palestine during the inter-testament times
TRANSCRIPT
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Palestine during the Inter-
Testament times
RELB 116 Life and Teaching of Jesus
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The territory controlled by a king orpeople varied from time to time, and
was often disputed by other peoples.The coast-line has varied over the
years, particularly in the Gulf of Persia.
An approximation to the modern coast-
line is generally used in the maps
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The Break of Macedonian Empire
The Seleucid Empire was founded byAlexander's general Seleucis. His
descendents were generally namedeither SeleucisorAntiochus. India and
much of the lands to the east of Persia
revolted and returned to local rulership
on the death of Alexander
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Macedoniawas claimed by members ofAlexander's family, who were all
eventually murdered. The land revertedto the status of a small kingdom until it
was taken by the Romans
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Much of Greece had been virtuallyindependent of Alexander even during
his lifetime.
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On the break-up of the Empire, Greekcities started forming leagues for
defense. Some came under the control of several
of the competing generals, and there
was a rather confused period whichculminated in the take-over by the
Romans
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Setting the Stage
Following the conquests of Alexanderthe Great and his early death in 323
B.C., his empire was divided by four ofhis generals.
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Palestine initially fell under the rule ofSeleucus, who held authority over Syria,
but soon passed to Ptolemy, who hadgained authority over Egypt.
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This period under the Ptolemies from301 to 198 B.C. was generally one of
peace for the Jews. However, in 198B.C. the Seleucid king Antiochus III,
also known as Antiochus the Great, re-
conquered Palestine.
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At the death of Antiochus III, his sonSeleucus IV took the Syrian throne for
twelve years after which another son ofAntiochus III, Antiochus IV Epiphanes
(illustrious) rose to power in 175 B.C.
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Besides believing strongly in thesuperiority of the Greek culture, having
lived the past fifteen years as a hostagein Rome as part of a treaty made by his
father, Antiochus Epiphanes had
developed a taste for conquest.
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He detested anything Jewish and setout to destroy anything associated with
the Hebrew religion. Besides massacring forty thousand of
the residents of Jerusalem, Antiochus
Epiphanes stripped the temple of itstreasures and erected a statue of
Jupiter in the Holy Place.
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He ordered the offering of swine assacrifices and prohibited the practice of
circumcision. Along with this he madeevery effort to find and destroy all
copies of Scripture
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The Maccabean Period
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During this time, sometime in 167 B.C.,an officer of Antiochus Epiphanes
named Bacchides came to the village ofModin to impose upon the residents the
decrees of Antiochus.
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An elderly priest of the clan of Hasmonby the name of Mattathias stabbed
Bacchides to death and fled with hisfives sons (John, Simon, Judas,
Eleazar, and Jonathan) to the
mountains.
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Many others joined them in themountains to form a resistance
movement that would eventually lead toJewish independence. Among those
joining were the Hasidim who had
fervently resisted outside cultural
influences in order to remain faithful to
the Torah.
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Mattathias died in 166 B.C. and theleadership of the rebellion he had
begun fell to his son Judas (calledMaccabeus, the hammer, hence the
name Maccabean for the entire period
under the leadership of the
descendents of Mattathias).
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Judas proved to be an able man of war,for after a series of victories he
reopened, cleansed and rededicatedthe temple in 164 B.C., re-establishing
the daily sacrifice.
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This rededication is commemorated tothis day with the celebration of
Hanukkah, also called the Feast ofDedication, and was celebrated at the
time of Christ as is recorded in John
10:22.
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Since such a celebration would be atime of great patriotism one can well
assume what the messianicexpectations must have been when the
Jews came to Jesus on that day asking
if He was the Christ, as described in
John 10:24
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Though having succeeded in his fightfor religious freedom, Judas Maccabeus
continued to fight for political freedom.He met his death in battle in 161 B.C.
and the leadership passed to his
brother Jonathan.
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Their brother Eleazar had already diedin battle, reported by Josephus as being
crushed by an elephant that he stabbedwith his weapon while mistakenly
thinking Antiochus Eupator (the son of
Antiochus Epiphanes and who reigned
in Syria for two years following the
death of Antiochus Epiphanes) to be
mounted on said elephant.
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Jonathan gained great advantage inthat there was a dispute going on overthe throne of Syria at the time of his rise
to leadership.
Demetrius(who was the nephew ofAntiochus Epiphanes) and Alexander
Balas(who claimed to be Antiochuss
illegitimate son) both sought the support
of Jonathan by giving him concessions.
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Demetriusallowed Jonathan to freelymarch his army into Jerusalem, while
Alexander promised him the HighPriesthood.
Jonathan threw his support toAlexander and from that time on theHigh Priest was a Hasmonean.
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Fiensy observes that this was probablythe time that marks the beginning of the
Essene sect since many of the orthodoxJews were infuriated that the
Hasmoneans, who were not of High
Priestly lineage, would hold the office.
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Jonathan was successful in formingtreaties with Sparta and Rome and in
reinforcing the wall of Jerusalem.Nevertheless, in 142 B.C. he was
captured and killed by Tryphon, a
Syrian general who also coveted Syrias
throne.
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Simon, the remaining son of Mattathias(John having also died in battle shortly
before this time) ascended to power.Simon made a treaty with Demetrius II
who was contending with Tryphon for
Syria.
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Through this treaty Simon procuredpolitical independence for Judea for the
first time since the Babylonian exile. Aswas Jonathan, Simon also became the
High Priest.
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In 134 B.C. Simon was assassinated byhis son-in-law Ptolemy, who also
imprisoned and eventually killedSimons wife and two of his sons.
Despite the efforts of Ptolemy toassassinate him also, another son, JohnHyrcanus entered the power void left by
Simon
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As well as being High Priest, Johnmade political gains by conquering
Samaria and destroying the temple builton Mount Gerizim.
John also succeeded in conquering andconverting the Idumeans who in yearsto come would become the most
patriotic of the Jews.
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During this time his politics alienatedhim from the Pharisees and he began to
align himself with the Sadducees, whofavored the efforts toward Hellenization.
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Upon the death of John Hyrcanus in105 B.C., his son Aristobulus came to
power, assuming the title of king for thefirst time since before the Babylonian
exile.
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Ambitious and without scruples,Aristobulus starved his own mother to
death in prison and killed one of hisbrothers. Though he was able to
increase his influence with the
annexation of Galilee, Aristobulus only
reigned a year before dying of disease
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Alexander Jannaeus, brother ofAristobulus, assumed power and
reigned until 77 B.C. Though at one point the territory of
Judea actually surpassed the ancient
boundaries of the twelve tribes,Alexanders rule was marked by
violence, cruelty, and civil war.
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While enjoying the support of theSadducees, he was detested by the
Pharisees. During the civil conflict he had 800 of
the principle Pharisees of Jerusalem
crucified, executing their wives andchildren before their eyes as they hung
on the crosses
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When Alexander Janaeus died, his wifeAlexandra assumed the throne. During
the reign of Alexandra from 78 to 69B.C. the Pharisees gained considerable
influence and began to hold such
positions in the government that
Josephus wrote that the Pharisees
governed her.
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Already appointed High Priest by hismother, Hyrcanus II was Alexandras
rightful heir at her death, but his
younger brother Aristobulus II incited a
civil war and seized power, which heheld until 63 B.C. at the coming of the
Roman general Pompey, who first
defeated the Seleucids in Syria andthen conquered Palestine with much
bloodshed.
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Both Hyrcanus and Aristobulusappealed to Pompey for arbitration intheir quest for power.
Pompey sided with Hyrcanus,reinstalling him as High priest whileleading Aristobulus away to Rome as a
trophy of war.
Though High Priest, Hyrcanus was amere puppet in the hands of his
Idumean advisor Antipater.
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The Reign of Herods
RELB 116 Life and Teaching of Jesus
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At the death of Pompey, Antipaterproved himself a faithful supporter of
Julius Caesar, who bestowed uponAntipater the title of procurator of Judea
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Two of Antipaters sons, Phasael andHerod, were given authority over
Jerusalem and Galilee respectively.After the assassination of Julius Caesar
in 44 B.C., Antipater and Herod gave
aid to the forces of the conspirators
Brutus and Cassius.
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By 42 B.C. when Brutus and Cassiushad been defeated by the forces of
Octavian and Mark Antony, Antipaterhad died by poisoning.
Mark Antony conferred on Phasael andHerod the title of tetrarch along with
responsibility of Jewish politics.
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Antigonas, a surviving son ofAristobulus II managed to put this in a
bad light and gained the support of theParthians to lay siege to Jerusalem.
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Phasael committed suicide before hecould be taken, and upon capturing
Jerusalem Antigonas cut off the ears ofHyrcanus (his uncle) so that he would
no longer qualify as High Priest. Herod
managed to escape and sought out
Antony in Alexandria.
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In 37 B.C., three years after Antigonashad seized power, Herod retook
Jerusalem with the support of theRomans.
Antigonas was executed, and Herodcontrolled of all of Palestine.
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Herod, also called Herod the Great, wasknown for great cruelty, even among his
own family. During the period of his reign he had
ten wives.
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The first was Mariamne, thegranddaughter of Hyrcanus II.
Herod was always suspicious of thepolitical ambitions of the survivingHasmoneans, so one by one he had
them murdered, including Mariamne.
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As time went on he also murdered histwo sons by Mariamne, Alexander and
Aristobulus IV. Herod was being true to his character
when he ordered the boy babies in
Bethlehem killed as seen in the Gospel
of Matthew.
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Just prior to his death he gave ordersfor the most distinguished men of
Jerusalem to be executed upon hisdeath so that the nation would be in
mourning upon his demise. Fortunately,
those orders were never carried out.
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Having ruined his popularity with thepeople through his own cruelty, Herod
sought to gain political points throughgrandiose construction, in Jerusalem
and elsewhere in Palestine. Most
notable of these constructions was the
temple
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Upon his death in 4 B.C., Herod left themajority of his kingdom to his three sons
Archelaus, Antipas, and Philip.Archelaus, also noted for his cruelty,
ruled over Idumea, Judea, and Samaria.
He only ruled for two years beforefalling out of favor with the emperor,
Octavian, and was banished to Gaul.
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Roman procurators then ruled over theregions except for a short period when
Agrippa I ruled. The most notable ofthese was Pontius Pilate, the fifth
procurator to hold authority. As with
procurators both before and after him,
Pilate did much to cause the hostilefeelings of the Jews toward Rome.
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Antipas, the Herod who beheaded Johnthe Baptist and before whom Jesus
appeared before His crucifixion, wasgiven the rule of Galilee and Perea.
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Antipas, who was half Samaritan (hismother being Malthace, the Samaritan
wife of Herod the Great) and alreadylooked upon with disdain by the Jews,
further scandalized the Jews by
divorcing his first wife and marrying
Herodias, the wife of his half-brotherPhilip.
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Herodias is characterized by one writeras being to Antipas what Jezebel was to
Ahab.
Her jealousy of her own half-brother,Agrippa I, would push her husband into
a play for power that would finally lead
to his banishment to Gaul in A.D. 39.
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Philip, the third of Herod the Greatssons to receive power was given
authority over northeast Palestine. He
reigned until his death in A.D. 34.
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Agrippa I, the son of Aristobulus IV whoHerod the Great had put to death, was
given the title of king over the territory
formerly ruled by Philip at Philips death.
Herodias, whose husband Antipas was
merely a tetrarch, prompted Antipas to
seek a higher title, whereby heappealed to Emperor Caligula.
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Agrippa I was a personal friend ofCaligula and wrote a letter to Caligula
accusing Antipas of having formed a
secret alliance with the Parthians. At
this word from Agrippa, Caligula
banished Antipas to Gaul and Agrippa
was given his territory.
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In A.D. 41 Caligula also gave to Agrippathe territory that had once been ruled by
Archelaus but had been under a Roman
procurator from A.D. 6 to 41. At his
death in A.D. 44, Agrippa was ruling the
same general area that Herod the Great
had ruled.
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At the death of Agrippa I, Palestinecame under direct Roman rule, Judea
being through the intermediary of a
procurator. In A.D. 53, Agrippa II, son of
Agrippa I, was made king over Philips
former territories.
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Like others before him, Agrippa IIcaused great scandal by his moral
debauchery, most notably the
relationship he had with his sister
Bernice. It was before this Agrippa that
the Apostle Paul presented his case in
Acts 26. Agrippa II died in A.D. 93 andwas the last of the Herods to rule.
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