palfrey, john gorham, the theory and uses of natural religion

8/13/2019 Palfrey, John Gorham, The Theory and Uses of Natural Religion

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The theory and uses of natural religion : being the Dudleian lecture,

read before the University of Cambridge, May 8th, 1839 / by John Gorham

Palfrey.

Palfrey, John Gorham, 1796-1881.

Boston : F. Andrews, 1839.

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/yale.39002088446332

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E R S T

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S S

E L I G O N ;

N L E C TU R E ,

R E TH U N I V E R S T O F C A MB R I D G ,

H A M PA L F R E Y , D .D. L L . D.

F B I B L I C A L L I T R A TU R E .

a Q p w a i o l I k t u h n a x h w A y ad & v ol n

N O N T A , o i re r ot s ep yo is n po e v r es i nl y w ca T O N

, i t .

Y F E R D N A N D A N D R E W S.

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cto C ongress intheyear1839 by

i c e o t h e Di s tr i ct C o u r t o t h o Di s tr i ct o M a ss a ch u se t ts .

L L S A N D THU R S TO N ,

ty .

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S S

E L I G O N ,

sentlecture asde

i t s f o u n de r i s

p l ai n in g a n d pr o pe r u se a n d

principleso natura lre ligion

ndunderstoodbydi ines

hrasemorecompre

Theo logy w hichstands

thebeingandattri

certa inedby the lighto

nisthescienceo

God o there la

ohim ando the

s e ar e d is c o e r ed o r d is

manunderstanding e ert

d.

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D U S S O F

i r st p la ce a f i r ms a nd

mports denies thee

hichw ordwemean a

andcontro ll ing thesensible

oducerandtheso ere igno

orthee istence

s o e r i n th i s di s cu s si o n. I t

pasinde ensible ; and

tsv a lidity st i l l

ubtilecharacter w hich

c o n i c ti o n on t h e mi n ds

proceedsupon

e r y e f e c t mu s t ha ye a

now thatany thing

o r w e mu s t no t b eg t h at q u e s

mar ingsomething

mena w hichsatis ies

f erentf romw hat

ow whatita lw aysw as

nge.C hangeis

entprincipleo

i t w er e t h e ar g um e nt

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L I G O N . 5

orthenthatprinciple

e immediateorf ina l.

someoperati eagency.

atagencyhas

estion isthee f ect;

ate ertedthatagency

e r en t s or t s an d d eg r ee s o

a n e f e c t a r e s ul t t h e

ocess theproducto a

d o p r oo a r e we

edo this thanw hen

actadaptation. A nd

nly thee ertiono some

tiono someinte ll igent

emote; thatis itpro es

sswaslonger orshorter

cyatits beginning.

bletous thanthat

oundsoe actly f itted

husad ustedinnumerous

yaccomplishapurpose

nyoneparticularo the

eat andyetthatno in-

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D U S S O F

ghtsotof itthem.

n w here erobser ed

hatithasbeenbrought

ouruna o idable

cesare in initeaga inst

sinanyotherw ay.

entandadaptation

nandcontri ance;

ebeendesignandcontri

sehasbeenadesignerand

an sheeto paper

aysbeenwhatit

k n o w no th in g o t he a rt o

a y he s it a te i t i s tr u e t o

tI sha llnotk now on

i I o f e r a c on t ra d ic t io n .

edw ithapicture inw hich

tresemblanceo thef orm

he f e a tu r es o m y f r i e n d

rwords sopreparedas

cts andtoca llupthe ir

contemplate it

w ithletters w hich

dinstraightlines e ua l

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L I G O N . 7

i s io n s b u t in w hi c h I r e ad

m andtellmethat

ha ingbeenusedto

sha llneednometaphysics

ttemptingv erybo ld

.Placein my

n t o n a ti e i r on a n d

ndependent uncaused

aynotbepreparedtoga in

o w ithmeata

cetogetherthe trans

mthepiston thatf a lls

nsedande panding

ectly constructedlaby rinth

o in ts a nd c og s t il l i n th e or

mewheels itdoesa

ngandgain-gettingo f ice

methatthesepieceso

isshapeandcombina

t o p er o r mi n g o r t ha t

er ormthispartw ithout

msotodo andyou

thinge ceptyourseri

y .

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D U S S O F

lages philosophers

ereasonedupf rom

smo theuni erseto

sthusthatphiloso

ereasonedw ithpecu

resource f inding

tionandmotionso

thestructureo theearth

onandli e theanatomy

s the intellectua lcapaci

arietyo sim ilarsources.

suchf actsf orthe

entisa lreadyv ast.

onisendless.A nd

thesameclasswith

humanagency isinques

amomenttodoubtthatsuch

d.

themisthepro ince

t o a s e ri e s o t r ea t is e s ;

al s pe a m o st t o t he p u r

c ca s io n i , i n st e ad o a t

bi t io n o t h em I g i e

concei etobethe

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E L I G O N .

in luencingareason

momenttheva lidity

chtheyaresa idtosus

t h e me r e f a c t o o u r be

o a C r e a t or w h o ne e r

mentionedbyany in

ectiontothedoc

ydi f iculty w hichishere

coursee ua lly tohis

sthemodeo e ist

n g is f r o m ou r e p e ri

trablycerta in thatsome

ornothingcanact

nd s o i t he re e e r wa s a

isted nothingcould

intoe istence nothing

ispo intathe ismand

ionis Whatisthat

b eg a n ? I s i t G od o r i s

?

ha ere erredmay

Youarguef romthee

llthecreation that

ator. Thatcreator

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D U S S O F

dthereason o

ha ebeenmoree ce l

, t h e n f r o m th e c a

youin erthatitmust

tor a f ort ioriyoumust

up e ri o r ca p ac i ti e s o t h e cr e

ehadonea lso ; andso

es . H ow t h en d o es

t h e di f i c ul t y ? I s i t

toregardtheuni erse

o m e t er n it y a s t o ac c ou n t

e erringitto thepow er

w ne istencebecomes

mtobeso l ed?

u f i c i en t a ns w er t o t hi s

thesensibleuni erse

ternitybecausew e

itha ebeencreat

f o r i ns t an c e f r o m

andtherecentbegin

thattheorigino thehu

nlyaf ew thousand

esteemthisasu f icient

ghtbereplied thatthe

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E L I G O N . 11

e eterna l mayassume

d i f e r en t f o r ms ; i n o th e r

c al l y or n o t y i el d d i f e r

yk now ledgeo there

now bornebyacerta in

methatthetree itsel

wi t h th e r ep l y t h at t o

ee istedf rometernity

atonethinghassoe

o d i s t o mu l ti p ly t h e

e ly a n d ad o pt i n i n it e ly t h e

omthistheob ectorw ould

g thathistheory isthat

h ic h t h ou g h o t e n ca l le d

istica ldoctrine itw ould

how di f ersin

orms e ceptinca ll ingit

name w hichisj ustas

sasto itsel . He

sibleuni erse isnot

hing comprehendingin

butesandpow ers.

a e t h e gr o un d o t h e

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D U S S O F

dB rougham w hosays

w esetoutwithas

stenceo ourow nmind

er. Withoutthat w e

thatsuperiorinte ll igence

e lie thatminde

wholeargumentby

D e it y e i s ts . I a m

o t a e t h is g r ou n d b e ca u se

ndpersuaded perhapsas

theoppositedoctrine is

or I w ouldnotadmit

thematerialistmust

o thedi inee istence.

p l ac e t o t he a r gu m en t

e n t o co n si d er t h at o n e

urnishesusw ithare u

o m ea n s e i d en t t h at

c t e i s te n ce r e u i re s a

morethananimper ect

o m be i ng e i d en t t h at t h e

.I tisimpossible

any thingimper ect

t e i s te n ce o s e l -

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D U S S O F

usede istence. A s it

suchthing since it is

pendentonsomee ter

minaction orthatby

theyare liabletoha e

tracethisf acte ery

mitso ourk now ledge;

erydirectionto

w heretheob ectso our

snotmoretrueo

ndulum thano the

thatitrece i esim

atise ternalto it.

t h e v e h i c le a n d o t h e

metoanyplace thatthey

owernotoriginating

only thata lltheparts

snotadecisi econ

tisdecay andw hatis

o t e n be d i f i c ul t t o de

rasw ecanfo llow them

partso sensiblenature

ependentuponsome

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E L I G O N . 15

eundoubtedlyde

it ion. Theyha e

- s u f i c ie n cy . T he y h a e n o t

ntialto aF irst

theydonotso l eour

ya idtowardssol ingit

aw ay f romthemsel es.

s e l - d ep e nd e nc e i n d e pe n d

doubtedlye istsomew here;

en n o th i ng c o ul d e e r

d no t r ac e w ha t e e r o i t

e . Onthecontrary as

t ed w i th t h is w e k n o w

itsattributes; w hen

tancewithitsconstitu

ind thatthesamelaw stil l

nythingwhichappears

ac uaintedwith

atthe jurisdictiono

e r sa l s o f a r f r o m

s ar e i n f a o r o i t s

w emustf indsome

nowhere inthesensible

b e m is t a e n i n re e r ri n g

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D U S S O F

hesensibleuni erse

thename God. A nd

ce d t hu s f a r w e ha e

the in uiry . We

a u s e a s s oo n a s we

chhasnodependenceon

ednothinganteriorto

acyo theargument

i t i s s ai d t h e e c e ll e nc e

creationcanbeurged

ehadacreator then

uperiore ce llenceo the

a ehadonea lso and

othatnothingisgained

ply thattheargu

df oradesigningA uthor

ot d r aw n f r o m t h e e c e l

imply butf romapecu

e h i bi t s s i gn i i c an t

rn a l a n te c ed e nt d e si g n ;

nc e o a d ap t at i on o t h e

ohero thingsmutually

produceade initeresult;

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E L I G O N . 17

o r i ns t an c e o t h e ey e t o

onandmateria lo the

t v i r t ue o t h e ga s tr i c j u i c e

ngspro idedtosusta in

cesseso masticationand

w e s ay o d i f e r en t

nordertotheproduc

t pro esdesign inten

t p r o e s t he a c ti o n o a

lligentcause. I ttesti ies

chk new w hatneededto

stobedone. N ow itis

umentuponthe the-

ow t h at o n h is o wn p r in

ustha ebeencreated and

pla insnothing. On the

te m en t t h at f a c t w hi c h

heargumentintheother

e inrespecttotheC reator.

hehasin initely

utw hatistheC reator

sew ouldtherebein

ptationso theC reatorto

ery reasonthattheyare

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D U S S O F

benoadaptationbetw een

onssubsistbetween

gmutually independent are

o conspiretosome

ntia lto thetheoryo

thingindependento

o l lo ws t h at t h er e i s

nbroughtintocomparison

the ideao adaptation

nw hichI ha e

Thesensibleuni

ndwonder uladaptations.

gsmani estingthemmust

uthor. Nothingo the

o theC reator asany

irstC ause the in-

thesourceo a llo ther

aptedtonothing. I nre

oninghasnoplace be

g.

s a n ou t li n e o c o ns i de r a

reasonableman that

adaninte lligentC rea-

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E L I G O N . 19

tenceo thatC reatoris

d.

he s e co n d gr e at d i i s io n o

be c om e s at i s i e d o t h e

t or w e wi s h to a c u a in t

a s ma y b e w i th h i s at t ri

themodeso hisbe ing.

w ew ishespecia lly tobe

spowersanddisposi

sonhiscapacit iesf or

lesandspirito hisac

the interestso his

s depend.

m us t n ee d s co n i n e my

w lim its comparedw ith

te tendsitse l . I

tthemethodo proo

n e at t ri b ut e s a n d to s a y a

mostprominentdi

sub ect.

God sattributesismade

u r k n o wl e dg e o h i s e i s te n ce

mobser ationsonthestructure

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D U S S O F

h e se n si b le u n i e r se a n d

nsf romtheessentia lnotion

edandindependent.

alityo theDeityisto

f irm ingthatthere is

meaninginw ords an

n.N oonewill

e tdeny tohimpersona lity

er c o n u s io n s s a e h e

ms e l a d i f e r en t l an

scurrent j . Deny that

stC auseo a llthings

u p on t h e pr o o o a

n d ye t s ay t h at t h at i n te l li

n andtoothers w ho

nacceptation you

ypropositionsinthe

f o r y ou r se l , y o u do b u t

th e u se o a s i gn i i c an t t er m

f ormw hatyouha e

inanother. Stil l inso

e ly todoyourow nmind

nganotionw hichit is

u do n o t k e e p pl a in a s

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E L I G O N . 21

basisf orulterio rer

mary to in erhis

designmani estinthe

chw eareabletotrace

t h e un i e r se o w h ic h

n ce . Th e l aw o g r a i t a

i s t he s a me f o r t he m os t

rest asf orthe

ye.Thelawso

h e f i e d s ta r s a s f o r

i t i s s u f i c ie n t to s a y

ause isade uatetoe

sunphilosophica l and

reasoning tosuppose

w homaintains that

urceo created

m s el t h e bu r de n o p r oo ,

e wi l l f i n d h i ms e l u n

sting asitw ouldneed

oneF irstC ause isnot

ono a lle ist ing

s ay t o my v i e w s u f i ci en t

oughitw ouldbeeasy f ur-

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D U S S O F

octrineo tw osu

din o l ethemost

statement. I donotin

the ircominginto

go ernmento the

erew ouldbeonly

tthesupremacyo one

supremacyo both

a f o r d a re u t at i on o

ayo areductioad

thedi ineattributes

entia lly incapableo sub

anone being.This

.L ettheattri

ndomnipotencef urnish

f therew eretw odeit ies

theotherf romk now ing

htordid thenthat

scient. If hecould

r thenhehimsel

erbegan sohe

Thisk now ledgew e

hisuncausede -

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E L I G O N . 23

e t h e k n o wl e dg e o t h at

a t io n o h i s w o r s . { T o

edinnoe ternal

istosay thatit isabo e

anysuchagencyorin lu

oesnotleanonany

n norisliabletobe

isbeingso there

cybywhichthebeing

ated e cepthisown;

nymetaphysicalargu

tthatw hichisse l -

t inuetoe ist the idea

chasnoonehasf e lt

st.

w hichismeant that

llk now ablethings. This

ecessary in erencef rom

reator. Hew homade

thatistosay w ho

andproperties can

ndpropertieswhich

andthewaysinw hichthey

il loperate. C onnected

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D U S S O F

c tr i ne o t h e di i n e om

hedi f icult iestow hich

attention.

be ingadi f erent

e i n h a i n g re e r en c e

toaction. I tmay

thathew ho be ing

ctlyac ua intedw iththe

tendencies anduseso

udgeunerringlyhow

posed.

hecandoa ll

ypossibletobe

andsa e in erence

Deityasacreati e

llthings canun

a ethem and inshort

. N orisany lim-

inepowerby the

notapply toimpossi

athingbeingmade

hesametimeand

radictioninterms; and

ngacontradictionin

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E L I G O N . 25

ca limpossibil ity (such

edraw ingo atriangle

ttomoreor less

scapableo be ingre

se pressedina

osition isnothing. A c

suchaproposit ione

g; andtodonothing

noto in initepow er

e om ni p re s en c e o G o d

s a e w a y o r e pr e se n ti n g

onlybeunderstoodto

enceo hisperceptions

nsoriumoccupies

e e r d i f i c ul t o r

aybetoe pla inthe

hatoccupation there

giningthespaceoccupied

rater inde initelygreat

ine erymoment

pow er throughouthisuni

e as s a e a s t o sa y t h at

rethanhecouldw atch

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D U S S O F

n a j ustdistrusto

ogof urther ande tend

nanygroundsw hichnatura l

aconstant actual persona l

w eshouldbeentering

w hichinasim ilarcase

oreus ourconsciousness

nottheneed ulcapacit ies

sinde iningtheidea

ono aspiritoccupy ing

ortiono space orthe

dably tothe lastdegree

tmyse l , butI am

m; howpresent

ne pla in. I actupon

uch andnoonehesi

resentw ithhim. I act

ice e ertedatits

himtoo I maybesaid

erta inly inaq ua li ied

actbymyw ritten

eao persona lpres

estion. A gency inthe

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E L I G O N . 27

ord asre erredalone

nodoubtimpliesthe

n( w hate erpresence

ndplacew henandwhere

ectacteduponisnot

mesense intheagent s

rornotthe constante

Goduponhisuni erse

tualpresence ine ery

I s u pp o se w e ar e t oo

rtante lementso the

N o r d o I p e r ce i e t h a t

re isanyothermediumo

re ly toshow theper

theDeity asdistin

antuni ersa lperception

o ct r in e o t h e di i n e sp i ri

t h e e t e n t o r e ma r

atmento itw ouldre

c o nc e i e i t t o be l on g

etaphysicsratherthan

tistosay I suppose

uldimaginetheintelli-

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D U S S O F

pableo e ist ingw ith

mightentertainthe

ingGod astheob

sentiment w ithanother

eemthetruetheory

heDeityhasbeencom

w ithgreatf orce and

tedpow er ully to inter

f romthegreatpre

sso ermisery inthat

chw ecane amine;

t h e nu m er o us e p r es s

d; andf romtheabsence

producethecontrary re

becausewecan

hatw ek now andmustbe

s thatwillyieldus.

ssub ecttothereply

ha t p ar t o t h e un i e r se s u b

t h er e i s e i l o e r w hi c h

so it ispossible that

henarrowrange

m a y be o e r bo r ne b y a

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E L I G O N . 29

tmuchlargerparto the

bleto bringintothe

uc h I s a y a s t he c o ge n cy

ect ormayappearto

abatementonthisground

eeingit corroborated

prehensi econsider

e I t a e t h e f o l l ow i ng t o b e ;

le thatabe ingcapable

capableo k now ingthe

scharacter shoulddo

i th a v i e w to s o me s a e t y

e r se o w h ic h i s t h at

soastobe incapable

tothecharactero con

oastoha enothingto

thersiny ie ldinghisow n

allibly ona lloccasions

ct.Hewilldothis

mora lrectitude ho liness

megood theabsolute ly

wisdomhesees it

n e e r y in d i i d ua l i ns t an c e

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D U S S O F

ides; andthroughhis

romany in luencere

nsiderationapplies

pe r e c ti o n o t h e Di i n e

particularqua lit ies as

tc e v e r ac i ty n e ce s sa r il y f o l

o l e d .

r t hi s h ea d t o s ay a f e w

di f icultiesattaching

ineattributes. The

ncilemento theom

hef reedomo w ill in

ts. \ How it isas ed

now how amanw ill

e unlessit isabso lute ly

manshouldsoact in

w illactunderane

eatthea llegedincon

rentmethod asthef ore

annotpossiblybef rustrat

w h en h e f u l i l s it b e s ai d

u i ry t a i n g th e r ep

etobecorrect maybe

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E L I G O N . 31

actiono onebeing

orisgo ernedby the

being respectingthat

intheordero logic

uentuponthee ent

andthat e ua llywhether

desintheorder o

erthepersuasion the

r e sp e ct s a p as t e e n t

anotherperson

otbeen orw illnotbe

b e ca u se I b e li e e o r k n o w

o thatk ind. O n

e o r I k n o w t h a t it h a s

handnoother because

orthetruth

endento myk now l

bee ua llywhatit is

r tr u th , i I k n e w b e

othingo thematter. With

o f actsandfeeble

c a n o t e n m a e u p a

how anotherwouldactun

possiblecircumstances.

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D U S S O F

cumstancesoccur and

hathew ould; andthis

eslightestcoercionor

say w ithouttheslight

er; f o rthisismaterial

w ledgeandsagacity

dentlytoanticipate

eactua lresult tobe

resources andw ith

mycon ictionrespect

w illo coursebegreat

dthissti l lw ithoutthe

uenceuponthedecisions

w h os e c ou r se I a m f o r e

edgeandw isdomare

asedinaninde initede

reasetheirconclusions

chtocerta inty w ithout

hate ertocompulsion;

g th e y e i s t i n a n i n i n

ouldseem thatinhim

olutelyattained and

eingata ll in o l ed.

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E L I G O N . 33

t h e li m it e d sa g ac i ty o a w i se

n idence f romhis

r scharacter w hatthat

lb e i n a gi e n c as e a n d

allestconstraintup

dersthattheper ection

Godshouldenablehim

withabsolutecer

orcee ercisedonaman s

sertionouto w hichthe

arisesis thatthedi ine

rctandabso lutecerta inty

uturetimein eriorin

o the irf reew ill may

b le t h at i n t hu s a ss e rt

nde ensiblecoro lla ry

God somniscience. His

esthathecan k now

now n thanhisa l-

cando thingsnot

hcapacit ies w henput

i eunderthecategoryo

thatis theyareno

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D U S S O F

en apre liminaryques

hichis strictly

i s i t s t ri c tl y s pe a i n g

chisnotacerta ine ent

ntcase thef uturedecis

i s i t a s u b e c t o c e rt a in

se i n o t t h en t o s ay t h at

now it isnomoreto

n i n it e v a s t n es s o h i s

y thathedoesnotseea

iom. Thef acultye

tthecase inq uestiondoes

orcoulditbereplied

tosuppose itcorrectw ould

totheunascertained

ragents thanw ouldbef or

s u ni e rs e. F o r i n th e f i r st

ingadia lectica ldis

e f o r e n o wl e dg e o G o d

rces w ouldpro etobe

entontheonetheoryasw ell

inthesecondplace i

physicalpossibilityo

nt therewouldstil lbe

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E L I G O N . 35

thedi inepowerand

igencyw hene eritso

d i f i c ul t y b e lo n gi n g to t h e

attributes re latestothe

inebene o lence the

hichistoproducegood w ith

istenceo w hatweca ll

e i l w hi ch i s pa in a nd o

wi c e d ne s s.

sthesolutiono this

tionsocommonly

typreponderateso er

e st i on s t il l r em a in s W h y a n y

I f i t be lo ng ed t o th e di i ne

hatgoodshouldpre a il

a ilunopposed un

rb e d ? N o t h i ng I s a y i s t h u s

theproblem.That

ndirectly somethingis

eo goodo ere il

a il ingdesigno theone

sapresumption that i

o reourminds w hich

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D U S S O F

ha enot w eshouldsee

pre a il ingbutuni

e r re d t h at t h e di f i c ul t y is

ay ing thatmora le il is

sc al e i l o t e n re s ul t s f r o m

reeagencyo createdinte ll i

onw ouldrecur W hy

ctionisnotomnipotence

erymanyotherthings

r a ng e w h y w as e i l

ongthethingsthuse

siderationswhichgo

t h is d i f i c ul t y. I n t h e

ngsca llede ilsaresim

tmechooseadi f erent

perhapsbring outtheir

Teyaree ils inrespect

mwithotherthings

etheircharacter

m th e p oi n t o v i e w in w hi c h

he m. I t i s e i l t o me

p os s es s o r e n o y a l l th a t

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E L I G O N . 37

compla in f orinstance

e s s a s an e i l . W h at d o

e an t h at I a m n ot a s s tr o ng

others orasmostothers

tsomeothertime. I do

notsomestrength; I

istheoppositeo w ea

ompla intthenis that

a go od o w hi ch I h a e

enorighttocompla in

eo de iciency intoasense

a m p re p ar e d to c o mp l ai n t h at

licitiesdonotmeetin

a m no t a p er e c t be i ng .

s i mp e r e c t ; i m e re i m

mbeane ilandaground

tisreasonabletocompla in

b u t o n t he c o nt r ar y

istence isagood. A ll

m o re o r f e w e r l i gh t er o r

hichcanbeshow ntobeso

beputouto thepres

no impeachmento the

t h at f i n it e b ei n g is n o t in i

od.

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D U S S O F

en t d eg r ee s a nd k i n ds o i m

tothevariety inGod s

riety isagreatgood.

di inegreatnessthana

eddisplayo creati e

ne . I t q u i c e n s in u i ry

manandotherf inite

oundationo endless

re lations andsoo as

entimentandactiononthe

.

rationis thatwhat

bly inallcasesthene

ormeanso greater

o ldtas ispresentedto

scerta in inthef irst

ctare insomecases inci

andthistothate tent

tthey aresoin

ecttooure amination;

e hemustsatis yhim

orratherthatitreasona

lmightybe ingcouldnot

thoutanye ilf o rits

ment.

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E L I G O N . 39

theproposit ionisclear

w hichw earebestable

ourow ne perience.

d e i l i s in f a c t o n a

ono good. Physica le il

ypa in ulto ilma es

etite ; o ritf eedsothers;

hysica le il isthebasis

g oo d f o r m e t o k n o w t he

; t h at I m a y I a m p la c ed

dit iono w antandde

ldf ee ltheemotiono

le a su r e o u s e u l ne s s i s a

citethefee lingand

o r t he s e r i c e I s e e ne a r

ringpersons. < E v enmoral

ormoralgood. There

uesthancompassionf or

e n es s o t h e in u r io u s.

mpassionandf orgi e

o ob l i u i ty a n d no o

sstomultiply such

s thatourmora ledu-

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D U S S O F

p ar t f r o m th e c on n e i o n th a t

ttoha ew iththecon

e m u st b e r eg a rd e d by .

asthemostw orthyendo

s t h at a s t hi n gs a c tu a ll y

greatpartconducted

tyo e il. Thisbe

ce llenceo theendcon

ansintoagood. I cannot

n l i ct w i th s u f e r in g . I

w antthesatis actiono

mynature . How am

h a e p u t it f o r th a n d us e d

use it w ithnothingto

tostrengthenthatstrength

po into e f iciency .

w a m I t o d o th i s e c e pt b y

o r ts a n d st r ug g le s ? B u t t h e

andstruggle isincon enience

on t h e e i s te n ce o s o me

dad erse.

spart o thesub

f e r in g s n o t o r a ti o na l

donotthin itmateria l

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E L I G O N . 41

greatlye aggeratedin

houradoptiono a

ntw hichbelongstoour

othato low eranimals;

ythef act.The

wetreadupon

an c e f e e ls a p a ng a s g re a t

erybadphysio logy . The

en c e b y a b ea u ti u l a r

toha ea llowedsensi

bek eentoadegree

gemento thener

thatpeculiarlye posed

r en t f r o m th a t in t h e hu ma n

theabsenceo thebra in

hasto f orbida llcom

tyo thetw o. A crane-

gs andf lyaboutw ith

ta ilo aw asporbee

o adragon- lyw illeat

r it i s s e e r ed f r o m th e b od y .

thesamecondition; and

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D U S S O F

c ha e r m o e a b o u t wi t h

asiness a tersomebird

odyo thev iscera .

lsareun now nthepa ins

ension w hichgrie ously

at condensedintoapo int

gh t t o be a r. B u t h o we e r

the irsu f eringsmaybe

ate sti l lw hatremains

orasathingconsist-

himwhoappointedit.

o rbyconsiderations

hthosewhichre lateto

aseo man. They

e wa r ne d o d a ng e r by p a in .

s t o il b r in g s ac u i si t io n a n d

Sothef act thatby

eyedupon amounts

ey s u f e r f o r o th e rs g o od

rf orthe irs. Tow hichit

irst that immorta litybe

n av io lentdeathisbet

whichistheonlyalter

ni m al s w it h ou t f o r et h ou g ht t o

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E L I G O N . 43

ns t a p er i od o i n i r mi t y

s assuringtothem

r; and secondly thatthe

undity apro isionattend

es re uirestheantago

ctiontok eepit inproper

h a e s ai d o t he e i l at te nd an t

untedf or onthebasis

tow ardsanulteriorand

remains correspond

pla inedby theconsid

nstrumento hispro

.N otbeingauthor

derationtothecaseo

to s a y t h at w h en i n t ha t

competenttothe

abletotracegoodnessso

d th a t o t e n w i th i t s mo s t

herethef irstaspecthas

us it isrightthatw e

erthanw eareabletotrace

enw eremember that

ea llo therssatis actory

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47/81

D U S S O F

e o h u ma n s u f e r in g s

o wl e dg e o t h e ob e c t o

osurpriseus thatw eare

epurposeo brute

k n o w f a r b et t er t h an w e

w hichbrutee istencew as

systemo things. I

ngatanythingprob

notany thingmani

nI suggest thatthe in

enitstartsuponitshuman

new creation buta

andtendencies brought

sciplineo aman may

ioustraininginotherf orms.

hatI becameac ua inted

no consciousness

te thethingplacedat

o e v e g et a bl e l i e ; t h at

arliestpractice insensation

orsomeanimalmore

l e ar n ed m o ti o n wh e n I w as

ughtto lo eorderand

e andsopassedon

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E L I G O N . 45

seso preparationf ormy

ce. I t isperhapsno

mloweranimalswe

h an w h a t i s th e s ub e c t

, t h a t f r o m m e n we

epeat thatI donot

a n yt h in g o t h is k i n d ;

edasw eareby thew hole

i n e r io r a ni m al s w e ar e

ng thattheymaybeun

omeend andthatac

ringsarecapableo be ing

ha ingsomeanalogy to

seo man. A ta ll

s ay t ha t i n ou r pr o o un d

ob ect w eare little

nyun itnessinthemeans.

orneuponthef acto

ilw ithgreatergoodasits

conne ion w hichin

nc e o t h e f o r m er c a n be

manycasesisclear; and

ny w herethepre

iew orantecedentto

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49/81

D U S S O F

theotherw ay astocre

tit wouldappear

w erew e inthoseothers

o r t h e i n e s t i ga t io n . I p a ss

to theactua lconne ion

e. Theactualconne

etweene ilandpreponder

nted; butw hyshould

edinpowerandbene

ustheoneunmingledw ith

v iewitrightly owesits

amerearti iceo w ords.

sit isreducibletothis;

hesametimeha edone

d o ne i t ? A n d i n f o r ms

stil lsusceptibleo the

rsuaded thatthetrue

houlde posethe

w hichthathumaninstru

apable andshow how itis

thatas ametaphys

sonlyaninconsistency

therwords torepresent

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E L I G O N . 47

chrea lly isnothing and

gstonodi ineattribute

uestioncanbera ised

that thee f ecting

ctf ortheoperationo

esuchanin uiry

mighty w henhe

ecircle orcausearoseto

arithm? I thin it

a tthenamerosestandsf or

melogarithmforanother.

cewasde isedtocorre

signeddi f erent

hadf irstseenw hatthe

beactuallyandessen

; a n d a t e r co n tr i i n g a

eperceptiono suchdi

rnroundandemploy that

y things be ingdi f erent

stoputthe irin ention

use.

ponthisbasisw eareau

p h ys i ca l e i l i s i n s om e

actually insomeinstances

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D U S S O F

thedprioriargument

rredina llcases assoon

sf a lsity insome ) phys

y instrumento moral

odo man. It isasim

adiction thatI

w hichisagood inde

w hichisane il; because

e h a s re e r en c e to d a ng e r ;

dangerithasnobe

I t isthatqua lityo

uperiortopa in ulcir

possibleasanything

ds that w herepa in

ot therepatiencesha ll

e l - r el y in g v i r t u e i n a ll

wh i ch c a n tr u st i t se l . A n d

unlessitcanremember

ndbeentrue; and

emethememoryo

owedmethetria litse l ?

aman ripenedin

now o thehumanmind

gthenaturethatit is it

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E L I G O N . 49

ithoutv ariousdis

canberipenedwithout

gthenaturethat-it is.

m ig h t ha e b e en a d i f e r

s. B utthenw epart

nargument anda lso

oundo v ariety inna

timper ectiono itsparts.

e u rg ed f o r a be in g in

mentatw hichw ef ind

instrumento mora lgood.

o r t o s pe a m o r e p re c is e

m or a l e i l w hi c h f o r t h e

entisthesame isthe

ora lgood. I f v irtue

f reedomo cho ice

ongcourseo action

solutelynecessary

te n ce o v i r tu e . W h en

lef ormentobe

ur s e th e ir v i r tu e w ou l d be

eingcompulsory itw ould

t h e ca p ac i ty o m a i n g

ndwrongbe by its

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53/81

D U S S O F

ertysusceptibleo abuse

tuebeameresense lessco l

ere isanendo thepres

t o ur s u b e c t we s a id t h at

sidestreatingo thedi ine

omprisesthedoctrineo

sabouttheproprietyo theapplication

hecaseo brutes inparto thedis

e p p. 4 4 4 5 , t h ou g h I h a e c a re u l ly

discipline w hichI understandstil lmore

methodo in luenceoperatingthrough

e uentdeterminations o thepartydisci

asomew hatv io lentuseo theterm

luenceunderwhichanyhabit isf orm

g en t t he s u b e c t o t h e pr o ce s s s t i l l f o r

opria te I maybepermittedheretoadopt

I tcanscarce lybenecessary tosay

s a d a n ci n g to b e a ng e ls ( p . 4 5 i s n ot

rict analogywiththeotherprogress

d. Theana logy f a ilsinthe important

nessbe ingreta inedintheonecase and

w ere I toproceedtoargue( aga inst

, thatconsciousnessisnotpersona lidentity

t ane idencew hichit issupposable

rethe identitye isted sothatidentity

ss mightbecontinuedwithan

usness I m ightris be ingmisappre

teado merely suggestingaspecimeno pos

osingatheory ; apurposewhichI ha e

ed.

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E L I G O N . 51

mantoGod ando

eoccupiedsomuch

brancheso theargu

pectmetostudy the

urtherobser ations.

urprecedingconsider

mantoGodisthato a

a n d de p en d en t t o a C r e a to r

ni u l F r i e n d. A s s u ch i t i s

do G o d s w i ll a n d ha s

ly . I s a y t o d o Go d s

hatmoralrectitude

n independento the

. B utthatisnotthe

ow treating butre li

w hi c h a re e r en c e to G o d s

nt.Whatis his

ependentlyo re e la

ndoesN aturalR e ligion

ob e di e nc e o r v i r t ue ? O f

answertothisquestion

s.Thesebelongto

ogy . I donotunderta e

thica ltreatise ; andthere

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D U S S O F

is andamerebrie

pleso thesub ect.

ourpresentquestionby

onscience asite

i s a p ri n ci p le e t e ns i e

butsti llo imper ect

ththee tento duty .

a n d ap p li e s to r e as o n

w herethatisen oyed

es o l e d . I t a l s o m a e s

d thatitsintimations

s f a r a s m a y be b y i n

moraltruth.Tosay

d thatitre uiresto

atreason reasonap

re ligion isitsin-

ntosay thatthere is

eascasuistry.

actoryv iewo

r al R e l i g io n i n o l e d i n

s d ut y I t a e t ob e as

y f be ingwillde lightinw hat

ande erygoodbeing

; andthate ery

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56/81

E L I G O N . 53

ichcanact w il l in

blytoits constitu

Goddelightsinwhat

hew illha emanprac

e l -denyingcharacter

atendency toma ehim

asGoddesignedhimtobe.

asw ellasthathedelights

, hew illha emen

eclasso j usticeandbe

ew illha ehiscreature

hedemandsf romman

r ancesasgratitude

o w h ic h f r o m hi s o wn

eishimsel incapable.

orguides conclusions

v irtue f orthemost

ther correctandsatis

d ha e b e en r e ac h ed i n

ation. Uponthissub ect

t ed a n d re l e ct i ng m e n ha e

ddtoagreate tent

c e pt i on s h o we e r t o

notmany I neednotsay

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D U S S O F

rtance. Theobligationo

e n e s s u nd e r a f r o nt s a nd

hilanthropy asdistinguished

o r m s o f r i en d sh i p t h at

ch e t e nd s i ts e l t o ma n

retothecrim inal the in

an t t h es e i t i s no t u si n g

ay w eredisco eries

e s us C h r i s t. A g a i n w h il e

contributestopersona ldig

tothew el areo the

dedsubstantia llyacorrect

personalandsocial

hensiono thatdepartment

c h Go d i s th e i mm e di a te o b

nj ustsof arembarrassed

Di ineB eingw asim

dbeingmoreorless

lR e ligionfurnishany thing

enseo obligation

l i l me n t ? O r t o

tbyanotherpath

no mantoGod

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E L I G O N . 55

anyotherandmore

arighttobebrought

entheq uestiono a

enterta ined andw hich

owingthatrightconduct

sw ellasourduty?

establishthetrutho

mmorta lity ore en

t e r de a th ?

mydissatis actionw ith

a ebeenusedtopro e

nineitherthemoreor

o thesedoctrines. I

canbesa e lyargued

b ut e s o t h e Di i n e B e

e o lence. Whenhehas

e h a e n o r i g ht t o s ay

e; hisbene o lence

ecreation butw edo

hathehas appointed

beyondthepresent. Not

w hichithasbeenthoughtis

sinceretributionisimper

e theremustbeanother

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D U S S O F

to condit iontodesert

sticecannotbeshown

re thanthatnobeing

a t h is h a nd s o r t o i n

ldesert any thing

i n g th e w ho l e o l i e t o

ngerorshorter aman

beingv irtuous and

gwic ed; andletany

essentia lf e licityo v ir

sv irtuef orthesupreme

hetheritw ouldnot atleast

thatthemostpersecuted

note eninthisw orldthe

ss andthemostsuccess

the lesshappy forhisw ant

e n ts t o a ll o wt o t hi s a rg u me n t

uldonlygotopro e

ure li e longenoughto

orane istingine ua lity

this. I tw ouldstil lf a ll

ow i ng t h at t h at f u t ur e l i e

ly so ; itw ouldgo

erence sincethere

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E L I G O N . 57

hemosteminenthu

mmorta lblessednessf or

cetotheargumentf rom

thehumansoul e

sso lutionw hicha f ects

octrinetobe true

, s t il l i t re m ai n s to b e s ai d t h at

omessentialtendency to

security f orcontinued

whomadethatimmaterial

o annihilateit and

tonis w hetherhew ill

hichotherconsiderations

bedeterminable . I agree

andmuchhasbeen

p a rt i cu l ar l y o l a te r e

ependenceo thebody.

othenegati eargu

p r oo o a d e at h o t h e

hthebody sdeath. It

oshow thatthequestion

hetherthetw oe ents

etherthesoulis to

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D U S S O F

bodydies atsomeother

hichitdoesnottouch

o immortality allow

a f o r ds n o s at i s a c to r y

ct. \ _ TheC iceronian or

w hyw e" startleatde

tobedestroyed might

brutesaswell. Our

i e i s t he s a me a s t he i rs .

dreadthee tinctiono

asw ellasatthepresent

rbetterf acultyo f ore

cityo endlessimpro ement

ernine eryman a

anwillbepermittedto

ntinanendlessli e . ' A t

show that sincethe

stoodtocontemplate

sedendw ill insome

ed. Whenw epropose

to pro ingthe immor

r y m a n w e f i n d i t i n -

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E L I G O N . 59

o u nd a ti o n o s u ch a n i n e r

nalogiesinnature.The

medcapableo reachingthe

butonehal o the

tf i eyears. Theoa

orethanha l amilleni-

many thousandsborno

attainsto thatage.

w no acod- ishhasa

thesi eo theparent

h e sc o re o r t wo o m i ll i on s

byit inoneseason

e l y e e r r e a ch t h at s i e .

w hathasbeensa ido

anreasontof inditsw ay

edoctrineo immorta lity

a c t s o f a m i l ia r t o my

s at i s i e d st a te o m i nd o

sub ect. C erta inly

thegenera lground that

sf a iledtodisco er

erable orthatNatura l

ethantheysaw it

otaccountf orthe ir

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63/81

D U S S O F

ne asw emay f orthe ir

ers inconsistencyw ith

a ingbeenactua llyw ith

otoneo thosewhich

nthecontrary theypon

dintensecuriosity;

w hichtheyendea oured

substantia lly thesamethat

morerecenttimes.

t u r al R e l ig i on c a nn o t pr o e

e i t c an p r o e n o th i ng

no a f uture li e ; a

hosewhopossessit sup

o duty.

n t he p r es c ri b ed o r de r o t h e

f ew w ordsrespectingthe

mento theprinciples

io n .

ressedbyR e ealed

useandimpro emento

sentsthreeo ourmodernarguments

t he f i r st b o o o h i s Tu s cu l an Q u e s t io n s ;

nglyresemblesthef ourthinhis

etribution(O pera edit. Xy l. p. 560 .

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65/81

D U S S O F

hrist ianitycanbea llowed

ty w henitsauthority

r y mu c h to w ar d s ma i n g

dpracticalin my

einmypossessionbe

nablegroundsf ormy

a n d w he n I h a e b e

ainw ithme asposses

notherorigin. No inte l

ea l ightlyo N atural

ee lsthatthe ideao God

isthef undamenta lone

a ith le thimremember

peci ica lly thathe is

turalR e ligion though

t v i e w s t ri e s o ne a s a p ar a

b y it s o wn i n su f i c i en c y. ' I

preparesthew ay f orthe

ledR eligion. Thisitdoes

o w hatisgreatly

respecttothe prin

e r nm e nt t h e re l at i on s i n

andthedutiesthence

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E L I G O N . 63

hthatithasrece i ed

f itcangi eno

o the immorta lityo the

o r i i t c an n ot a n sw e r su c h

erGod consistentlyw ith

onsinsthatha ebeenre

hatitcannotansw erthisq ues

a c t t h at u n de r C h r i s

esstopardonsins is

on o t h at f a i th i t i s

f erentclasseso be

c a n be w i th o ut a n e u i

isjustice ; i ithas

such disclosures

a terha ingdischarged

e re m ai n s an o f i c e f o r d i

o f ormanthroughother

erwords thatthere is

hede iciencyw illbe

ation.

pretendingtosupersede

N a t u r al R e l i g io n v o l u nt e er s

ecessityo thef ormerto

bearsitshumbletesti-

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D U S S O F

ngwhatitrepresentshim

od is inw anto ,

dby w hatithasnotto

f ectreasonedandsohoped

i n g th e se t h em e s h e s ai d

hebestandf irmesthuman

nthis asonev enturing

gh l i e u n le s s on e m ig h t

ndsa e lyuponsome

di i ne wo rd . * O f t he f i e

ordHerberto C her-

nre ligion andto

uralR e ligion ma ing

t w o ar e t h e f o r g i e n es s o

dtheordinanceo retribu

h o e e r b e li e i n g in

heseamongthesu f iciently

aturalR e ligion f orhim

tare e lationistobe

ndthesameisa

itm ightbee tended

doctrine(sti l lf romtime

e d o t h at o n ce f a m ou s

nityaso ldastheC reation.

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D U S S O F

ein initely tenderbene

todomoreforhis

hehasdone andtodo

t h e ca s e re u i re s b y e

y thenecessityo the

erhumanreasonisincompe

s pl a in t h at o n ly a n e t r a

putitin possession

neouscommunicationisan

herearethosewho

ttheycall la ioso

toccasiona le traordinary

mnipotence inthisparto

he t h eo r y o r e e l at i on

eao aDeity restra inedby

w hichN aturalR e ligion

tsglory topresent

abo ea ll law butthat

ne o lentintention; andw ho

nuponhisaccustomed

w hensoe erandhowsoe er

entpurpose w hichcaus

shthat course shall

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E L I G O N . 67

awso naturearebut

o theremar sw hich

narymethodso di ine

saref orthemost

us e i t is f o r m an s b e ne i t

andthusa f ordabasis

a lculation. Whene erit

ne itthattheyshouldcease

uchane igencyoccurs

onmenwouldbe

h at s e l - s am e d i i n e pu r

rincipleo the irinstitu

ipleandpledgeo the ir

whene eritbecomesf it

irectly tomen mira

entmethodo rati y

hopretendstobearthe

omeundersuchcircum

ents.Sodistinctly

e ligion andso itscon

edto lendaf a orable

econdit ionsbe ingmet

mw iththeauthorityo

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D U S S O F

scommonlyadded that

ineunitya lsocannot

aculousdisclosure butthat

tdoctrinemustprecede

message inasmuchas

whetherwhatthe

re ea ledmightnotbe

engero another; a

t o wh i ch I c a nn o t en t ir e ly

d o ub t u l w he t he r t he D i i n it y

n m an y y e t i I h a d

wasessentiallygood

ords that w hetherthere

init ies thischaracter

herew ouldbeenough

othetrutho amirac

tion. B e ore I hadsatis

rasupernatura llyendowed

edascomingf rom

romoneo many

iedthatveracityw asan

themany thatw ould

m e o h i s cr e di b il i ty a n d

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E L I G O N . 69

te llmeo theunity

shouldreasonably ta ethat

u r al R e l i g io n i s t o d o

th e t he o ry o R e e a le d .

mightbe inclinedtosay

cipleorpro isiono

wa s l ia b le t o o b e c t i on a s

ewiththedi ineat

dinglyanimpeachment

hew holesystem. Tothe

e ligionthispresumption

i itcanbeshow ntohim

suchasitmaybe attaches

m. Hecannotsay

w h om I a c n o wl e dg e

ationinthea llegedmanner

itana llegeddoctrine

eracontradictiontohis

pro ideditcanbe

meprinciple isin o l

uestionablecourseo

areac uaintedwith

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E L I G O N . 71

ereasonsf or inthe

oughthosereasonsmay

o b se r e d . I f w e c an

nforthehumility inq ues

man thenitbecomes

alR e ligion inasmuchas

aR e l i g io n a s f a r a s it

undedonthere lations

dertheprompting

gi o n w e s e ar c h f o r s u c h a

rseo the in uiryw e

r o m i nd e p e ll e d by

anti- socia l andopposed

gn i ty s e l - p os s es s io n e f i

P ride leadsusto

d p ro o e s a nd m a e s u s

r o nt s ; a n d to u s a nd t o

ndw eareproud insult

u ch m o re g a ll i ng k i n d th a n

o be a r e c e pt w h en t h e

ygrossf orm. Thisbe

no mantoGodre

pleso Natura lR e ligion

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D U S S O F

God spurposes and

ngthatmanshouldbe

thatthe indi idua l

tri e toma eothers

w hi c h R e e a le d R e l i gi o n f i r s t

isseentobeadutyo

Thee hibit iono such

tanduty f romthepulpit

asmoralpreaching

ew hoe hibitsthemin

er iceattheC hris

thydiscussiono a

a n d q u i c e n in g t he m e. I f

geforinte ll igentna

tcourseo w hat

w f r o m co n se u e nc e t o

heendea ouranappropri

pr o i t ab l e on e t o a sc e nd

othecontemplationo a

a u se o a l l. E n i a bl e h e

n estigations^ k eepsup

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E L I G O N . 73

dstepso hisreason

ngthenedspirit se

antpoetk new that

tuitrerumcognoscerecausas

e t in e o r ab i le f a t um

inga llappealsto f ee l

ouredtotreatthishighargu

mn e ss j u s t as i t h e

nitelyprecious; j ust

t h e i s te n ce w ou l d no t

a n a pp a ll i ng y e s a

ustasi w e w hospea

rdeepersta e initthan

uldbenamed; asi

mmeasurablygreat

ea l th o r f a m e o r

lthingspresentandseen.

hibit itassuchma estic

otma eittobeany thing

seesittobetruth en

w hetherit istrutho e en

canhe w hohascome

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D U S S O F

so ere ignty doubt

a lw ays there erent

a n d a s o cc a si o n sh a ll p e r

o hisbestchampionship.

riends itcla ims such

a yc l ai m f r o m yo u . I f i t

w f o r t ha t i s i t t he l e ss

o e s n o e l t y n o d o u bt ;

seereasons and

by them. Of this

soul be ityourpur

po ilyoubyanyv a inphi

ebenomorechildren "

" t o ss e d to a n d f r o a n d

yw indo doctrine .

aybeasimpalpable

here butit iscapable

g es a n d o m o re v o l up t u

o erthebewildered

o athe isticdoctrine

t o rn a do f o r ce m a r i n g

s o o r de r l e ar n in g

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E L I G O N . 75

lethings by theheaped-

ate erthebene icenttoil

f e n c e ci i l i a t io n a nd

adso thebestial

yendow ed buthetero

ow the lighte f luence

agrantmeditation f anning

e a n ai r o

o v iolets

or "

intymelodiesin

andsigheditse l torest

notyourbosoms

anymorew henitcomes

uation thanw henw ith

i n. B e l i e e t h at i b y

ateandsentimental it

meananddoltish

d asw ellasaf ata l

lworththename

o , o r f o r y o u r lo y al t y

rday. B utthew isdom

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E L I G O N .

i s t o k n o w a nd f e e l

l , i thetrialshould

apromptandsta inless

ouw ouldnotf oully shame

ectwhenthe

epspirituallyaw a e

enbree epassesby .

o ss e d to a n d f r o a n d ca r

d o d o ct r in e . " B e

ing " w homcon i

imposeupon;

yechildren butin

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wW R

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palfrey, john gorham, the theory and uses of natural religion

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