By, SYED ANAS ABDALI

PAKISTAN MOVEMENT ISPS ASSIGNMENT

Pakistan Movement

NEED FOR A SEPARATE HOMELAND:

Hindus and Muslims had lived peacefully together in India for centuries, but after the

British invasion in South Asia and their undue support to Hindus, life became very difficult

for Indian Muslims. In fact, the Muslims were a separate nation who always adhered to their

religious identity. The British and the Hindus in spite of their great efforts could not put a

wedge into the Muslim unity and their love for the national character. The creation of

Pakistan owes much to this feeling of adherence to their national image and religious identity.

The Muslims of Indo Pak Sub Continent demanded a separate homeland on the following

grounds.

1. Desire to establish an Islamic State:

Islam is a complete code of life for the Muslims and they are eager to implement it in

their personal and collective life. Islamic code of Life or Islamic Ideology cannot be

implemented until a pure Islamic Society free from all other un-Islamic influences is

established. The desire to establish an Islamic State was also one of the factors to demand a

separate homeland.

2. Two Nation Theory:

The Two Nation Theory played an important role for demanding a separate homeland

according to which Hindus and Muslims are the two nations and therefore they cannot live

together. Quaid-e-Azam once said,

“Hindus and Muslims though living in the same towns and villages had never been blended

into one nation. They were always two separate entities.”

So the Muslims should have a separate State where they could lead their individual and

collective life in accordance with the Islamic principles.

3. Historical Collusion:

Hindu and Muslim historical collusion started when Muhammad Bin Qasim,

defeating Raja Dahir, founded Islamic government in the subcontinent. Many battles under

Muslim Rule. The historical collusion continued also during the British Regime. Hindus,

cooperating with British, tried to diminish Muslim culture and their way of life but they

remained futile. The future of Muslims was obvious in such condition; therefore they decided

to demand for the separate homeland.

4. Hindus and British:

Since the British snatched power from Muslims, they were doubtful about the

faithfulness of Muslims. So, Hindus and British joined hands to destroy the Muslims morally,

socially, economically and politically. They reserved all higher civil, judicial and military

appointments for British only while Muslims were debarred from all official positions. The

Islamic educational system was replaced by British one. Then Muslims were forced to change

their religion to Christianity and were compelled to send their children to co-educational

institutes and abandon purdha. This was the reason that Muslims became fed up with both

British and Hindus and decided to have a separate homeland.

5. British Parliamentary System:

Indian National Congress demanded the British Parliamentary system of government

in India which meant majority rule. The implementation of this simply meant the Hindus

slavery of Muslims since they were in majority. This was the reason that Muslims stressed on

separate electorates and got it accepted. Separate electorate was the first brick in the

foundation of demand for separate homeland.

6. Shuddi and Sangathan Movement:

Hindu Muslim Unity evaporated in the year after the Khilafat Movement and Hindu

Muslim Riots began. The poison of differences between the two nations aggravated with the

passage of time. The differences reached to the peak when Shuddhi and Sangathan

movements began. The Shuddhi Movement aimed at the mass conversion of certain

backward groups of Muslims into Hindus by force whereas the

Sangathan Programmed sought to organize the Hindus into a Militant force to flight with the

Muslims.

7. Activities of Maha Sabha:

Maha Sabha was established in 1900. It was a non-political party until the Shuddhi

and Sangathan Movement started. These movements motivated Maha Sabha to be involved in

politics. It proved to be the worst enemy of Muslims. The party declared Muslims as

outsiders and said that Muslims have no relation with India. If they want to leave it then they

could leave it happily but if they want to leave it then they could leave it happily but if they

want to live in India, they will have to accept Hindu Mut. So it was impossible for Hindus

and Muslims to live in a country together.

8. Protection of Urdu Language:

Urdu was considered to be the language of Muslims in the subcontinent. In 1867, the

Hindu-Urdu controversy began with some outstanding Hindus of Banaras

demanding replacements of Urdu by Hindi as the court language. The supporters of Hindi

claimed for it a national status whereas the Muslims hotly denied it. As the controversy

spread, the two languages became more and more exclusive. Muslims got very disappointed

when in April 1900 UP Governor Sir Antony Mac Donnell gave Hindi the status of National

language with Urdu. That's why Muslims felt the need to set a political party. Then after a

detailed discussion at last All India Muslim League was established in 1906. Maulvi Abdul

Haque (1870-1961) has rightly said, Urdu Language placed the first brick in the foundation

of Pakistan. It is a reality that it was one of the major reasons for demanding a separate

country.

9. Protection of Muslim Culture:

Hindus, with the consent of British during the Congress Ministries, burnt and looted

the properties and houses of Muslims, Moreover, the signs of Muslims, past glory were

damaged. Educational Syllabus was changed. Urdu was replaced by Hindi and the Muslim

students were forced to worship statues of Gandhi in their schools. The Muslims of India,

therefore, decided that the Muslim culture could be protected in a free and separate Muslim

State.

10. Narrow mindedness of Hindus:

Hindu is a narrow-minded nation who does not believe the philosophy of equality.

They considers themselves superior and used to call Muslims 'Maleech' (impure). There was

no concept of eating and drinking together. Furthermore Muslims were not allowed to touch

the food items of Hindus. There was only way out for the Muslims to demand a separate

homeland.

11. Economic Hardships:

During the period of British Government, Hindus practically threw out Muslims from

the fields of trade and industry. All the business, industrial, and services opportunities were

occupied by Hindus and some degraded jobs were left for the Muslims. Muslims of India

became the political slave of British and economic slave of Hindus. To come out from this

vicious circle, at last, Muslims decided to demand for a separate homeland.

12. Congress Ministries:

During the period of Congress Ministries (1937-1939). Hindus did worst possible

injustice with Muslims. The Hindu-Muslim riots were usual during the Congress rule. Band-

e-Mataram, three colored flag and statue of Gandhi were introduced at national level. Urdu

was replaced by Hindi and slaughtering cow was banned. Muslim leaders showed their

resentment before Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi showed his helpless while Nehru

plainly and openly said that there were only two nations in India, Congress and British and

the rest should follow them. After this statement, nothing for left for Muslims but to present

Pakistan Resolution in 1940.

Conclusion:

On the basis of above mentioned factors and bitter attitude of British and Congress the

Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they remained a part of Hindu

society. Therefore they quitted Congress and demanded separate land on the ground that they

were different nation from Hindus. According to Quaid-e-Azam

The Muslims demanded Pakistan were they can rule in accordance with their own system of

life, their cultural development, their traditions and Islamic law.

Introduction:

The Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan (Urdu: تحریک پاکستان — Taḥrīk-i

Pākistān) was a historic and subsequently successful political movement that aimed for the

independence of Pakistan from the British Empire, to form the new independent nation

state by the union of the four provinces located in the far northwest of the subcontinent, the

princely state of Jammu and Kashmir , as well as the far northeastern region of Bengal.

The movement progressed alongside with the Indian independence movement which had the

similar views and motives, but the Pakistan Movement sought to establish a nation-state that

protected the religious identity and political interests of Muslims in South Asia. The first

organized political movements were in Aligarh where another literary was led by Sir Syed

Ahmad Khan that built the genesis of the Pakistan movement. An educational convention

held in 1906 with joint efforts of Syed Ahmad Khan and Vikar-ul-Haq, the Muslim reformers

took the movem ent to the political stage in the form of establishing the mainstream and then

newly formed All-India Muslim League (AIML), with prominent moderate leaders seeking to

protect the basic rights of Muslims in the British Raj. During the initial stages of the

movement, it adopted the vision of philosopher Iqbal after addressing at the convention of

the AIML's annual session. Muhammad Ali Jinnah's constitutional struggle further helped

gaining public support for the movement in the four provinces. Urdu poets such

as Iqbal and Faiz used literature, poetry and speech as a powerful tool for political

awareness. Feminists such as Sheila Pant and Fatima Jinnah championed the emancipation

of Pakistan's women and their participation in national politics.

The Pakistan Movement was led by a large and diversified group of people and their struggle

ultimately resulted in British Empire professing to the Indian Independence Act 1947, which

created the independent dominions of India and Pakistan. The Pakistan Movement was a

result of a series of social, political, intellectual transformations in the Pakistani society,

government, and ways of thinking. Efforts and struggles of the Founding Fathers resulted in

the creation of the democratic and independent. In the following years, another nationally–

minded subset went on to establish a strong government, followed by the military

intervention in 1958. Grievousness and unbalanced economic distribution caused an upheaval

which led the East Pakistan declared independence as the People's Republic of Bangladesh in

1971. After a strong concessions and consents reached in 1973, the

new Constitution established a relatively strong government, institutions, national courts,

a legislature that represented both states in the Senate and population in the National

Assembly. Pakistan's phase shift to republicanism, and the gradually increasing democracy,

caused an upheaval of traditional social hierarchy and gave birth to the ethic that has formed

a core of political values in Pakistan.

History of The Movement:

Background

The East India Company was formed in 1600 and had gained a foothold in India in

1612 after Mughal emperor Jahangir granted it the rights to establish a factory, or trading, in

the port of Surat on the western coast. As the Mughal Empire quickly decline from the power,

the British Empire expanded quick to gain control of the subcontinent in the 1700s. The

economic, social, public, and political influence of East India Company and the strong

military projection further limited the rule of the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah II. The defeat

of Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, proved to be an event which led the most of the South

India fell under the direct or indirect rule of the East India Company.

All over the subcontinent, the British government took over the state machinery, bureaucracy,

universities, schools, and institutions as well establishing its own. During this time, Lord

Macaulay radical and influential educational reforms led to the numerous changes to the

introduction and teaching of Western languages (e.g. English and Latin), history,

and philosophy. Religious studies and the Arabic, Turkish, and Persian languages were

completely barred from the state universities. In a short span of time, the English language

had become not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835 in place

of Persian, disadvantaging those who had built their careers around the latter language.

Traditional Hindu and Islamic studies were no longer supported by the British Crown, and

nearly all of the madrasahs lost their waqf(lit. financial endowment). Discontent by these

reforms, Muslim and Hindu rebels initiated the first rebellion in 1857 which was inverted by

the British forces, followed by final abdication of last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II, also

the same year. Noting the sensitivity of this issue, Queen Victoria removed the East India

Company and consolidated the power by gaining the control of subcontinent into British

Empire. Directives issues by Queen Victoria led to the quick removal Mughal symbols which

spawned a negative attitude amongst some Muslims towards everything modern and western,

and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under the new regime. This

tendency, had it continued for long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim

community.

In justifying these actions, Macaulay's notably argument that Sanskrit and Arabic were

wholly inadequate for students studying history, science, and technology. He argued, "We

have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue.

We must teach them some foreign language." The solution was to teach English.

Renaissance Vision:

Eventually, many Muslims barred their children to be educated at the English

universities which had proved to be disastrous for the Muslim communities. Very few

Muslim families had their children to be sent at the English universities. On the other hand,

the effects of Bengali renaissance made Hindus population to be more educated and gained

lucrative positions at the Indian Civil Service; many would ascended to the influential posts

in the British government.

During this time, influential Muslim reformer and educationist, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan began

to argue for the importance of the British education. Sir Syed was a jurist and a scholar who

was Knighted by the British Crown for his services to British Empire. Witnessing this

atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive the spirit of

progress within the Muslim community of British India. At notable Muslim gatherings, he

argued that the Muslims, in their attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realize the

fact that mankind had entered a very important phase of its existence— an era of science and

learning. Despite harsh criticism from the Islamic orthodoxy, he helped convince many

Muslim communities to realize that the very fact was the source of progress and prosperity

for the British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for

regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the Muslim outlook from a

medieval one to a modern one.

In attendance, Sir Syed advised the Muslim communities to not to participate in politics

unless and until they got modern education. He was of the view that Muslims could not

succeed in the field of western politics without knowing the system. In the 1900s, Sir Syed

was invited to attend the first convention of Indian National Congress, and many persuaded

him to join the party but he reportedly refused to accept the offer. Instead, he went onto

urged the Muslims to keep themselves away from the Congress and predicted that this

convention would prove to be a Hindu party in the times to come. In response to this, Sir

Syed called in and established the first All India Muhammadan Educational

Conference where he provided Muslims with a platform on which he could discuss their

political problems. He also became an instrument of leading the Aligarh Movement to

provide Western education to Muslim communities. This led the establishment of the Aligarh

Muslim University (AMU) which became pivotal place of providing modern teachings

on science and technology, modern politics, law and justice, literature, history, and

contemporary arts. Sir Syed's writings and scholar works played an important role in

popularizing the ideals for which the Aligarh stood whilst also helped to create cordial

relations between the British Crown and the Indian. One of his biggest achievement was the

removal of misunderstandings about Islam and Christianity. It was from this platform that

Syed Ahmad Khan strongly advised the Muslims against joining the Hindu dominated

Congress and also promoted the idea that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. His

writings, arguments, theory, and efforts later conjoined and his idea was now popular

as "Two-nation theory". At the time of his death, Sir Syed was now known as father

of "Two-nation theory" and earned the title "Prophet of Education".

The Aligarh movement and the two-nation theory provided the basis of the Pakistan

Movement. With the help of Sir Syed and Nawab Vakar-ul-Mulk, the All-India Muslim

League (AIML) was founded in 1906, followed by the vision of Sir Mohammad Iqbal of a

homeland for the Muslims floated in 1930, on to the Pakistan Resolution of 1940, and the

League gaining strength to finally attaining a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.

After his death and the establishment of Pakistan, his name continues to be extremely

respected in Pakistan, even as of today; one of country's most notable university is also

named after him.

Rise of Organized Movement and Muslims Minority:

In 1876, Queen Victoria took the additional title of Empress of India. Passed by

the Queen, the 1833 act appointed Lord William Bentinck as Governor-General of British.

The success of All India Muhammadan Educational Conference as a part of the Aligarh

Movement, the All-India Muslim League, was established with the support provided by Syed

Ahmad Khan in 1906. It was founded in Dhaka in a response to reintegration of Bengal after

a mass Hindu protest took place in the subcontinent. Earlier in 1905, Viceroy Lord

Curzon partitioned the Bengal which was favored by the Muslims, since it gave them a

Muslim majority in the eastern half.

In 1909, Lord Minto promulgated the Council Act and met with a Muslim delegation led

by Aga Khan III to meet with Viceroy Lord Minto, a deal to which Minto agreed because it

appeared to assist the British divide and rule strategy. The delegation consisted of 35

members, who each represented their respective region proportionately, mentioned

hereunder.

1. Sir Aga Khan III. (Head of the delegation); (Bombay).

2. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. (Aligarh).

3. Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk. (Muradabad).

4. Maulvi Hafiz Hakim Ajmal Khan. (Delhi).

5. Maulvi Syed Karamat Husain. (Allahabad).

6. Maulvi Sharifuddin (Patna).

7. Nawab Syed Sardar Ali Khan (Bombay).

8. Syed Abdul Rauf. (Allahabad).

9. Maulvi Habiburrehman Khan. (Aligarh).

10. Sahibzada Aftab Ahmed Khan. (Aligarh).

11. Abdul Salam Khan. (Rampur).

12. Raees Muhammed Ahtasham Ali. (Lucknow)

13. Khan Bahadur Muhammad Muzammilullah Khan. (Aligarh).

14. Haji Muhammed Ismail Khan. (Aligarh).

15. Shehzada Bakhtiar Shah. (Calcutta).

16. Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana. (Shahpur).

17. Khan Bahadur Muhammed Shah Deen. (Lahore).

18. Khan Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chaudhary. (Mymansingh).

19. Nawab Bahadur Mirza Shuja'at Ali Baig. (Murshidabad).

20. Nawab Nasir Hussain Khan Bahadur. (Patna).

21. Khan Bahadur Syed Ameer Hassan Khan. (Calcutta).

22. Syed Muhammed Imam. (Patna).

23. Nawab Sarfaraz Hussain Khan Bahadur. (Patna).

24. Maulvi Rafeeuddin Ahmed. (Bombay).

25. Khan Bahadur Ahmed Muhaeeuddin. (Madras).

26. Ibraheem Bhai Adamjee Pirbhai. (Bombay).

27. Maulvi Abdul Raheem. (Calcutta).

28. Syed Allahdad Shah. (Khairpur).

29. Maulana H. M. Malik. (Nagpur).

30. Khan Bahadur Col. Abdul Majeed Khan. (Patiala).

31. Khan Bahadur Khawaja Yousuf Shah. (Amritsar).

32. Khan Bahadur Mian Muhammad Shafi. (Lahore).

33. Khan Bahadur Shaikh Ghulam Sadiq. (Amritsar).

34. Syed Nabiullah. (Allahabad).

35. Khalifa Syed Muhammed Khan Bahadur. (Patna).

The Muslim League's original goal was to define and protect the interests of

educated upper and gentry class of the Indian Muslims. Its educational activities were based

on AMU, Calcutta University, and Punjab University; though it’s headquarter was

in Lucknow. British thinker, John Locke's (1632–1704) ideas on liberty greatly influenced

the political thinking behind the party's movement. It was the dissemination of western

thought by John Locke, Milton and Thomas Paine at the AMU that initiated the emergence of

Muslim nationalism. Sir Aga Khan III was appointed its first and founding president; Ali

Johar wrote party's first constitution. Despite its activism and educated mass, the party

remained less influential in various areas as compared to political movements such

as Khaksars, Khudai Khidmatgar, Ahrar, and Hirat until the 1930s.

By the 1930s, Muhammad Iqbal had joined the party whose writings, speeches, philosophical

ideas, and his British education training played a crucial role in the expansion of the Muslim

League. Furthermore, Muslim League's pro-British stance, Jinnah, Ali Khan, and many other

leaders’ constitutional struggle for Muslim rights made it an extremely popular party in the

Muslim dominated areas of the Subcontinent. Furthermore, the success of Muslim League

in 1934 elections in the Muslim dominated areas played a crucial role in the split between the

Muslim League and Congress became apparent when Congress refused to join coalition

administrations with the Muslim League in areas with mixed religion. The political scene

was set that was to lead to post-1945 violence in India.

World War II:

On 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain announced

the commencement of war with Germany. The World War II became an integral for Pakistan

Movement with the Muslim League playing a decisive role in the World War II in the 1940s

and as the driving force behind the division of India along religious lines and the creation

of Pakistan as a Muslim state in 1947. In 1939, the Congress leaders resigned from all British

India government to which they had elected. The Muslim League celebrated the end of

Congress led British Indian government, with Jinnah famously quoting: "a day of deliverance

and thanksgiving." In a secret memorandum writing to British Prime Minister, the Muslim

League obliged to support the United Kingdom's war efforts— provided that the British had

recognize it as the only organization that spoke for Indian Muslims.

The events leading the World War II, the Congress effective protest against the United

Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting with the congress; the

Muslim League went on to support the British war efforts, which was allowed to actively

propagandize against the Congress with the cry of "Islam in Danger"

The Indian Congress and Muslim League responded differently over the World War II issue.

The Indian Congress refused to oblige with the Britain unless the whole Indian subcontinent

was granted the independence. The Muslim League, on the other hand, supported Britain,

with the means of political cooperation and human contribution. The Muslim League leaders'

British education training and philosophical ideas played a role that brought the British

government and the Muslim to be close to each other. Jinnah himself supported the British in

World War Two when the Congress failed to form any form of collaboration. The British

government suddenly made a pledge to the Muslims in 1940 that it would not transfer power

to an Independent India unless its constitution was first approved by the Indian Muslims, a

promise it did not subsequently keep.

The End of the War:

In 1942, Gandhi called for the Quit India Movement against the United Kingdom. On the

other hand, the Muslim League advised the Prime Minister Winston Churchill that the Great

Britain should "divide and then Quit". Negotiations between Gandhi and

Viceroy Wavell failed, as did talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944. When the World

War II ended, the Muslim League's push for the Pakistan Movement and Gandhi’s efforts

for Indian independence intensified the pressure on Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Given

the rise of American and Russian order in the world politics and the general unrest in

India, Wavell called for the general elections to be held in 1945. The elections marked the

Muslim League won nearly all the seats in Muslim areas while Congress did the same in

predominantly Hindu areas. Polarization was now obvious and violence erupted in whole

Subcontinent.

For Jinnah, Islam laid a cultural base for an ideology of ethnic nationalism whose objective

was to gather the Muslim community to defend the Muslim minorities in

the subcontinent. Jinnah's representation of Indian Muslims was quite apparent in 1928, when

in the All-Party Muslim Conference, he was ready to swap the advantages of separate

electorates for a quota of 33% of seats at the Capital. He maintained his views at the Round,

while the Muslims of Punjab and Bengal were vying for a much more decentralized political

setup. Many of their requests were met in the 1935 Government of India Act. Jinnah and the

founding played a peripheral role at the time and in 1937 could manage to gather only 5% of

the Muslim vote. Jinnah refused to back down and went ahead with his plan. He presented

the theory in the now famous Lahore Resolution in March 1940, seeking a separate Muslim

nation-state.

The idea of a separate state had first been introduced by Sir Iqbal in his speech in December

1930 as the President of the Muslim League. The nation state that he visualized, "within the

British Empire, or without the British Empire", included only four provinces of North-West

India: Punjab, Sindh, Afghania, and Balochistan. Three years later, the name Pakistan was

proposed in a pamphlet published in 1933 by Rahmat Ali, a graduate of the University of

Cambridge. Again, Bengal was left out of the proposal.

In a book written in 2004, Idea of Pakistan by American historian of Pakistan, Stephen P.

Cohen, writes on the influence of South Asian Muslim nationalism on the Pakistan

movement:

"It begins with a glorious precolonial empire when the Muslims of South Asia were

politically united and culturally, civilizational, and strategically dominant. In that era, ethno

linguistic differences were subsumed under a common vision of an Islamic- inspired social

and political order. However, the divisions among Muslims that did exist were exploited by

the British Empire, who practiced rule politics, displacing the Mughals and circumscribing

other Islamic rulers. Moreover, the Hindus were the allies of the British Empire, who used

them to strike a balance with the Muslims; many Hindus, a fundamentally insecure people,

hated Muslims and would have oppressed them in a one-man, one-vote democratic India. The

Pakistan Movement united these disparate pieces of the national puzzle, and Pakistan was the

expression of the national will of India's liberated Muslims...."

—Stephen Cohen, Idea of Pakistan (2004)

Political Campaigns and Support:

Punjab:

The Western Punjab had become a major center of activity of the Muslim League's

pushed for Pakistan Movement. On 29 December 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered his

monumental presidential address to the All India Muslim League annual session held in

Lahore. He said:

“ I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province [now Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa], Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-

government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the

formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be

the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India. ”

On 28 January 1933, Chaudhry Rehmat Ali, founder of Pakistan National Movement voiced

his ideas in the pamphlet entitled "Now or Never: Are We to Live or Perish Forever?" In a

subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail. "Pakistan' is both a

Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South

Asia homelands; that is, Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It means the

land of the Pure".

In 1940 Muslim League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said: "Hindus and the Muslims

belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature.... It is quite

clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They

have different epics, different heroes and different episodes.... To yoke together two such

nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must

lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the

government of such a state." At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to

creating an independent Muslim state, including Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West

Frontier Province and Bengal, that would be "wholly autonomous and sovereign". The

resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions. The Lahore Resolution, moved by

the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq, was adopted on 23 March 1940, and

its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. Talks between Jinnah

and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement. This was the last attempt to

reach a single-state solution.

In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known

as Quaid-e-Azam (‘Great Leader’). The general elections held in 1945 for the

Constituent of British Indian Empire, the Muslim League secured and won 425 out of 496

seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an

independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted.

The Congress which was led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing

India. The partition seems to have been inevitable after all, one of the examples being Lord

Mountbatten's statement on Jinnah: "There was no argument that could move him from his

consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan."

The Western Punjab was home to a small minority population of

Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus up to 1947 apart from the Muslim majority. In 1947, the Punjab

Assembly cast its vote in favor of Pakistan with supermajority, which made many

minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while Muslim refugees from India settled in the

Western Punjab and across Pakistan.

Sindh:

The local leaders and Sindhi nationalists never submitted to British crown, and

the Hurs led by Sindhi nationalist, Pir Pagara-I has fought against the British forces in 1857.

After Western, Sindh had been an influential and ideological place of Muslim League, since

the Jinnah family were hailed from Karachi. When the support for Pakistan Movement

reached to Sindh, it became an important center of activities during the Khilafat

Movement. These activities led Sindh to be separated from the Presidency when the Muslim

League passed a resolution in 1925 urging separation of Sindh. Furthermore, Sindh was also

a birth place of Muhammad Ali Jinnah who had spent his teenage years in Karachi.

A convention held by Muslim League in 1938, the Muslim League devised a scheme of

constitution under which Muslims may attain full independence. It was the province of Sindh

which first adopted the resolution for an independent Muslim state. The Muslim League had

secured an exclusive mandate of Sindh during the general elections held in 1945. The Muslim

majority in Sindh was in support of the policy and the program of the Muslim League as

the Muslim League had good equation with the Sindhi nationalists.

Sindhi nationalist leader, G. M. Syed, who reaffirmed his role as one of the leading figure in

the movement. His role as founding father and key role in the Muslim League, G. M.

Syed proposed the 1940 Pakistan Resolution in the Sindh Assembly, which ultimately

resulted in the creation of Pakistan. On 26 June 1947, the special session held in Sindh

Assembly decided to join the new Pakistan Constituent Assembly. Thus, Sindh became the

first province to opt for Pakistan

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa:

Unlike Punjab, Balochistan, and Sindh, the Muslim League had little support

in Khyber–Pakhtunkhwa where Congress and the Pashtun nationalist Abdul Ghaffar

Khan had considerable support for the cause of the Independent India. Abdul Ghaffar

Khan (also known as Bacha Khan) initiated a Khudai Khidmatgar movement and dubbed

himself as "Frontier Gandhi" due to his efforts in following in the footsteps of Gandhi.

Alongside, another movement, known as Red Shirts (now known as Awami National Party)

and the people of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa interpreted their program in their own way.

For Pashtun intelligentsia, the Red Shirts political program was based on the promotion

of Pashtun culture and elimination of non-Pashtun influence in the their

province. For Islamic hardliners and Ulemas, their program was mainly Anti-British and

their religious stand became a cause of attraction for the poor peasants which meant to check

economic oppression of the British-appointed political agents. Furthermore, the strong

emphasis on Pashtun identity created by Bacha Khan made it extremely difficult for Muslim

League's support for the Pakistan Movement. The ‘Red Shirts’ and the Congress were able to

contain the Muslim League to non-Pashtun regions, such as Hazara Division and Attock

District.

The ‘Red Shirts’ membership rose to about 200,000 activists, which shows its fame and

popularity. The Khudai Khidmatgar, ‘Red Shirts’, and Bacha Khan himself joined hands

with the Congress against the Pakistan Movement. During the 1945 general elections,

the Muslim League could only managed to win 17 seats against Congress who secured 30

seats. The Muslim League was highly benefited with its activists who played crucial role in

gathering support for the Pakistan Movement, specifically Jalal-u-din Baba, an ethinc Hazara.

His strong activism with the Muslim League captured a strong mandate of Hazara

District and Attock District. Many activists, such as Roedad Khan, Ghulam Ishaq, Sartaj

Aziz, and Abdul Qayyum Khan, helped up lifted the cause and image of the Muslim

League in the province. Finally, a referendum was held in 1946 to decide the fate of the

NWFP as to whether the people of the NWFP (now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) want to vote for

Pakistan or India. In this refrendum, majority of vote was cast in favor of Pakistan, despite

Bacha Khan wanting to accede with India.

It is well documented when the Congress accepted the referendum without consulting

the Khudai Khidmatgar, Bacha Khan told the Congress "you have thrown us to the

wolves." The spirit of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement took its last breath when it was

proclaimed as a political party after the creation of Pakistan. The aims and objectives were

changed and gradually people lost their interest in the movement.

Balochistan:

The province of Balochistan had mainly consisted of Nawabs and local princely

states, under the British Indian Empire. Three of these states willingly joined with Pakistan

when the referendum was held in 1947 at the Balochistan Assembly. However, the Khan of

Kalat chose independence as this was one of the options given to all of the 535 princely states

(out of which 534 accede with Pakistan) by British Prime Minister Clement Attlee.

However, "Nehru persuaded Mountbatten to force the leaders of the princely states to decide

whether to join India or Pakistan", and hence independence "was not an option". Nehru later

went on to annex other princely states like Hyderabad with military force. The Muslim

League's Pakistan Movement programmed was generally supported by the people of

Baluchistan. One of its leader and founding father of Pakistan, Jafar Khan

Jamali (whose nephew later became the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 2002) was an

important and key figure of the Muslim League. Jafar Khan Jamali's heavily lobbying for

Balochistan to accede with Pakistan highly benefited the Muslim League. Another influential

Baloch figure was Akbar Bugti who well received Jinnah who came to visit Balochistan.

Bugti was a staunch supporter and loyalist of Jinnah who played crucial role in supporting the

idea of Pakistan in Baluchistan. Another young activist, Mir Hazar, helped initiate student

rallies and public support for Pakistan Movement in Balochistan. In 2013, Mir Hazar Khoso,

who noted and described Jinnah as his inspiration, also became Prime Minister of Pakistan in

2013. In 1947, the Balochistan Assembly passed the resolution and cast its vote in favor of

Pakistan, with a majority approving the accession with Pakistan.

Other regions:

Although, Jinnah, Iqbal and other Founding Fathers of Pakistan were initially

struggling for the independence of Four Provinces to create a nation-state, Pakistan. The

concept and phenomenon of Pakistan Movement was highly popular in the East Bengal,

which was also the birthplace of the Muslim League, in the 1940s. The Muslim League's

notable statesman and activists were hailed from the East Bengal, including Husyen

Suhrawardy, Nazimuddin, and Nurul Amin, who later became Prime ministers of Pakistan in

the successive periods of Pakistan. Following the partition of Bengal, the violence erupted in

the region, which mainly maintained to Kolkata and Noakhali.

It is documented by the historians of Pakistan that Huseyn Suhrawardy wanted Bengal to be

an independent state that would neither join Pakistan or India but to be remained un-

partitioned. Despite the heavy criticism from the Muslim League, Jinnah realized the validity

of Suhrawardy's argument gave his tacit support to the Bengal's plan for

independence. However, the plan failed after a successful involvement

of Congress in Western Bengali; therefore the Muslim-majority Eastern Bengal was left no

choice but to became a part of Pakistan.

During the Pakistan Movement in the 1940s, Rohingya Muslims in western Burma had an

ambition to annex and merge their region into East-Pakistan.

Before the independence of Burma in January 1948, Muslim leaders from Arakan addressed

themselves to Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, and asked his assistance in annexing of the

Mayu region to Pakistan which was about to be formed. 7 Two months later, North Arakan

Muslim League was founded in Akyab (modern: Sittwe, capital of Arakan State), it, too

demanding annexation to Pakistan. However, it is noted that the proposal was never

materialized after it was reportedly turned down by Jinnah. In 1947, another armed revolution

took place in Jammu and Kashmir over the issue of referendum to either join India or

Pakistan. Kashmir's Sikh maharaja, Hari Singh, fearing the loss of control requested the

Indian intervention in Kashmir. The conflict remained stalemate as the "Line of Control"

became the permanent border of both countries. The Western Kashmir acceded

with Pakistan while the Eastern Kashmir acceded with India in 1947–48.

Conclusion:

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898) philosophical ideas plays a direct role in the

Pakistan Movement. His Two-Nation Theory became more and more obvious during the

Congress rule in the Subcontinent. In 1946, the Muslim majorities agreed to the idea of

Pakistan, as a response to Congress's one sided policies, which were also the result of leaders

like Jinnah leaving the party in favor of Muslim League, winning in seven of the 11

provinces. Prior to 1938, Bengal with 33 million Muslims had only ten representatives, less

than the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which were home to only seven million

Muslims. Thus the creation of Pakistan became inevitable and the British had no choice but

to create two separate nations – Pakistan and India – in 1947.

But the main motivating and integrating factor was that the Muslims' intellectual class wanted

representation; the masses needed a platform on which to unite. It was the dissemination of

western thought by John Locke, Milton and Thomas Paine, at the Aligarh Muslim

University that initiated the emergence of Pakistan Movement. According to Pakistan

Studies curriculum, Muhammad bin Qasim is often referred to as ‘the first

Pakistani’. Muhammad Ali Jinnah also acclaimed the Pakistan movement to have started

when the first Muslim put a foot in the Gateway of Islam.

After the independence in 1947, the violence and upheavals continued to be faced

by Pakistan, as Liaquat Ali Khan becoming the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1947.

The issue involving the equal status of Urdu and Bengali languages created divergence in the

country's political ideology. Need for good governance led to the military takeover in 1958

which was followed by rapid industrialization in the 1960s. Economic grievances and

unbalanced financial payments led to a bloody and an armed struggle of East Pakistan in the

1970s, in which eventually resulted with Pakistan becoming Bangladesh in 1971.

Realizing the problems and causes of the East Pakistan's separation led another nationalist

subset to work on the more reform constitution that guaranteed equals rights in the

country. Much of Islamic texture and basic defined by Holy Quran were inserted in

the Constitution of Pakistan in 1973; the year when the Constitution of Pakistan was

promulgated In the successive periods of tragedy of East-Pakistan, the country continued to

rebuild and reconstruct itself in terms constitutionally and its path to transformed

into republicanism. After 1971 catastrophic episode, Pakistan's phase shift to parliamentary

republicanism and the gradually increasing in democracy caused an upheaval of traditional

social hierarchy and gave birth to the ethic that has formed a core of political values in

Pakistan. The XIII amendment (1997) and XVIII amendment (2010) transformed the country

into becoming a parliamentary republic as well as also becoming a nuclear power in

the subcontinent.

Non-Muslims Contribution And Efforts:

Jinnah's vision was supported by few of the Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, Jews and

Christians that lived in Muslim-dominated regions of undivided India the most notable and

influential Hindu figure in the Pakistan Movement was Jogendra Nath Mandal from Bengal.

Jagannath Azad was from the Urdu-speaking belt. Mandal represented the Hindu contingent

calling for an independent Pakistan, and was one of the founding-fathers of Pakistan. After

the independence, Mandal was given ministries of Law, Justice, and Work-Force by Jinnah in

Liaquat Ali Khan's government. He, however, realized his folly in 1950, when some lower

caste Hindus were died in class in East Bengal, generating a wave of refugees to India. He

himself fled to India and submitted his resignation to Liaquat Ali Khan, the then-Prime

Minister of Pakistan. Another person, Zafarullah Khan who was an Ahmedi who stood with

Jinnah.

Some local Christians also stood behind Jinnah's vision, playing a pivotal role in the

movement. The notable Christians included Sir Victor Turner and Alvin Robert

Cornelius. Turner was responsible for the economic, financial planning of the country after

the independence. Turner was among one of the founding fathers of Pakistan, and guided

Jinnah and Ali Khan on economic affairs, taxation and to handle the administrative units.

Alvin Robert Cornelius was elevated as Chief Justice of Lahore High Court bench by Jinnah

and served as Law Secretary in Liaquat Ali Khan's government. The Hindu, Christian, and

Parsi communities also played their due role for the development of Pakistan soon after its

creation.

As An Example Or Inspiration:

The cause of Pakistan Movement became an inspiration in different countries of the

world. Protection of one's beliefs, equal rights, and liberty were incorporated in the state's

constitution. Arguments presented by Ali Mazrui pointed out that the South

Sudan's movement led to the partition of the Sudan into Sudan proper, which is primarily

Muslim, and South Sudan, which is primarily Christian and animistic.

Memory and legacy:

The Pakistan Movement has a central place in Pakistan's memory. The founding story of

Pakistan Movement is not only covered in the school and universities textbooks but also in

innumerable monuments. Almost all key events are covered in Pakistan's textbooks,

literature, and novels as well. Thus, Fourteenth of August is one of major and most

celebrated national day in Pakistan. To many authors and historians, Jinnah's legacy is

Pakistan.

The Minar-e-Pakistan is a monument which has attracted ten thousand visitors. The Minar-e-

Pakistan still continues to project the memory to the people to remember the birth of

Pakistan. Jinnah's estates in Karachi and Ziarat has attracted thousands visitors.

Historian of Pakistan, Vali Nasr, argues that the Islamic universalism had become a main

source of Pakistan Movement that shaped patriotism, meaning, and nation's birth. To many

Pakistanis, Jinnah's role is viewed as a modern Moses-like leader; whilst many other

founding fathers of the nation-state also occupies extremely respected place in the hearts of

the people of Pakistan.

Events held in the history of Pakistan:

1849 Annexation of the Punjab

1850 Urdu becomes the official language in all of the West Pakistan provinces, excluding

Sindh

1857 War of Independence

1885 Formation of the Indian National Congress

1901 Partition of Punjab

1905 Partition of Bengal

1906 Shimla Deputation

1906 Founding of the All-India Muslim League

1909 Minto–Morley Reforms

1911 Annulment of the Partition of Bengal

1914–18 World War I

1916 Lucknow Pact

1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

1919 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

1919–23 Khilafat Movement

1922–29 Hindu–Muslim Riots

1927 Delhi Muslim Proposals

1928 Nehru Report

1929 Fourteen Points of Jinnah

1930 Simon Commission Report

1930 Separation of a strong Punjabi group from congress and formation of Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-

Islam

1930 Allama Iqbal Address

1931 Kashmir Resistance movement

1930–32 Round Table Conferences

1932 Communal Award (1932)

1933 Pakistan National Movement

1933 Pakistan Declaration / Now or Never Pamphlet

1935 Government of India Act

1937 Elections

1937–39 Congress Rule in 7 out of 11 Provinces

1937 Strong anti-congress governments in Punjab and Bengal

1938 A. K. Fazlul Huq of Bengal joined Muslim League

1938 Jinah Sikandar pact

1938 Pirpur Report

1939-45 World War II

1939 Resignation of congress ministries and non-congress power players got golden chance

1940 Pakistan Resolution

1940 19 March Khaksar Massacre in Lahore

1942 India Movement and non-congress players further got space

1942 Cripps' mission

1944 Gandhi – Jinnah Talks

1945 The Shimla Conference

1946 The Cabinet Mission the last British effort to united India

1946 Direct Action Day in the aftermath of cabinet mission plan

1946 Interim Government installed in office

1946 Quit Kashmir Campaign as the formation of the interim government of Azad Kashmir

1947 June 6 Partition Plan

1947 Creation of Pakistan

Notable quotations:

Allama Iqbal:

I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan

amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the

British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to

me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.

Chaudhary Rahmat Ali:

At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are

laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you,

in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who

live in Pakistan – by which we mean the five Northern units of India, Via: Punjab, North-

West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind and Baluchistan – for your

sympathy and support in our grim and fateful struggle against political crucifixion and

complete annihilation.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah:

It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real

nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are,

in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can

ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles

and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and

Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, and literatures. They

neither intermarry nor interline together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations

which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life

are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from

different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different

episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and

defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical

minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of

any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state."

Leaders and Founding fathers

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Allama Muhammad Iqbal

Liaquat Ali Khan

Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar

Aga Khan III

Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

A. K. Fazlul Huq

Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi

Ghulam Bhik Nairang

Khwaja Nazimuddin

Jalal-ud-din Jalal Baba

Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy

Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi

Maulana Zafar Ali Khan

Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan