Capacity (000 tons) 299.3 664.3 Amount of waste disposed of (000 tons/year) 218.1 383.1 Number of incineration plant 3 3 Capacity (000 tons) 43.9 43.9 Amount of medical waste disposed of (000 tons/year) 11 9

Disposal of solid wastes - IV

Quantity of Municipal Solid Waste according to disposal methods- 2003

Composting%1.2

SanitaryLandfill %28.5

Discharge to lake or river

%0.9

OpenIncineration

%1.0

UnsanitaryLandfill %2.3

Others%2.7

Metropolitian Municipality

SanitaryLandfill%15.2

Municipality Open dump

%45.3

Small Scale Municipality Open dump

%2.9

SOLID WASTE REMOVAL SYSTEMS IN TURKEY

Disposal of solid wastes - V

Current, constructing and planned sanitary landfill areas in Turkey

Current sanitary landfill

Constructing sanitary landfill

Planned sanitary landfill

Disposal of solid wastes - VI

Some Landfill Plant in Turkey

Ankara Capacity: 2500 tons/day

İstanbul Served since 1993

Gaziantep Capacity: 1000 tons/day

Bursa Capacity: 700 tons/day

Marmaris Capacity: 75 tons/day

İzmir The first landfill plant in Turkey founded in 1992.

Kemer Capacity: 100 tons/day

Mersin Operated with composting and sorting facilities

Denizli Capacity: 600 tons/day

Disposal of solid wastes - VII

Sanitary landfill plant in Denizli, Turkey

Disposal of solid wastes - VIII

Current composting plants of Turkey (red colored)

Disposal of solid wastes - IX

The Europan landfill directive (1999) and the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (1994) aim to reduce the amount of biodegradable municipal wastes going to landfill. But, composting is the second preferred method in Turkey because of high cost, low public acceptance and limited usefulness.

Composting plant in Istanbul, Turkey

Disposal of solid wastes - X

Combustion Capacity: 35000 tons/year

Solid Waste: 2600 kg/h Liquid Waste: 1400 kg/h

Calorific Value: 86 Gj/h Generation of Electricity: 5.2 MW/h

Clinical and Hazardous Waste Incineration Plant (IZMIT)

Operation Date:

28 March 1997

Disposal of solid wastes - XI

Recovery and Recycling - I

• Waste minimization has been placed at the top of the solid waste management hierarchy. It consists of two basic operations: source reduction and recycling.

• In Turkey, separate collection programs for recyclable household waste by more than 60 municipalities, continuing in excess of three years, demonstrate solid evidence for public acceptance and continuing support from the citizens.

CityPaper and Cardboard

(%)

Metal (%)

Glass (%)

Plastics (%)

Textile (%)

Ankara 58.33 8.56 12.52 17.43 3.00

Bursa 47.29 5.89 22.18 17.06 7.43

Istanbul 48.11 8.27 15.91 23.26 4.20

Izmir 44.94 10.04 24.70 13.17 3.68

Kayseri 34.67 16.46 8.80 35.52 2.80

Samsun 43.76 5.23 16.73 22.17 11.82

Recyclable Solid Waste Percentage in some Cities of Turkey

Recovery and Recycling - II

• Solid waste recovery and recycling has been a long-standing commercial activity in Turkey. Glass and paper recycling have been conducted at industrial scales since the 1950s.

• With the recent investments in the recycling industry, almost all types plastic materials, glass, paper and metals can be recycled at industrial levels in Turkey.

• The scrap metal recycling industry essentially is built on small and medium scale scrap dealers spread around the country.

• Recyclable household waste such as plastics, paper & cardboard, glass are collected as source separated by municipality in some cities of Turkey. But, these types of wastes are mostly conducted by the scrap dealers and scavengers.

Recovery and Recycling - III

Amounts of packing waste in Turkey

Placed into market

(tons/year) Amount recovered

(tons) Recycling

(%) Paper and

board 1850000 700000 36

Glass 350000 80000 25 Plastics 550000 170000 30 Metal 150000 50000 30 Total 2900000 1000000 35

Recovery and Recycling - IV

Costs of Solid Waste Disposal Methods in Turkey

Disposal Methods Cost ($/ton)

Unsanitary Landfilling

1–3

Sanitary Landfilling 3–10

Composting 10–40

Incineration 30–80

Legal and Institutional Framework

There are many legislation related to environment such as; the regulation of water pollution control, regulation of air pollution control in Turkey.

In line with the Environment Law, several regulations about solid waste have been issued since 1983:

– Control of Solid Waste Regulation (1991)– Regulation on Control of Medical Waste (1993, updated in 2005)– Control of Hazardous Wastes Regulation (1993, updated in 2005)– Regulation on Waste Batteries and Accumulators (2004)– Packaging and Packaging Waste Control Regulations (2004)

Needs Analysis-Problems-Solutions

The following problems have been identified with regard to management of municipal solid waste:

• insufficient awareness of the society about environmental problems• insufficient separation of household waste• lack of instruments for the separation of solid wastes • lack of a uniform system for recording the municipal waste generated,• lack of waste recycling/reduction programs • lack of sanitary landfills because of low cost of unsanitary landfilling • insufficient treatment of leachate • lack of systematical tests of waste contents• lack of markets for waste recycling and reuse • lack of foundation for the management of waste• lack of efficient systems for the management of medical waste,• lack of a system of monitoring of the amount of medical waste

generated,• Lack of awareness of the effect of medical waste

Solutions

• Develop an environmental education program• Develop new waste management program for reducing, recycling and

reusing of waste• Develop a source separation plan • Develop recyclable products• Find some new foundations for sanitary landfilling and decrease the

cost of landfilling afterward• Stop unsanitary landfilling • Develop a waste management plan for household hazardous materials,

batteries, medical waste, explosive waste and waste oils• Collect data and make a strategy to decrease the quantity of total stored

waste in next years• Increase the energy recovery from waste• Integrating waste disposal regulations with the EU standards

Conclusion

• The review of municipal solid waste statistics in Turkey indicates that average municipal solid waste per capita is approximately 1.34 kg/day.

• The composition of municipal solid waste varies by the source of waste; however in all cases organic constituents is higher than 50% of municipal solid waste.

• There are 12 sanitary landfills, 4 composting plants and 3 incineration plants in Turkey. The number of these plants should be increased. Especially, small cities and towns have not a solid waste disposal plant.

• Solid waste collection and transportation are carried out by municipalities. But, the rate of source separation collection system should be increased.

• In addition, hospital waste should be collected and disposed apart from domestic waste in all region of Turkey.

• The importance of waste minimization, recovery and recycling should be explained to public

Conclusion