11

Dr. Choo Yuen MayDr. Choo Yuen MayDr. Harrison L.N. Lau Dr. Harrison L.N. Lau

PALM OIL AS FEEDSTOCK FOR BIODIESEL :

PRODUCTION & EXPORT FROM MALAYSIA

IEA Bioenergy Task 40 / ERIA Workshop, AIST, Tsukuba, Japan. 28-30 October 2009

22

CONTENTCONTENT• Introduction on Palm Oil

• Global Scenario on Oils and Fats

• Overview of Malaysian Palm Oil Industry

• Development of Malaysian Biodiesel Industry

- Production and Export Market

• The Way Forward

• Conclusion

MAP OF MALAYSIA

• Consists of 13 states (Peninsular Malaysia (11), Sabah and Sarawak) • Total landmass: 329,847 km2

• 3 major ethnics group: Malay, Chinese, Indian • Population: 27.7 million

33

44

Palm oil is derived from a perennial tree cropPalm oil is derived from a perennial tree crop((Elaeis guineensisElaeis guineensis))

55

The oil palm starts bearing fruits after 2.5 to 3 yearsThe oil palm starts bearing fruits after 2.5 to 3 years

66

OIL PALM TREEOIL PALM TREE

KernelMesocarp

OIL PALM FRUITOIL PALM FRUIT

77

• Oil palm fruits are processed at the mills.

• 5 tonnes fruits gives 1 tonne of CPO.

• CPO is refined into RBD palm oil and further fractionated as RBD palm olein.

8

•• economic life economic life span: 25 span: 25 –– 30 years30 years

•• slightly affected slightly affected by season and by season and weatherweather

•• harvested harvested throughout the yearthroughout the year

Advantage Advantage …….. palm oil!.. palm oil!

99

GLOBAL SCENARIO ON GLOBAL SCENARIO ON OILS AND FATSOILS AND FATS

1010

Soyabean Oil23%

Rapeseed Oil12%

Sunflower Oil7%

Animal Oils & Fats15%

Others16%

Palm Oil27%

Source: Oil World

WORLD OILS & FATS PRODUCTION, 2008 (160.5 MILLION TONNES)

1111

Palm Oil54%

Soyabean Oil17%

Sunflower Oil6%

Palm Oil Palm Kernel Oil Soyabean Oil Sunflower Oil

Rapeseed Oil Coconut Oil Other Veg. Oils Animal Oils/Fats

WORLD OILS & FATS EXPORT, 2008 (60.79 MILLION TONNES)

Source: Oil World

1212

Rapeseed Oil4%

Soyabean Oil17%

Palm Oil55%

Palm Oil Palm Kernel Oil Soyabean Oil Sunflower Oil

Rapeseed Oil Coconut Oil Other Veg. Oils Animal Oils/Fats

WORLD OILS & FATS IMPORT, 2008 (61.20 MILLION TONNES)

Source: Oil World

1313

17.719.3

1.2 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.42.4

0

5

10

15

20

25

Mal

aysi

a

Indo

nes

ia

Thai

lan

d

Nig

eria

Col

ombi

a

Ecu

ador

Pap

ua

New

Gu

inea

Oth

ers

Million Tonnes

Source: Oil World

WORLD MAJOR PRODUCERS OF PALM OIL, 2008 (43.1 MILLION TONNES)

1414

WORLD MAJOR EXPORTERS OF PALM OIL, 2008 (33.62 MILLION TONNES)

- 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00

MALAYSIA

Indonesia

Papua New Guinea

Colombia

Singapore

Cote d’Ivoire

Hong Kong

Others

Million Tonnes

Source: Oil World

1515

Others36%

Bangladesh3%

China, P.R.17%

EU14%

India16%

Pakistan5%

CIS4%

USA3%

Egypt2%

WORLD MAJOR IMPORTERS OF PALM OIL, 2008 (MILLION TONNES)

Source: Oil World

161616

Premier position of palm oil in the world Premier position of palm oil in the world trade is largely attributed to its trade is largely attributed to its

competitive position in the market placecompetitive position in the market place

A position that has been defined by palm oilA position that has been defined by palm oil’’s:s:

assured supply & assured supply & availabilityavailability

product diversity & product diversity & versatilityversatility

competitive market competitive market pricesprices

superior product superior product performanceperformance

Competitive Competitive production cost production cost

wholesomeness & wholesomeness & nutrition valuesnutrition values

1717

OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF MALAYSIAN PALM OIL MALAYSIAN PALM OIL

INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

1818

MALAYSIA : OIL PALM PLANTED AREA MALAYSIA : OIL PALM PLANTED AREA (1975(1975--2008) 2008) -- HECTARESHECTARES

-

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

Mill

ion

Hec

tare

s

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008

Mature Immature Total

Occupied 4.49 mil. hectares in 2008 which is 20% of total Malaysia land area

Forest Areas in Selected Countries

Country % Forest Area

Total Forest Area (mil. ha)

Total Land Area (mil. ha)

France 28.3 15.55 55.01Sweden 66.9 27.53 41.16Germany 31.7 11.08 34.9Malaysia 63.6 20.89 32.86UK 11.8 2.85 24.09Brazil 57.2 477.7 835.56Argentina 12.1 33.02 273.67USA 33.1 303.09 915.89Denmark 11.6 0.5 4.31

Source: FAO, Global Forest Resources Assessment, 2005

2020

0

5

10

15

20

25

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008

Tonn

es/

Hec

tare

FFB CPO Palm Kernel

MALAYSIA : FFB, CPO & PALM KERNEL YIELDMALAYSIA : FFB, CPO & PALM KERNEL YIELD(1975(1975--2008) 2008) –– TONNES/HECTARETONNES/HECTARE

20.18

4.08

1.05

2121

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

Mill

ion

Tonn

es

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008

CPO PPO CPKO PPKO PKO PKC

MALAYSIA : EXPORT OF OIL PALM PRODUCTS (1985-2008) – MILLION TONNES

90% exported to 150 countries

PKO = CPKO + PPKO Export of oleochemicals in 2008 : 2.075 mil.T

2222

MALAYSIA : EXPORT OF PALM OIL TO MAJOR DESTINATIONS (2008/2007) – MILLION TONNES

COUNTRYCOUNTRY 20072007 20082008 % Diff% Diff

China P.R.China P.R. 3.843.84 3.793.79 --1.301.30

EUEU 2.062.06 2.052.05 --0.490.49

PakistanPakistan 1.071.07 1.281.28 19.6319.63

U.S.A.U.S.A. 0.790.79 1.051.05 32.9132.91

IndiaIndia 0.510.51 0.970.97 90.2090.20

JapanJapan 0.530.53 0.550.55 3.773.77

BangladeshBangladesh 0.150.15 0.270.27 80.0080.00

U.A.E.U.A.E. 0.360.36 0.360.36 0.000.00

Vietnam Vietnam 0.250.25 0.200.20 --20.0020.00

South AfricaSouth Africa 0.250.25 0.160.16 --36.0036.00

IranIran 0.230.23 0.260.26 13.0413.04

OthersOthers 3.713.71 4.474.47 20.4920.49

TOTAL 13.75 15.41 12.07

2323

MALAYSIA : ANNUAL CLOSING STOCK OF OIL PALM PRODUCTS (1988 – 2008) - TONNES

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Mill

ion

Tonn

es

Palm Oil Palm Kernel Oil Palm Kernel

Secure supply of palm oil with

> 1-2 million tonnes of stock

2424

DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIAN BIODIESEL INDUSTRY

2525

Development of Development of MPOB Palm Biodiesel ProgrammeMPOB Palm Biodiesel Programme

Lab scale R&D Lab scale R&D –– 19821982 Pilot plant built and Pilot plant built and

commissioned commissioned –– 19851985 Produces palm biodiesel for Produces palm biodiesel for

engine testing and market engine testing and market seedingseeding

Preliminary Field Trial Preliminary Field Trial (July 1984 (July 1984 –– May 1985) : 8 taxisMay 1985) : 8 taxis

Exhaustive Field Trial (Phase I): Exhaustive Field Trial (Phase I): 19861986-- 1989 : 31 diesel engines 1989 : 31 diesel engines of different makesof different makes

Exhaustive Field Trial (Phase II): Exhaustive Field Trial (Phase II): 1990 1990 –– 1994: 36 buses 1994: 36 buses

Fully established as diesel Fully established as diesel substitute in 1995substitute in 1995 MPOB Palm Biodiesel Pilot Plant

2626

Palm Biodiesel (Methyl Esters)Palm Biodiesel (Methyl Esters)

RBD Palm Oil Methyl Esters

RBD Palm Olein Methyl Esters

Crude / Distilled Palm Oil Methyl Esters

Winter Grade Palm Biodiesel (CFPP -21°C)

2727

Palm Biodiesel from Other Feedstock Palm Biodiesel from Other Feedstock (Used Frying Oil, Residual Oil from SBE)(Used Frying Oil, Residual Oil from SBE)

2828

SUMMER GRADE SUMMER GRADE PALM BIODIESEL PLANT PALM BIODIESEL PLANT

(Capacity : 60,000 Tonnes/Year)(Capacity : 60,000 Tonnes/Year)

WINTER GRADE WINTER GRADE PALM BIODIESEL PLANTPALM BIODIESEL PLANT

(Capacity : 30,000 Tonnes/Year)(Capacity : 30,000 Tonnes/Year)

2929

ENERTECH BIODIESEL PLANT, ENERTECH BIODIESEL PLANT, SOUTH KOREA (2006/07)SOUTH KOREA (2006/07)

Overview of Biodiesel Plant Front view of Biodiesel Plant

3030

NEW BIODIESEL CO. LTD., THAILAND NEW BIODIESEL CO. LTD., THAILAND (2008/09)(2008/09)

3131

The National Biofuel Policy launched in March 2006.

The Policy envisions :-― Use of environmentally friendly,

sustainable and viable sources of energy to reduce the dependency on depleting fossil fuels,

― Enhanced prosperity and well-being of all the stakeholders in the agriculture and commodity based industries through stable and remunerative prices.

Five (5) strategic thrusts :-― Thrust 1: Biofuel for Transport ― Thrust 2: Biofuel for Industry― Thrust 3: Biofuel Technologies― Thrust 4: Biofuel for Export― Thrust 5: Biofuel for Cleaner

Environment

NATIONAL BIOFUEL POLICY

3232

The Act was gazetted on 1st November 2008.

To regulate and ensure orderly development of the biofuel industry :-

― prescribing the type of biofuel ― percentage blending ― licensing activities related to biofuel and other

related matters― mandatory blending of PME/olein with diesel for

local use

The Malaysian Standard on Palm Methyl Esters MS 2008:2008 (similar to EN 14214 / ASTM D6751) was published in November 2008.

MALAYSIAN BIOFUEL INDUSTRY ACT

3333

The introductory phase of implementation of mandatory use of palm biodiesel started with B5 by Government Departments on 3rd February 2009.

Government Departments involved in the B5 implementation:-

― Armed Forces (ATM)― Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL)

Implementation of Mandatory Use of Palm Biodiesel in Malaysia

Govt. Department

No. of Vehicles

Volume of B5 Usage PME Used for B5

Mil. Litres Tonnes Litres Tonnes

ATM 3,000 2.877 2,446 143,871 127

DBKL 900 1.168 993 58,422 51

Total 3,909 4.045 3,439 202,293 178

B5 Usage by Govt. Departments (3rd Feb – 30th Sep 2009)

Source : Petronas

3434

September 2009

Implementation Phase No. Capacity (Mil. T/Year)

In Operation 14 1.87Completed Construction 5 0.25Under Construction 11 1.11Pre-Construction / Planning 58 6.97Total Approved 91 10.20

STATUS OF MALAYSIAN BIODIESEL INDUSTRY

3535

2006 * 2007 2008 2009 **Palm Oil Utilized for Biodiesel 55,399 128,194 188,683 182,381

Production 54,981 129,715 171,555 176,098

Import NIL NIL NIL NIL

Consumption NIL NIL NIL NIL

Export 47,986 95,013 182,108 190,612

* Aug - Dec 2006** Jan - Sep 2009

MALAYSIAN BIODIESEL INDUSTRY: PRODUCTION AND EXPORT (2006-2009)

3636

MAJOR EXPORT MARKET OF PALM BIODIESEL MAJOR EXPORT MARKET OF PALM BIODIESEL (2006(2006--2009)2009)

-

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

Mill

ion

Tonn

es

EU USASi

ngap

ore

Indo

nesi

a

Taiw

anSo

uth

Korea

Austra

liaCh

ina,

P.R

Other

s

3737

MALAYSIA: FEEDSTOCK USED FOR PALM BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

RBD Palm Oil49%

CPO26%RBD Palm Stearin

16%

RBD Palm Olein1%

PFAD1%

Others7%

3838

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

3939

Major factors influence biodiesel viability:i. Feedstock prices

- price of CPO- price of methanol

During high feedstock prices, companies have to cut production or wait for feedstock prices to moderate. Some companies have no choice but to run their plants to honour old export contracts. Companies can mitigate the situation by:-

- seeking cheaper alternative feedstock, (e.g. RBDPS)- take advantage of forward pricing when favourable

ii. Biodiesel export prices- High feedstock prices coupled with unmatched rise in

biodiesel export prices squeeze producers profit margins.

iii. Biodiesel export situation- e.g. US Splash & dash (subsidy US$300/tonne) - importers

willing to buy at higher price. - Sustainable PME – Demand would improve PME export

market.

* Biodiesel plant viability improves with integration of phytonutrients production (vitamin E & carotene).

BIODIESEL BUSINESS VIABILITY

4040

1. Technological Challenge• Meeting EN 14214/ASTM D 6751 specification e.g. cold soak• High CFPP.

2. Environmental Challenge• Threats, especially from EU questioning sustainability of palm oil

production for biodiesel• Allegations of destruction of orang utans, rainforests and loss of

biodiversity• Allegations that development of peatland gives net emission of GHG• Food vs. Fuel debate

3. Market Risks• Fluctuating Crude Oil & CPO prices• Cheaper sources of raw material-Jatropha ??• Change in Specification• Overcapacity-dumping of Prices• Foreign Exchange Risk

4. Trade Barriers

ISSUES / CHALLENGES ON PALM BIODIESEL

4141

1,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,7503,0003,2503,5003,7504,0004,2504,5004,750

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

2006 2007 2008 2009

RM/Tonne

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

Tonnes

PME Production (Tonnes) PME FOB PME Cost (CPO)

Monthly Biodiesel Production Viability (August 2006 - September 2009)

Production Not Viable- honour old contracts

Production Viable

Production Viable Production Not Viable- honour old contracts

4242

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

2008 2009

US$/tonne

SME PME RME

• PME normally at price discount to SME and RME because of relatively low palm feedstock prices. In September 2009, the PME discount against SME and RME was US$55 and US$168 per tonne respectively.

• However, export of PME affected by subsidized export of biodiesel by US and sustainability criteria in EU.

Source : Kingsman

Price Competitiveness of PME Against SME and RME (CIF Europe) – US$/Tonne

The Way ForwardThe Way Forward

(1)(1) Vertical Integration of Palm Biodiesel Vertical Integration of Palm Biodiesel ProductionProduction

(2)(2) Production of ValueProduction of Value--Added Products Added Products from Palm Biodieselfrom Palm Biodiesel

(3)(3) Addressing sustainable/environmental Addressing sustainable/environmental issues of palm biodiesel productionissues of palm biodiesel production

(1)(1) Vertical Integration of Palm Biodiesel Vertical Integration of Palm Biodiesel ProductionProduction

More efficient More efficient –– reduce operation costreduce operation cost Excess energy in the mill Excess energy in the mill –– use for refinery use for refinery

and biodiesel productionand biodiesel production For long term sustainability of palm biodiesel For long term sustainability of palm biodiesel

production, integration is a practical production, integration is a practical approach.approach.

Plantation Mill Refinery Biodiesel Plant

PALM PHYTONUTRIENTS

(2) Production of Value-Added Products from Palm Biodiesel

ValueValue--Added Products from Added Products from Palm Oil Methyl EstersPalm Oil Methyl Esters

• For every 1 tonne of methyl esters burnt as fuel, we also burn away:

– 0.6 kg Carotenoids– 0.8 kg Vitamin E– 0.5 kg Phytosterols– 0.4 kg Squalene– 0.05 kg Coenzyme Q– 0.06 kg Phospholipids

OR3

R2

OHR1

O

O

Hn

O

O

CH3

CH3

MPOB Palm Phytonutrients TechnologyMPOB Palm Phytonutrients Technology(partially adopted by Carotino Sdn. Bhd.)(partially adopted by Carotino Sdn. Bhd.)

CPO

NPO

Esterification

Transesterification

Crude Methyl Esters

Fractional distillation Integrated Process

• C16:0 – -SME, biodiesel• C18 mixed – low pour point biodiesel• Vitamin E, sterols and squalene

• Distilled methyl esters• High purity phytonutrients

e.g. Carotenes >30%Vitamin E >70%Squalene >70%Sterols >95%

• Individual componentse.g. -sitosterol >95%

Vitamin E isomers >95% Individual carotene >95%

Other In-house technologies: Carotech, Supervitamin, Palm Nutraceuticals and Jomalina

Production of Individual Carotene, Vitamin E & Production of Individual Carotene, Vitamin E & CholesterolCholesterol--free Sterol from Palm Biodieselfree Sterol from Palm Biodiesel

High purity (>90%) of the following produced: individual carotene, e.g. - and -

carotenes, lycopene and phytoene

individual vitamin E isomers, e.g. - and -tocopherols, -, - and -tocotrienols

-sitosterol

+ +

SFC

MPOB Integrated Phytonutrients MPOB Integrated Phytonutrients Production Pilot PlantsProduction Pilot Plants

SC-CO2 Chromatography

Short Path DistillationSC-CO2 Extraction

(3) Working towards addressing sustainable / environmental issues of palm biodiesel production

• Soil conservation practices• Leguminous cover crops

• Environmental/Innovative re-planting• ASEAN Policy on Zero Burning (2003)

• Recycling of oil palm biomass (nutrients)• Regular pruning of fronds

• Integrated pest management• Use natural predators, e.g. barn owl

Sustainability of Palm Oil Industry

Sustainability of Palm Oil Industry

• Biodiversity• Oil palm, a perennial tree crop has greater

biodiversity• Waste management

• Effluent treatment• Methane avoidance/utilization

• Social/Human capital • Rural poor have a new and better way of life

• Good agricultural practices / Code of Practice• Examine the details requirement of GAP

standards

5252

PM: No Clearing of Forestsfor Oil Palm Plantations

* Source: News Straits Times, 25 June 2008

MPOB LCA PROGRAMMESMPOB LCA PROGRAMMES Aim is to improve carbon footprint and GHG emissions Aim is to improve carbon footprint and GHG emissions

of the entire production chain of palm oil and related of the entire production chain of palm oil and related productsproducts

LCA Programmes includeLCA Programmes include-- Upstream (nursery, plantation)Upstream (nursery, plantation)-- Midstream (CPO, RBD Palm Oil, RBD Palm Olein Midstream (CPO, RBD Palm Oil, RBD Palm Olein

production, margarine, etc.)production, margarine, etc.)-- Downstream (biodiesel) Downstream (biodiesel)

Address to international issues on GHG emissions and Address to international issues on GHG emissions and climate change mitigation climate change mitigation

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Palm Biodiesel Palm Biodiesel

A cradleA cradle--toto--grave case study based on conventional grave case study based on conventional transesterification technology taking the boundary from transesterification technology taking the boundary from oil palm nursery down to its final use as transportation oil palm nursery down to its final use as transportation fuel. fuel.

5454

Nursery

Oil palm plantation

Palm oil mill

Palm oil refinery

Biodiesel factory

Energy

Auxiliary materials

Raw materials

Air emissions

Waste water treatment

Waste disposal

Combustion in vehicles

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Palm Biodiesel Palm Biodiesel

Under the EU Directive for the Promotion of the Use Under the EU Directive for the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC), of Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC), palm oil biodiesel (process not specified) has a typical palm oil biodiesel (process not specified) has a typical GHG emission saving of 36 percent but a significantly GHG emission saving of 36 percent but a significantly lower default GHG emission saving of 19 percent, lower default GHG emission saving of 19 percent, taking into consideration of the imposition of the 40% taking into consideration of the imposition of the 40% inefficiency in processing of biofuels. inefficiency in processing of biofuels.

However, data have shown that palm biodiesel However, data have shown that palm biodiesel produced from palm oil obtained at oil mill with produced from palm oil obtained at oil mill with methane capture contributes to 62% and 56%, typical methane capture contributes to 62% and 56%, typical and default GHG emission saving respectively. and default GHG emission saving respectively.

5555

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Palm Biodiesel Palm Biodiesel

Based on the current practices in the Malaysian Based on the current practices in the Malaysian palm oil industry, we are confident to claim that palm palm oil industry, we are confident to claim that palm biodiesel typically contribute to >50% GHG emission biodiesel typically contribute to >50% GHG emission savings which is much higher than the typical GHG savings which is much higher than the typical GHG emission saving of 36 percent under the EU emission saving of 36 percent under the EU Directive for the Promotion of the Use of Energy Directive for the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC). from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC).

As compared to biodiesel produced from other As compared to biodiesel produced from other vegetable oils, palm biodiesel has been shown to vegetable oils, palm biodiesel has been shown to contribute to greater GHG emission saving. contribute to greater GHG emission saving.

5656

ConclusionConclusion Palm oil is the most economical feedstock for Palm oil is the most economical feedstock for

biodiesel production: highest yield per unit area.biodiesel production: highest yield per unit area. WinterWinter--grade palm biodiesel technology to produce grade palm biodiesel technology to produce

palm biodiesel (CFPP < palm biodiesel (CFPP < --2020°°C) and new technology C) and new technology to overcome cold soak filterability requirement for to overcome cold soak filterability requirement for palm biodiesel are available .palm biodiesel are available .

Biodiesel derived from palm oil provides option for Biodiesel derived from palm oil provides option for vertical integration opportunity which will enhance vertical integration opportunity which will enhance the viability of biodiesel business despite of high the viability of biodiesel business despite of high crude oil prices. crude oil prices.

Malaysian is committed to produce palm oil in the Malaysian is committed to produce palm oil in the most sustainable manner both for food and nonmost sustainable manner both for food and non--food food usage.usage.

Malaysian Palm Oil Industry is Sustainable!

Contact: Datuk Dr. Choo Yuen May,

Deputy Director-General, MPOBchoo@mpob.gov.my

orharrison@mpob.gov.my

PalmPalm--based Biomass Briquettebased Biomass Briquette Oil palm biomass in Oil palm biomass in

particular of EFB fiber and particular of EFB fiber and

palm shell are potential palm shell are potential

feedstock for the production feedstock for the production

of biomass briquette of biomass briquette

Briquetting is a process of Briquetting is a process of

converting low bulk density converting low bulk density

biomass into uniform and biomass into uniform and

higher density solid fuels at higher density solid fuels at

high pressure and high pressure and

temperature. temperature.

Screw press technology

Piston press technology

Technical Specifications Technical Specifications

Calorific ValueCalorific Value 17,000 17,000 –– 18,500 kJ/kg ( 4,06318,500 kJ/kg ( 4,063--4,421 kCal/kg)4,421 kCal/kg)

Moisture contentMoisture content < 4.0%< 4.0%

Ash contentAsh content < 6.0%< 6.0%

DensityDensity 1,100 1,100 –– 1,300 kg/m1,300 kg/m33

Binder free biomass briquettesBinder free biomass briquettes

EFB Treatmnet

Plant Briquetting

Other Biomass (shell)