Pakistan’s Civilian Nuclear Developments and the International Context.

Maria Sultan

World Nuclear Energy

Approx 440 reactors , 17.5% of WNM

• The development of nuclear technology had a promising beginning in the 50s. As years went by the enthusiasm started to diminish. After the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents it even turned into rejection. But nevertheless the percentage of nuclear energy production is constantly increasing

Nuclear Power Generation

• Nuclear Energy Hazards <Safety regulations<uses high technology and is expensive .(economics and safety)

• Types of reactor =Pressurised water Reactors PWR (7.5%), small PWR(1.7%) with a total operational time of 12,000 reactor years and over 400 thermal type reactors are supplied by Nuclear steam Supply System vendors >4NPP. PWR have 58% and PHWR 7.9% Operating Experience (79 have aged more than40years)

World Economic Markets

• Developed

• Developing and

• Rapidly Developing Markets

• Relationship between Developed and developing Countries For Example ^104 NPP no market share of non US vendors.. Reluctance to give market access to other states

Pakistan’s Nuclear History

• 1956 Pakistan Atomic Energy Council (promotion of nuclear energy)

• 1964 Pakistan Nuclear Safety Committee( PNSC)• Pakistan Nuclear Energy Commission ordinance was

promulgated in 1965.• Resulted in Turn –key basis from north American

suppliers namely Pakistan Research reactor PARR-1 (1965)from Atomics Machine Foundry (AMF) and Karachi Nuclear power Plant KANUPP (1972) from Canada

• Pakistan Nuclear Safety Commission (PNSC) -1965

Nuclear Facilities operated by PAEC

Sr.No Facility Type Number

Nuclear Power Plants

PWR 325Mew(CHASNUPP)

2

Nuclear Power Plants

PHWR 137Mew(KANUUPP)

1

Research Reactors

1MTR 10Mwth (PARR-1)

1

Research Reactors

1MNST 127 Kwth (PARR-2)

1

Nuclear Facilities

R&D Institutes Physical sciences

4

R&D Institutes Agricultural/Biological Sciences

4

Research /Medicine

Nuclear Medical centres

13

Research/ teaching

Irradiation facility

1

Management /Training

Human Resource Development Centres

8

1

Nuclear Facilities

Non destructive Test facility

1

Research and Teaching

Biotechnology and genetic engineering

1

Facility Life Cycle

• Start /beginning

• Design/construction/Commissioning

• Middle Operation suspension/extended shutdown / modification/life extension

• End

• Closure/decommissioning, Transfer

• World association of Nuclear Operators

Nuclear Medicine• Multan Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (MINAR) • Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Oncology (INMOL) • Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicines(PINUM) • Institute of Radiotherapy & Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM) • Centre for Nuclear Medicines (CENUM) • Atomic Energy Medical Centre (AEMC) Jamshoro 

Now Nuclear Institute of Medicine & Radiotherapy (NIMRA) • Centre for Nuclear Medicine &   Radiotherapy(CENAR) • Bahawalpur Institute for Nuclear Oncology (BINO) • Larkana Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (LINAR) • Nuclear Medicine Oncology & Radiotherapy Institute(NORI) • Karachi Institute of Radiotherapy & Nuclear Medicine (KIRAN) • *Atomic Energy Medical Centre (AEMC), Karachi*

-- (Underconstruction /being updated) • *Institute of Nuclear Medicine Oncology & Radiotherapy (INOR),

Abbottabad*

Pakistan Agriculture Research CentrePARC

• The main functions of PARC are to

:Undertake, aid, promote and coordinate agricultural research

Arrange expeditious utilization of research results Establish research establishments mainly to fill in the gaps in existing programme of agricultural research

Arrange the training of high level scientific manpower in agricultural sciences Generate, acquire and disseminate information relating to agriculture

Establish and maintain a reference and research library Perform any other functions related to the matters aforesaid

History-PINSTECH

“Reported Soviet Reactor in Pakistan”

A telegram dated February 29th 1964 from the United States Department of State querying the arrival of a 5 MW Research Reactor for the National Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

PINSTECH History

Established in the early sixties the Pakistan institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), was established at Nilore, near Islamabad.

Designed by world-renowned architect Edward Durrell Stone, PINSTECH blends eastern elegance with western functionality.

Construction of the Institute proceeded in two stages: In the first stage, reactor building and ancillary facilities were completed with the reactor becoming critical on 21st December 1965.

The second stage, consisting of various laboratories, workshop, library and auditorium, became operational in 1974.

Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH)

PINSTECH symbolizes the will and the ability of a small developing nation to embark upon a viable nuclear program aimed at peaceful exploitation of atomic energy for socio-economic uplift.

Self reliance is the basic philosophy shaping the evolution of the institute's facilities and R&D program, and has become the hallmark of its achievements.

PINSTECH PARR 1 - 10 MW Research Reactor

PAKISTAN RESEARCH REACTOR-1 PARR-1

A 10 MW swimming pool type research reactor, the experimental facilities associated with the reactor are:

Central Flux Trap with a maximum thermal neutron flux of 1.5x1014.

Graphite Thermal Column provides thermal neutron flux ranging from 1.7x108 to 5.9x1011.

Pneumatic Tubes for irradiation of small samples, at thermal flux around 3.0x1013 and fast flux around 3.8x1012.

Horizontal Beam Tubes with thermal flux in the range 3.7x1013 to 8.5x1013.

Gamma cell for bulk irradiation of samples and Hot cell, a properly shielded facility to handle highly radioactive samples.

PINSTECH PARR 2 - 27 MW Research Reactor

A tank-in pool type reactor with a rated power of 27 kW, this corresponds to the thermal neutron flux of the order of 1012 Depending on the distance from core center, its irradiation sites have thermal neutron fluxes from 1x1012 to 5 x 1011.

The fast neutron flux is also of the same order.

Kannup Reactor

•This is a Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)

•Net Output: 137 MW

•Commercial Start: 1972

KANUPP Nuclear Plant

•Supplied by Canada late 1960’s

•The oldest CANDU reactor of its kind still operating.

•No longer supported by manufacturer

•Pakistan has managed to keep this unit operating even without support.

•Should continue to operate until 2012

•Inefficient: Low burn up and probably high plutonium fissile content in discharged fuel.

Chasnupp 1 Reactor

•This is a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

•Net Output is 300 MWe

•Went Critical 08/1998

•Commercial Start 03/99

•This unit was supplied and constructed by the China National Nuclear Corporation.

Chasma Nuclear Plant 1

•Chinese Qinshan Phase 1. China National Nuclear Corporation.

•Performance better than KANUPP

•Chasma site houses Pakistan’s nuclear fuel reprocessing plant which is operated by PAEC.

•Khushab Plutonium Production Reactor, a 40 MWth is nearby.

Chasma Nuclear Plant 2

•Copy of Chinese Qinshan Phase 1, China National Nuclear Corporation, with modifications.

•Cost in the of $860 Million Dollars

•China supplying loans and credits of $350 Million

•Japan and Germany will supply the Pressure Vessel and Pumps respectively.

•Contract Signed with China National Nuclear Corporation in 2004 and construction has now started.

Chasnupp 2 Reactor

The construction of Chashma Nuclear Power Project Unit-2 (CHASNUPP-2) has just started after the ground breaking ceremony held on April 8, 2005.

This will be a 325 MW Unit when completed.

Pakistani Current Nuclear Program

•Two operating nuclear power plants, one under construction

•KANUPP - 125 MWe (Net) CANDU type reactor near Karachi started commercial operation in 1972

•CHASNUPP-1 - 300 MWe (Net) Pressurized Water Reactor near Chasma in the Punjab which started commercial operation in the year 2000.

•CHASNUPP-2 325 MWe (net) Pressurized Water Reactor near Chasma in the Punjab, under construction commercial operation in the vicinity of 2012

Pakistan’s Current Nuclear Program 2

•All of Pakistani nuclear power plants and all its fuel cycle facilities are operated by Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)

•Pakistan's nuclear safety issues are regulated by the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA)

•All Pakistan's Nuclear Power Plants are under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards

•Pakistan is a member of the CANDU Operators Group (COG)

•Pakistan Is Also a Member of the World Association of Nuclear (Plant) Operators (WANO)

•Pakistan attempts to harmonize export control policies to the Nuclear Suppliers Group Guidelines

•Pakistan has complied with the Reporting Requirements of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540

The reactors are located near the major centre’s of of electrical demand

Pakistan’s Expansion Plans

•Pakistan's 2005 Midterm Development Framework (MTDF) calls for installed capacity of 8800 MWe by 2030.

•This extra capacity may well be purchased from China or other powers that have the required level of expertise who has supplied existing equipment to Pakistan or lesewhere.

Going critical at CHASMA-1

Nuclear Facilities on the Sub-Continent

Possible Limiting factors in areas of safety and security in Pakistan's Nuclear Power Program

•Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Flooding

•The PNRA having the ability to license new sites and certify reactor designs as well is safely regulate the operations of existing plants.

•The PAEC having the ability to train an adequate number of technical staff in a short enough time.

Nuclear Waste Disposal

Safety Regime • Wide spectrum of facilities • facility Indicators member of world Association Of Nuclear

operators acc 9PIs• Pakistan has provide information for both KANUUPP and

CHASNUPP.• Research Reactors a scheme would include :S&T based Gross

Revenue, Publications By Type; Diversity by Application ;Cooperation with Industry, Research Organisation and University Sector; Degree of usage maintained facilities by External Users And for Medical Centres would include :

• NO Of patients treated/diagnosed; waiting Time and Time For completion Of Procedure, No of Cases with Over exposure; research activities including no of Publications

Issue of Hazards and Safety Regime

• Anticipated Hazards < Age • four factors are paramount • Technology :Prevention, mitigation; emergency

preparedness &planning• Human Resource : Prevention &mitigation ’emergency

Preparedness (PAEC Emergency Response Management System)

• Organisation prepared core conversion from 93%to20% and power up gradation from 5Mwe to 10Mwth) of PARR-1 with IAEA safeguards

• Environment: No Single Significant Event has ever been Listed and carried through National Radiation Safety Infrastructure of Pakistan

Positive factors in areas of safety and security in Pakistan's Nuclear Power Program

•Opportunity to purchase new and perhaps safer reactor technology

•Relying on limited reactor designs allows standardization of training.

•Standardization of parts

•Good safety record by Pakistani operators in maintaining their plants

Security Issues with Spent Fuel

•Increasing and significant spent fuel to be contained

•CHASNUPP out puts 12 Metric Tons of Heavy Metal (MTHM) per year

•600 MWe Qinshan units out put up to 25 MTHM per year.

NPT Treaty Issues

Pakistan is a Nuclear Weapons State outside Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) Regime.

Pakistan has not signed the Non-proliferation Treaty nor the Additional Protocol to its Safeguards Agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency. Nevertheless has voluntary offer safeguards which provide a cover to the civilian nuclear programme.

Maps of Pakistan’s Nuclear Facilities

Conclusion

• Pakistan has achieved self Technical sufficiency and reliance in almost the entire nuclear fuel cycle . However at the moment does not have NPPIII to benefit from economy of scale. (Capital intensive) Total Global Capacity is 370,000MWE. Problem of Data.

• Nuclear Market is at this time going for Mergers.. Risk informed decision making and cost justification.

• Hazards = Reactor Type , Vendors , Design , Materials and National Approach etc.

Conclusion

• Pakistan’s Nuclear Industry is A Rapidly growing industry and in future aims to full fill its energy requirements to a greater degree from its nuclear power reactors

• 8800 Mew reactors are to built • # Economies of Scale can be achieved through

cooperative work between developing countries

• Achieving their Energy Targets and without bordering the economies.