Pacific University Pacific University

CommonKnowledge CommonKnowledge

College of Optometry Theses, Dissertations and Capstone Projects

1979

An evaluation of diagnostic equipment which must be purchased An evaluation of diagnostic equipment which must be purchased

by optometry students by optometry students

Joe L. Upchurch Pacific University

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Upchurch, Joe L., "An evaluation of diagnostic equipment which must be purchased by optometry students" (1979). College of Optometry. 551. https://commons.pacificu.edu/opt/551

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations and Capstone Projects at CommonKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Optometry by an authorized administrator of CommonKnowledge. For more information, please contact CommonKnowledge@pacificu.edu.

An evaluation of diagnostic equipment which must be purchased by optometry An evaluation of diagnostic equipment which must be purchased by optometry students students

Abstract Abstract This material deals with student's response to a survey as to quality and quantity of their retinoscope, ophthalmoscope, trial lens set and trial frame. Also basic use and features of these instruments are included. Other less expenesive equipment was surveyed to see if students actually possessed it.

Degree Type Degree Type Thesis

Degree Name Degree Name Master of Science in Vision Science

Committee Chair Committee Chair James E. Peterson

Subject Categories Subject Categories Optometry

This thesis is available at CommonKnowledge: https://commons.pacificu.edu/opt/551

Copyright and terms of use Copyright and terms of use

If you have downloaded this document directly from the web or from CommonKnowledge, see

the “Rights” section on the previous page for the terms of use.

If you have received this document through an interlibrary loan/document delivery service, the If you have received this document through an interlibrary loan/document delivery service, the

following terms of use apply: following terms of use apply:

Copyright in this work is held by the author(s). You may download or print any portion of this

document for personal use only, or for any use that is allowed by fair use (Title 17, §107 U.S.C.).

Except for personal or fair use, you or your borrowing library may not reproduce, remix,

republish, post, transmit, or distribute this document, or any portion thereof, without the

permission of the copyright owner. [Note: If this document is licensed under a Creative

Commons license (see “Rights” on the previous page) which allows broader usage rights, your

use is governed by the terms of that license.]

Inquiries regarding further use of these materials should be addressed to: CommonKnowledge

Rights, Pacific University Library, 2043 College Way, Forest Grove, OR 97116, (503) 352-7209.

Email inquiries may be directed to:.copyright@pacificu.edu

PACIFrC UNIVERSITY LIBRARY POROOT 11iiROVE, QREGON

AN EV ALU AT IuN OF

DIAGN0.3'l'IC EQUIPMENT WHICH .MUST BE PURCHA6ED BY 0PTOMETIBY S1'UDEinS

A PaPER PRESENTED TO THE

FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF OPTOMETRY

PACIFIC UNIVERSITY

F'ORE.ST _ GROVE, OREGON

IN PAR'I'IAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIR.:&\IBNTS FuR THE DECREE DOCTOR OF OPTOMETRY

//.l€3E5 O P1: (JfC 1-fuR<:!-! J L-

JOE: L. tUPCHURCH AUTHOR

JAMES E. PETERSON, O.D. .ADVISOR

My deepe s t appreciation is ext ended to Dr. James E. Peterson for his criticism, sugge·st ions and guidance in this project. Also, I would like to thank my typist, Robin White.

TITLE

Abstract. • .

Introduction.

Procedure

.;;. Results .

Discussion. •

Conclusions . .

Bibliography. •

Appendix I . •

Appendix IIA. .

Appendix IIB. .

Append ix II I .

CONTENTS

PAGE

1

2

3

. 4-15

.16 -18

19

. . . . . ·20-21 . . . . . . . . . 22-26

• • • 27

28

29

ABSTRACT

This material deals with student's response to a survey as to quality and quantity of their ret1noscope, ophthalmo­scope, trial lens set and trial frame. Also basic use and features of these instruments are included. Other l�ss ex­pene1 ve equipment was surveyed to see if students actually possessed it.

Page l

INTRODUCTION

Students entering the College of Optometry in the first year are reauired to purcnase d iagnostic equipment which 1s expensive and complex. They do not have the technical com­petence that early to properly evaluate the advantages, dis­ad vantage s and cost factors that would allow them to intel­ligently make decisions as to .which of the competing products would be beet for them.

It is the purpoee of this paper to list the functions, features, advantages, disadvantages and cos t factors of the equipment and also to discuss the clinical useage of the equipment in ord er that the beginning student may use this information in his evaluation of which product to buy.

It is not the purpose of this paper to teach students how to use a retinoscope, an ophthalmoscope, a trial lens kit or any of the diagnostic equipment evaluated in this project. It is however, intended to give them an 1de·a of what these d iagnostic instruments do and how their use is applicable in conducting a basic optometric examination. It is hoped that the students will gain knowled ge of how prior students acauired their instruments and how the stu­dents were impressed with the performance of the instruments.

Thie paper will try to be informative regarding what instruments are available and where to purchase the instru­ments.

Page 2

PROCEDURE

The list of required equipment for Pacific University Optometry students is ae·tollows; •ret1noscope, *direct ophthalmoscope, transillumlnator, *trial lens set, schematic eye, ocluder , clinic ja.cliet, tape measure, P. D. ruler, near point card, holE:l card, crOBl!f grid card, .62m card, single l�ne card, fixation beads� pointer.a, key�tone stereo cards, lens. clock, *trial f'rame9 ·electronic calculator ".four func­tion", Amsler grid, measuring magnifier, contact lens spinner, rubber c.l. holder, diagnostic set - 10 contact lene, red. green glasses., Bagolin1 striated lenses, Worth 4 dot test, Polaro�d glasses, small pris� bar� loose prism set and dispensine; tools. Only items marked with an aste�k (*) will be, investigated·. · ·

. After havipg scrutinized this list, those instruments that were costliest were selected for inveetiga.tlon.

. Product information catalogµes and brochures were ob­tained from Welch Allyn, American Optical,. Keeler Optical Prod

.uc

·t

. s Inc., Pr

. e

.

cision .Opt

.ic

. a.l. Oo.1.·B&: . . L

._.Div

. is·1on, and

. House

of Vision Incorporated. (See Appendix II f'or Feat.ure 0ut-11ne. ) ·

- . . . · · · ·· · ·· · · . .· · · · ·A-queationaire was drawn up ·.and distributed to the

third· and -tourth· year Optometry students. at Pa.c1f1c Univer­

sity, (Appendix I.)� This q�eet1ona1re'.· was designed to ·

assess e$.ch .of the company! e$ trial ;Lens .. · set, opthalmoscope,

re.t1nosc()pe and· trial trame as·. available�. The areas of · inte·reet 'Were, l) What are their advantages and disadvantages• 2} wtiat ar$the1r·costs, 3) What.kind ot guarantee do they ·

offer, 4) ••·What m,odel<or make of instruments do the .students have� 5) What was the1.r general impression of the instruJDent they had, 6) And how did they purchase 1t? ·

.

·The ql.leet1onaire was returned by ·the students' and the answers were not without amb1gui1;y. For ex;ample, when the instructions stated "check one below,..there ·were often tilles more than one resnonse. There were' also times whenstudents orilY·esave:aparti�l response. In any·case• ali data·were �allied.· Resul�s were tabulated and an�lr�ed .. -

Page 3

• •

RESULTS

There were 135 queet1ona1ree sent out. 87 were filled out or partially filled out and returned� Thie represented a 64.4% return rate. 76 were sent to 3rd year and 59 to 4th year students. The return was 46 and 41 respectively making a 60.5% return for third year and a 69.5% return for 4th year students.

Of th e respondents, 73 were male and 14 were female. 69 were between 20-30 years, 14 were between 30-40 years and two were over 40 years old. Four ind1v1duals did not respond to age.

Four students were on military scholarship, 36 were on WICHE, nine were past or �resent G.I. bill recipients and 35 students responded (no) to all three catogories. Three people indicated more than one form of assistance and three people did not respond to the questions.

In response to the question 11Wh.at make(s) or model(s) of ophthalmoscope do you own"? (See Graph II A-C ) 63 indicated Welch Allyn, 27 Propper, eight American Optical, one Keeler, and one Neitz. 11 respondents had more than one ophthalmoscope and no student indicated more than two. Additionally, 56 responses were Halogen, 68 were recharge­able handles and 18 were battery operated handles.

When asked "What ma.ke ( s) or model(s) of retinoscope do you own"? ( See Graph I A-D) 57 responses were Welch­Allyn, 24 Propper,14 Copeland, five American Optical and one Keeler. 14 students had more than one ret1noscope. None indicated more than two. Additionally, 79 indicated streak, three spot, 33 Halogen, 67 rechargeable handle, 14 battery operated handle. Here, 96.3% o f the responders owned a streak retinoscope.

The number of responses to "How did you purchase or acquire your ophthalmoscope"? were: five - given to me, 64 acquired through Pacific University Bookstore; 22 acquired through group purchase; six acquired through self-investi­gation; five other. 62.4% of the retinoscones were pur­chased from the Pacific University Bookstore.

In response to the statement, "As a.n afterthought, check the below statement which is most appropriate re­garding your purchase of diagnostic instruments". 45 in­dicated that they would purchase the same unit. Thie was 46.4% of all responses to this question. 16 or 16.5% indi­cated they should have done more research before they purchased. Only one of the respondents reflected that they would like to have been lees pressured by salesperson(e). This is a mere 1.1%.. In the author's opinion this repre­sents a compliment to all the salespersons. 33 or 34� of

Pase 4

the responses were th at they had no idea 1n advance, of what they wanted and how to go about getting 1t. Only two stu­dents or a 2.3% indicated that they knew well in advance what they wanted and how to go about getting 1t. There were 97 responses, hence ten more responses than responders.

In response to the statement 11My final decision for selecting my particular make(s) was heavily influence'd by"• low co st · · ,. there were 25 responses; high cost, zero responses; the feel of the instrument, 28; the optical properties and accessories, 29; the guarantee, 14; other, 5. There were 121 responses.

In respon se to the statement,. "Rate your ret1noscope ba sed on your experience with it". Indicat e which is beins ratedt firet purchased or 2nd purchased. . (See Graph I, A-D)

J...1kewi e e, to the same statement regard1ngthe ophthalmo-scope. (See Graph II, A-C) .

In response to the statement , 11Which of the following apply to your trial lens kit .. ? 51 indicated plus and minus cylinders, 31 indicated minus cylinders only, 20 responded corrected curves, 17 Marco and three American Optical Tillyer Masterpiece, 51 reported Western Optical, six in­dicated Japanese model, and six st udents indicated that they did not have one. Three students had more than one , set - one old and one new, and two people did not indicate cylindrical form.

In response to the statement, 11Rate your t rial lens set". (See Graph III A-E for ratings and makes.) Addition­ally, there were 78 responses, 16 responded that the ir lens set was adequate for school only, 60 responded that their lens set was good for school and private pract ice. This constitues 77� of the responses. Two individ uals (2.6%) of respondents thought that their trial lens set was not good for school or private practice. · Nine people· did not respond to the· Question. · ·

When asked to indicate the s1nP:le influence which prompted :you to

.· . buy your lens set. -There were 91 reepo�eee,

56 (61.5%) responses were to low cost. There were no .·

responses to high cost. Six etudent.s wanted something only for school. 24 student s wanted something for school and private practice. Only one student was influenced by an upper classmate. Five students checked others.

When asked'. "What wae the approximate price of your lens set"? There were 83 responses. 58 (70%) people re­�orted under •300.0

. o. 11 individuals responded to •300

.• oo-

1400.00 • . Six students paid between four and five·hundred dollars� four· students paid between five and six hundred dollars . One student paid between six and eight hundred dollars and three students paid over taoo.oo. The general trend here is art inverse relationship between number or students purchasing and number of dollars spent.

When a.eked 11What make or model of trial frame do you have"? There were 83 responses. 39 had Marco, 18 had

Page ·5

Topcon, 10 indicated Ja.pa.nese models, three American Optical, 13 indicated others. (See Graph IIIA-C, and Table I.) As a matter of interest currently nearly all modele of trial frames are made in Japan and there le little difference between brand names. Also Topcon and Marco are made in Japan.

In response to the ouestion "What was the approximate price of your trial framfi"·? There were 80 responses. 38 students reported under $70.00. 20 students paid $70.00-180.00. Seven students paid $80.00-$90.00 and 15 students reported over $90.00. Three students who had trial frames did not respond.

·

When asked "Rate your trial frame". 83 students responded. (See GraphlV and Table 2 for CW.ta.)

Concerning the data f�r the statement please check the following if you have them. A complete evaluation was not warranted. But a general trend showed that most 4th year students have· all or nearly all of the materials. Th1rd year students had most of the material,save for that mater­ial associated with etrabismus and V.T. diagnosis and train­ing. For example, red green glasses with-handle and elastic, Bagolini striated lenses, Worth 4 dot test, Poloroid glass-es and small prism bars were not often checked by third year students. Also the Amsler grid was most often left unchecked than checked by both 3rd and 4th year students. It is to be expec ted that the third year student• would not have materials primarily used 1n vision therapy.,, since they had not yet taken the course 1n strab1emue and amblyop1a. They were; however, currently enrolled 1n visual training the ory .

The check list for d ispensing tools was the last area of the questionaire. The number of tools an ind ividual owned was checked. Penlight and P.D. ruler were not tabu­lated. The author feels these items are not properly in the category of tools.

There were 35 students who indicated no assistance _ under the three main categories; m1li t.ary scholarship,

WICHE, and G�I. bill. Of these 35, there were an average of 3. 97 d1spene 1ng toclfj, rounded off to four. The range was 0- 15. Of the 36 students who were on WICHE there was an average of 4.36 toole, rounded to four. The range was 0-15. For the.nine students who responded G. l. bill now or previous there _was an average of 7. 0 tools and the range 0-14. Of the four students who responded to.military scholarship there were an average of 15 tools with a range of 12-18. There were threP. student s who renortea more than one fcrm of .financial ass.istance under the tbree main · ·· categories.

.Page 6

GRAPH

(/) 15 r.:i Cf) � 1 (/) r11 �

[:') 5 . 0 z

(/) is [2'.l (/) � 10 fa tr.

[:> 5 ci z

Ul 15 � Ul � (/) 10 -f1l � I<. 0 5 -. 0 z

I (A) AMERICAN OPTICAL RETINOSCOPE

OPrICS

N•S

E G F p VP (QUALITY)

AoILITY TO LO�ATE ASTIGMATIC AXIS

N•5

60

--E G F p VP

(QUALITY)

(/) f%l rf) � � Pol � 0

. 0 . z

� � (/) � tk:

[:') . 0 :z

IS I

10, 1 1 5

15

10

5

DURATIOO OF USE BEFCRE YOU MUST RECHARGE HANDLE

N• 4

·over 12

TIME ( HOIB.S)

I

DIRA.BILITY =·

I • , , . N• 5

-:J1�t .. - .. ·."--

E G F p VP (QUALITY) l•

..

.!RIGHTNESS OF.LIGHT

N•S

.. _, .)

75 25

E G F p VP •' •

" i"

E•EXCELLEJ(T

G• GOOD F• FAIR P• POCR

VP. VERY POCR Fmt:QENT ·• NUMBm AT TOP OF BAR rs

Page 7

1 . .. � II ·f; ' ·"

,-�: ':"f j � �� . 1•

(/) � � -(/) [Li it: IL. 0

. 0 z

� (/) � fa I'.!! �

. 0 :;;;:

II) ffi � II) r.il � r.o. 0

. 0 z

GRAPH I (B) ffiOPPER RETINOSCOPE

15 OPTICS 54 N•24 (/) � U)

� 10 � U) r.!I It'. 5 �

. 0 :z;

{ QUM.ITY)

15 . ABILITY TO LOCATE ASTIGMATIC AXIS

N• 24. ·· 46 L')

IO � � 5

5 17 ,,., 12

r.il it: � I .

i F p VP 0

E z QUALITY )

15 DURATION OF USE BEFCRE YOU MuST RECHARGE HANDLE

10 N•2!

2-4 4-6 6-88- over 12 ' 12

TIME (HOURS)

15

lf>

5

15

10

5

DURAJ3ILITY

54 N•24

8 1 ,

E G F p VP

(QUALITY )

HHGH'INESS OF LIGHT N•24

... �

4

E G F p VP

( !JIALITY)

E• EXCELLmT G- GOOD F- FAm p.. POCR

VP.. VE'!.Y POCR NUMB]ll AT TOP OF BA.ll. IS PFRCEBT

Page 8

f! ' I

- ; )

i • "

I 1' " ' ' 1� !''.

I .· . ' I� I'

t

"

I

' _ ...

.

' .

h •

-

'"'�;;1 ..

GRAPH I (C) WELCH ALLIN RETINOSCOPE

<f) fLI {/) � <I) � 'll". �

. 0 :z:

13 (/} � (IJ µi w. iz, 0

. 0 z

. 0

60 50 40 50 20 10

60 50 40 30· 20 re

60 50 40 30

z �10

OPTICS (/} r.:i (/) 60 ' � N•57 50 {/) � cc 40 58 "" 0 so . 0 20 :;,.

12 10

E (8uAtirt) VP

AIBILil'Y TO LOCATE ASTIGMATIC AXIS {/) ·� 60

N•SS e!l 50 p., f() � 40 49 cc

$ 50 22 0 2.0

� 10 E G F P VP _(QUALITY)

DtRATION OF USE BEFCRE YOU MUST RECHA.�GE HANDLE

18 4

2544-66-88-�2 Over 12 TIME (HOURS)

DURABII,ITY

.N--52

58

27 12

2 E G F p VP

(QUALITY)

:aR IGHTNESS OF LIGHT

N•S6

(QUALITY)

E• EXCELLENT G- GOOD F .. FAm p.. PocR

V:P.. VERY PO<R NUMBE'i. AT TOP OF BAR IS PFRCEET

Page 9

l f. !

].

CRAPH I (D) OPTICS

COPELAND RETINOSCOPE

g� 15 DURAoILITY

N" 14 15-(fJ � � {/} � � IZ.. 0 . 0 z

(}} .M VJ !·24 2 '1J rzl Cl� � .. 0

• 0 z

86

10

5 4

E G F p VP

( QUAI.ITY)

ABILITY ·ro LOCATE ASTIC-¥,AT!C AXIS

10 62 . " 1 'Til

E G F p (QUALITY)

N•I:3

VP

U) N"' 12 ffi � 10· tll i:il I

' 50 50 . Po: � s

• 0 z

E G F p VP

(QUALITY)

ER IGHTNESS OF LIGHT

15 Nal4 tll �ii tll � lo � � 45 Cl:: � 5

. 14 0 z

E G F p VP ( QUALI'l'Y)

DURATIOO OF USE BEF<RE YOU MUST RECHARGE HANDLE

16

2-4 4-66...,8 B-12 ovei· 12 TIME (HOURS)

Es EXCELLENT G"' GOOD

F., FAlR pm POCR

VP... VERY POCR NUMBER AT TOP OF BAR.·. IS PERCENT

Page 10

- •.J::i-:·. )

! ,. •" �'' ' ;/ I

- . .... �

,_ ��. c· .. � j ' :� .

I

I [,

'.!'.

•"

<RAPH I! (A) WELCH ALL!ll OPfl'ftfALMOSCOPE

60.'

� 50 40 � ao � �

·� 20 • ro 0 :z:

60 (/) 1:3 so � 40 � � � ·• 10 0 :a;

ti) 60 � so � 40 <ll lrJ el'. � f:1 w

• 10 0 z;

as

E

.K

Dt.RABILITY 60. GUARAl'ml N•51S ll•.t9

� 50

s '°

85 57

111 � • 0

5 :a

0 F p VP I i F p

VP (QUALITY) QUALI'l'I)

ABILITY TO VI&i ACCESSCRI!S FUND US

N•52 60 111•50

� So 40 � $0 � 48

111 20 !2. 120 � 6 . 2 • 10 0 = G F p VP I G F P VP (QUALM) (QJALI'l'I)

DURATICll OF USE BEFtRE YOU MUST �ECHARGE HANDLE

N•49 E• EICELIJllT 0- GOOD F- FAIR p. Poal

VP. V!RY Foal lltltBl!R AT TOP OF aAR IS PiRCDIT

2-44-66-88-12 OV.. 12 TDtE (H<DS)

Page 11

..

1 '�. ·�: . i_·;JW

: . . ·. · ' � ;f.

"�"'.�t. �'.-!.-.. t 'f • :· i

i •

I'

- i,

. ' i

·� :1

'' ., =:I •.i

..

_, '

c:R.APH II(B) JROPPER OPHTHALMOSCOPE

Cl) ... fJJ � <I) r.:i O'. � 0

• 0 z

Cl) r.:i {/) � Cl) � n-: �

• 0 z

• 0 z

DURABILITY � 15. r l!i, <I) N•24 � <I) 19, µ.j 10 O'. f:l

• 5 0 5

z 8

-E ""G F p VP

(QUALITY)

ABILITY TO VI"El'l' FUNDUS 15· 15 N•24 <I) ffi

� 58 "10 Cl) :K) r.:i tr::

� 5 0 5

ll . 0 I z

I E G F p VP

(OUALITY)

DURATION OF USE BEFORE YOU MUST R.ECHP8.GE HANDLE

"2-4 4-6 6-88- over· 12 " " 12

TIME( HOURS)

s;uARANTEf-22

2! I " : 14

E "Ge F p VP (WALITY)

ACCESSCRIES N• 25

"

lw I 'll

E G F p VP (QUALITY)

E• EXCELLENT G• GOOD F• FA"m p. POCR

VP. " Vl!RYPOOR ·NUMBER AT TOP OF .dAR IS PERCENT

Page 12 ... ·�

GRAPH II(C) AMERICAN OPTICAL OPHTHAJ?IOSCOPE

U) � � <fl i'.il !);! �

• 0 z

U) i'.il [!) � p.. U) i.<l o'. r ... 0 0 :z;

• 0 z

. DU3.ABILITY 15 N•6 15,

10 5

15

10

5

E

lli

83

11 E G F p VP

(QUALITY)

�!3ILITY TO VIEW FUND US

Na6

67

G F p VP (QUALITY)

DlRATION OF USE .dEFCRE YOU MUST !iECHARGE HANDLE

U) ffi �10 Cl) ril p:: � 5

. 0 :z;

�15, U)

�10 o'. �

. 5 0 z

I

GUARANTEE N•6

85

17 E f QUhitr)VP.

ACCESSCRIES

N•S

E G F p (QUALITY)

E• EXCELLENT G• GOOD F- FAm p. POCR

VP

VP. VliRY POCR NUMBER AT TOP OF 3AR IS PERCENT

5

2-44-GG-88-12 over- 12 TOO (HOURS)

Page 13

. 0 z

f:3 15 (/) � 12 10 11'! $

• 5 0 z

·�oTH--lII MARCO (C.c)

. (a) 15 . · N:-1. 7

55 10

"1 5 I

E G F P VP

(CUALITY)

• 0 z

50

AMFRICAN O"TICAL TILLYE:l. MASTE.,PIECE

(C.C) (c) 15 N•5

E G F P VP

(QUALITY)

TABLE 2 OTHERS Nm7

(/) 1'.£1 . (/) � 10 (/) � tr: a s

e 0 z

B &L. • • • • • • . 2. &.o. • •• · ••• 1 WALMAN •••••• 1 OTHERS ••••• l5

WEST.ijiN OPl'ICA:L ( b) 59 , . . N•Sl

2

E G F P VP

(QUALITY)

83

JAPANESE MODEL (d)

N•6

E G F P VP

'(�UALITY)

E• EXCELLENT G• GOOD F• FAm p. POCR

VP. 'VmY.POCR NUMBER AT TOP OF BAR IS PERCENT.AGE

Page 14

GRAPH IV 'ffi IAL FRAMES

. 0 :<!:

151 __

10

MA.'iCO(a) N•59

49

5 _i

E G F P VP

(QUALITY)

JAPANESE MODEL (c) N"IO

E G F P VP (QUALITY)

E• EXCELLENT Ge GOOD F» FAlR p. PO<R

VP.. VERY POffi NUMBER AT TOP OF aA� IS PERCENT

f{l 15 (fl � �IO � 11. 0

78 TOPCCll (b}

N• 18

0 5 'l z

5

E G F P VP

(QUALITY)

TABLE I OTHERS N•IS

R&B,, •••••• "$4 UNI'lmSAL ••• l iilll.NELL ••••• 2 A.O. 0e o • • • 3 c.a. ••o••ol B&L •• • •••e 2 OTHERS •••••• 5

ALL WERE RATED GOOD OR BETTER WITH THE EXCEPTION OF (ONE )R&B THAT WAS RA'TED FAlR.

Page 15

-·

DISCUSSION

The Ophthalmoscope Basic Use and Accessories

The ophthalmoscope is used to make an objective deter­mination of the health statue of the eye. It is used to examine the adnexa of the eye, the_ lid margins, upper and l°'wer lids, caruncles, conjunctiva, lens, vitreous, retina and other structures. It is also used to determine foveal and macula integrity.

The ophthalmoscope has plus and minus lense:�. t-0· aJ,.low .·the practi tione r to estimate the refractive etat"e of the eye and to'focus differentially thru the interior of the eye. There are also standara acc e ssorie s that are used for eval­uating various ocular manifestations. See below for acces­sories and their use.

The Slit: . Determines levels 1.e. elevation or de pressions of lesions especially tumors and edematous discs.

The Grid: Is used to e e timate the size of a lesion anc 1.s .a record of· progres·ston. The R.ed Free Filte r : Ia so called because it ab­sorbs red light and is useful for viewing light alterations in blood vessels, hemorhages, masked macular changes and the general eye · ground known as the fundus.

For blood vessel observation, the areas of interes t are, their course, size, 6rossinge, pulsation and width of arterial light reflex. Also disc clarity and elevation or depression can be noted with the red free tilter.

Fixation Target: Is used for eccentric fixation o uantification and aualifica t ion . The circles �re calibrated to r�prese nt a unit of displace­ment of c . m. /meter called a prism diopter. · Lar�e Apperture: Used for viewing the general eye ground known as the fundus.

Page 16

Small Appertur e : Used for corne\ observation and decreased reflection fran glare.

The Retinoscope and Its Basic Use

The retinoscope is an instrument for determining the refractive state of the eye.. It consists of a transparent er perforated mirror which serves to project light to the patient's eye from a· light source and thru which the observer views the lip:ht reflected from the patient's eye. The observer neutralizes � sud against motion with lenses in front of the patient ' s eye. 'When neither is apparent, the refractive state has oeen determined. There are two types of retinoscopes, a spot and . a streak and there are two mirror modes, plano and concave. '!be spot retinoscope reflects a beam of li!"ht from· a circular source into the patient• s eye. The streak retinoscope projects a streak of light into the patient's eye . The streak is adjustable in width and can be rotated to examine different meridiani=;. In the concave mirrcr mode, light enterinp the suoject�

,s eye diverges as thouph cominq from a point in

front of the mirror and re sults in ah against motion of the emer !"ing light reUex in farsip.htness and. a with motion in near'sightne ss. The opposite is seen with a plano mirror mode. 2

There are typically two kinds of r.etinoscopy, dynamic and static. Dynamic retinoscopy is performed while the patient fixates a near target • Static retinoscopy iE per formed while the patient fixates a target at infinity or with the focusing mechanism relaxed.

�ia} Le�s Set Use and Description

A trial lens set is any of a set of lenses used to test vision er refractive errors. Typically, a trial lens set consi st of a series of loose lenses ground to a variety of powers. These lenses are biconcave, biconvex, and cylindrical and ranve in power s from .12 diopters up to 20 diopters or mere. The cylindrical power f!O up to aoout 6 diopters, plus and minus. In addition to sphere and cylinder lens most standard trial lens sets have auxilliaries such as pi-isms that range from i irism diopter up to 20 prism diopter, also there are accessory testinf ·devices such as red lenses,opaque lEnses, slits and pinhole lenses.

Corrected curve trial lens are desipned to reduce or eliminate mar­ginal astirmatism and/or power error and lateral chromatic aberration . 3 However, the correction for marginal asti!".Matism always entails set viewinf anrles and set viewin� distances which are not throughout the entire ootical viewinp ranve. Ccrrected curve lense s do, nonetheless, offer a discrete advantare O'ier standard lenses. Their advantares lie in the fact that they do correct for abberations; their powers are add­itive and they are polished to a finer degree. The lenses have a tolerance of �05 diopter s, and the anal thickness of each lens of a given power is uniform. 4

Page. 17

... ' ..

Trial Frame Use And Description

'•

A trial frame is a type of spectacle frame having variable aajustments fer pupillary distance, temple length, bridge size, etc. and constructed to allow for the easy insertion and removal of trial lenses. It is commonly usea in the refraction of the eyes. 5 In addition it is used extensively in visual training and is used frequently by some rractitioners to simulate a tentative prescription.

Page 18

CON C LUSION�

For the o pht halmo s c o pe , Ame r i can O pt i c a l wa s rated higher (100% ) ex c ell ent or good in the mo s t important as pect , t hat i s , abil ity t o v i ew the fundus . Welch Allyn was a clo s e s e c ond w it h (92 . 5%) exc ellent or good . 63 Welch Allyn o phthHlmo s c o p e s wer e r at ed , compared t o 6 American O pt i c al o phthalmo s copes o Be c ause o f this .number d i s c r e pen cy , it would appear that Welch Allyn i s the prefer red s c ope . Thi s c ould al so be due to s ome factor that the student s knew that w a s not brought out in thi s paper . Propper c ame in a d i s ­t an t third , with (41 ."ffo ) exc ellent to good in ability to view fundus . C o s t s are n ot t o o d i fferent-Amer i c an O pt i c al i s $159 .00 , W e l c h Allyn i s $142 . 00 and Pro pper i s $130 . 00 . It would appear that the small c o s t differen t i al w ould be of little con s iderat ion in the cho ic e . If quality is what you wan t Welch Allyn i s the best buy , followed by American Optical. One Keeler and one N eit z w e r e rat ed exc ellent in . t hi s survey .

For t he retino s cope , C o peland i s supe rior in two maj or f eature s , o �t i c s and abi l i t y t o locat e ast igmat i c axis .

_ C on s iderin g it s pr i c e , it ' s the best buy . Wel c h Allyn i s t he s e cond b e st buy , ( it has a superi o r br ightn e s s o f light) , f o l lowed by Propper and Ame r i c a n Optical , r es pe c t iv ely .

With r e s pect to the t r ial len s s e t , West ern Optico.1 or a s imiliar Japan e s e model is the best buy . The s e len s e s a r e l arg e r and have a great er o '.)t i c a l d iameter than correc t ed c u rve l en s e s and therefore , a r e more u s e ful in v i s ion train­ing . They are al so l e s s c o s tly . For quality Amer i c an 0 p t i c a l T illyer Ma s t er p i e c e c orrec t ed curv e and Mar c o c o r re c t ed curve a r e a t o s s up w i t h t h e edge g o i n g t o Mar c o , b e c au s e o f it s pric e . .

T o �1 con is t he b e s t t r ial frame in thi s surv ey with Marc o and other s run n in g a c lo s e s econd . T he Japan e s e model c o u ld be any named tria.l frame , so the t erm J a pan e s e model i s ambigious .

Stud en t s who have military scholall.' shi ps s pend more mon ey . Thi s is indi cat ive by the d·at a showing average number of d i s pen s ing t ool s .

Al s o , student s w ill buy all mod el s , s ome wil l think t he ir in s t rument i s p e r fect - other s will think the same in s t rument i s a pie c e of junk . .Sho p around and s e cur e the best buy for you !

Page 19

' '

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 . Advertising �loch� Qphthalmg�cope. Welch Allyn ; Inc . Skan ea.teles Falls N . Y . 131 53 P g .. 1-8 ( 1978) .

2 . Schapero , Kax ; Cline , David ; Hofst et ter , Henry William. Dicti9nar� Qi.: Visya! §_cienc.e. 2nd Ed . Radnor , Pa . Ch\U ton Book , 196 8 .

c . Borish, Irvin M . Clini cal Refraction 3rd Edition Chicago, Illinoi s . The Professional Pre s s , In c . 1970 , Pg s . 1072-1076 .

4 . illQ. PP. 107 2-1076 .

5 . Scha pero� Max ; C l in e , David ; Hof stetter , Henry William • . Diction�u .Q! Visual Science 2nd Ed .. Radnor , Pa . Chilton Book , 1968 . P . 293 .

6 . Ful-Vue Diagnostic .ID_s,t.rurn.ents Advertising Brochure. American Optical Corp . Buffalo , N . Y . 1421 5 .

7 . IBID .

8 . Diagno stic Instruments w l.b.§ Pr!.)fession AdyertisLDg Brochure . Welch Allyn , In c . Skaneateles Falls , N �Y � 1315Z .

9 . IBID .

10 • . Propper Advertising Brochure. Propper .Manufac turipg Co . , Inc . Long I sland City, N ew York, N . Y . 11101 .

11 . Copeland Retinoscope Agvextising Brochur�. House of Visiori In strument Co . · Portland , Or egon .

1 2 . Keel�r Ophthalmic Instrument.§. Advertising Br9cbure. Keeler , 21-27 Marylebonelan e , London , WIM6DS .

lZ . !.fil.Q• 14 . �.

1 5 . PronPS!J'.' Adverttsing Brochure . Propper Manufacturing Co . In c . Long I sl c.nd City, New York 11101 .

16 . Ful-Vue Diagnostic Instruments Mnrtising Brochure . Ameri c an Opt i c al Corp . Buffalo , N ., Y. 1421 5 . ·

Page 20

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con ' t . )

1 7 . Qiagnostic Instruments .f.su: IbJi Professions Adverti§inf Brochure . Welch Allyn , Inc . Skan eat ele s Fall s , N . Y . 3153.

18 . Bernell Catalo, .. 1978 Pg.. 12 Bernell Corporat ion 422E . Monroe Street 1::>outhbend , India.n a 46601 .

1 9 . Ho erth, R . ¥! . , et all , A Survey .Q.! Equipment Aw;l Instrumentaticm Hegarding �, Undesirable Aspects jwl. 1iil Desi5ns Desired ·

.Qf Northwe� .Qptometrists . Un publ i shed The s i s , Pacific Un ive r s ity Libr ary .

Page 21

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

{)

DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT EVALvA;·: oN QUESTI ONNAI RE

In oX'der to make it. easier for 1ncom1rig students to purchase their equlpaerit, your assistance in filling out this quoationna.1re is lllO&t valuable. Please do not sign your nue on the queat1onnaJ.re.

Mili!ar,1 Scholarship

Age

0 20 - 30 CJ )() - 40 0 over 40 �

Professional Year CJ )rd Year CJ 4th �ear

G. I. Bill (now or F•vioua) CJ Yes CJ Yes c::i Yea

c:::J No c::i · · No CJ No

iihat. make( s ) or 11.odel( s) of' ophthalmoscope do you own? It aore than one, please pla.ee in the square the order of purchase 1.nat� ot a check, 1 .. e. e ctJ Propper, ia--welch Allyn.

CJ A. O. c::J Halo�en

CJ Welch .A.llyn CJ Recha.rgeable Handle CJ Keeler 0 Ba.ttery Operated Handle c::::J P;opper c:::l Other (Specif)) . CJ Other (Specify) Wh&t �e(a} or model(s) o! ret1noscope do you own? It a� than one, pleas• :place 1J1 the aqua.re the om.er or purchase a.a above. CJ A.O. c::::J Spot

Cl Weloh Allyn . CJ Strea.k CJ Pt:oll>er c:::J Halogen

Cl Copeland Cl Recharge&ble Handl.9 CJ X••ler CJ Batter1 Operated Handle

CJ Othc (SpeC1fy ) · Cl Other (S:peoif7) -----How dl4 1ou purch&Se or acqu.ire your ophtba.llloacope? c::r wa.a · p ven to ae

o acquired through P.U. Bookstore

CJ aequired through group purchase c::::; acquired through aelf 1nvest1gat.1on and purchase

Cl Oth4F (apec;J.t.r) _____ .,..._ How 414 1ou purchase or a.cqU1re your ret.illoacope? 0 was given to ae

CJ acqu1red through P. U. Boolcato.i:• c:::J acquired through g:r:oup purcha.se

c::J acquired. through aelt invest1ga.t1on a.nd )Ul'Cbase t::J other ( speo1ty)

Page 22

- J.:. -

As an a:t'ter tho'l.lght, check the below sta.te14ent which 1a aoat. &JPZO)ri&te rega.rding your purchase of dia.�ostic instru.aumts. CJ I would purchase the sa.ae un1 t CJ I should. have done 110.re research be:fore I purcha.ae4 CJ I ltould Uke to have been less pressured by sa.lesperaon(s) CJ I bad. no idea in &dvance of what I wanted and how to go about get.Ung 1i CJ I knew uell in advance wha.t I liaJlted a.nQ how to go about getting 1t. My tin&l deo1a1on for selecting ay particular make°(a) waa hw.V111 iatlucoed. by1

Cl Low cost c:::l High cost

CJ A 1'r1end or upper elassma. te persuaded Ile Cl The feel of t.'1e instrument Cl The optical properties and accessories c::J The guarantee o Other (specify) ------Rate your retil1oscope based. on your experience with 1t. In41oate wh1Q 1a being rated lst purchased. or 2nd.

Excellent

Opt1os c:::J Durability CJ Ability to locate c:::J a�Ugu. tio &Xia

Brightness ot light 2-Rrs. Dl.lra.t1on of use be- Cl tore you aust recharge hand.le

Good. h1r Poor Verr Poor CJ CJ CJ t::I t::i CJ 0 c:l c:J c::::J CJ c:J

4-Phrs. f-S hrs. �12 bm. c::J . over 12 bra. ·

c:::l c:::J CJ c

Rat.e your o:phtha.lmoscope ba.sed on your experience with it. lll41aate 1ftd.oh is bdng rated lst. purcha.aed or 2nd purchased.

li:xcellent Good Fa..1r Poor Verl Poor Dura.bility CJ CJ CJ Cl c:J Guarantee CJ CJ CJ Cl Cl Ability to view :tundus CJ CJ CJ CJ c::J Accessor1es CJ r::J Cl c::J CJ

2-4 hre, 4-6 bra. 6-8 In. 8•12 hrs. Over l2 m:a.

Duration ot use bo- I tore you must re- C) CJ t::l c::J t:J oha.rge handle.

Pae;e 23

Which ot the following a.nly to you:r tr1a.l. lens kit? c:::; Plus and ainus cylinders CJ Minus cylinders only

p Correct.ed curves CJ Marco t::l A. O. Till ye: -.sterpiece

o Western Optical Cl Japanese llOdel CJ Other ( specif7) -----­

Hov did you a.oquir• 7our lens kit? CJ Purcba.sed from P. U. Bookstore CJ G1 ven to ae

c::i Purcb&aed. through independent effort Cl Other (specify) -----­

Ra.ta 701&1" t.ria.l lens eet.

i:xcellent Good

c:::J Adequate tor school onl7

Poor

o Good for eohool and private practice CJ No good for aohool or privat.6 JUQ.ctice

Indicate the aingle aoat intlucmce below which p.roaptecl 10\l to 'bu1 ¥flllZ lens ldt. a Low coat

CJ High coat CJ Wanted aoaething onJ., for school

c::l Wanted something for school and pr1.va.te )n.Ot.1.0• CJ Intluenced by u:pper cla.asa&te

Cl Other (spec1ty) _. ___ __...._

What was the approxiu.te price ot 1our lens 1s.t? Cl Under $300. 00 CJ $J00. 00-$400. 00

CJ $400. 00-$500. 00

CJ $SOQ. 00-$600. 00 c:J $600, 00-$800. 00

o Over $800. 00 Page 24

- ..,. -

ilha.t -.ke or aodel ot t.:da.l f'raae do you have?

CJ Marco

CJ A. O. CJ Ja.puese aodel

CJ Other (a:pec1!)') ------

What was the a:pproXlU.te price ot your tn&l mae? c::r Under $?0. oo Cl $70. 00-$80. 00 CJ $80. 00-$90. 00 c:J OvC' $90 . 00 Rate 7our trial true.

ixcellent Good Poor

Pleue check the f'ollowi.D& 1t 7au. .bti.ve them,, c::J leti.noscope CJ c:::J Ophth&lliloacope Cl CJ TzaAailluaima.tor c:J CJ Tr1al lena set

Ci SCheaat1c eye CJ CJ Occluder c:J c:::r CUD1.o jacket r::J CJ Tape •ea.sure c:J CJ P. D. ruler c c::J Hear JOint card, bole cud CJ C:l:oea grid card CJ 62 m card c:::; Single line card

.

CJ li'i.:xat:J.on 'b-.4a CJ Pointers r::J Xe7atone stereo cards t::J Lena clock c::::J . 'l'rl&l true c:::J llectronic calculator "four twlct.ion" Cl .u.aler grid

CJ Meaauring 11&(91it1.-r Cl c. L. spinner c:J Babber C. L. holder

CJ

Di&!noatio Mt • 10 C.taot LeDa� Direct oJbt.balJIOH0)9 Red-gnen glaea• Id.th baD4le anc:l with elaat.10 !agoUni at.r1&W 1-• Worth 4 dot. .. � Polaro14 gl1=e• Su.l.l Jriu bar Loose JC1a en

Page 25

Di spensing Toole

c::::J Optical 8crewdr1ver

CJ 'fhumb tile

CJ Large tile

c::::J chappel end cutter

a. �ple an12;ling pliers

c::::J Penl ia:h t t

c:::J Flat and round pliers

C Holl ow snipe pl iers

t::J C omb, fiber and cha.in metal nose pli ers

c:J Vertical hin�e pliers

c::::J Gri pper pliers

CJ Numon t pliers

CJ' Lens Axi s pliers

.c::::i Lens olippere

c.J Lene mea�re

c:::J gex nut wrench s e t

c::l screwdriver set CJ File kit

CJ Hand drill holder

c::::J China markin� pencil

c:::J PD ruler

CJ Misc . drills and taps

Pag� 26

Please place completed questionnaire in Joe Upchurch ' a Fore.at G-roT• Clinic mail box.

�· ,,.. ... . . ... · e.·.ir·

., I I '"' I ::: i � I I � · 0 • ,..: I 00::: - 1 ...- r � i = I '"' "" ; " l ; � .:; I � � ::.. .::. . ·, 1 � .= 1 a: � e � -;:; g I l .u .u v.: .... :-: .... · ,u i... �

APPENDIX IIA

I c I I ·

,1 � . :I ·1 I 0 � .c I I ·- I _. �- I · � i "' . OJ 1· '"' c , I I -::: j ... I .. :Q I i x ' = · 1 :: � f v. 1 •� ..... I "-' 'l,> i � ; · =

I .� "'- ! � I :.C C1 t ,..... i ti :,_ i QJ • t :: :::., :: I ...: :..

I I' l.i c < I < ru :r. c· ,_ I " I � � � � I � . L -g. � � . &:!:

I ' '"' 1 · : .:: ·1

� - � ·- j .- j : ::.. lo.t I I :: l . i C..... .U I I. 0 · '- ! I -:_, I

I ! I "'C � i . :: :... I :,.. -=

4' i ":::;: � :> 1 -0.. j , t: v. ! �· ..... _ . • . :. ..,

e z "" r:l

I I I ! i :i ::i 11 I

:e I. � c " • :i: I o;. I '- I C ""' : ; .,. iC . I c · � -::l I .._. � I � . . . . "-' CJ �- '= : $... I � ._, � -_...a :.; � --..... '.... I . E "' ·:i: "F. ,,_. OJ I · � (,) "./. �.J :; - ti! � ""'* . ...,

. . ! � � - - ! �· .: :· = ] :: 1 ] :: ; · ·:· OP.!THAL>IOS COPES • < :r. , ...; "' • - - , c ::.: 1 0<:. "- ;;;

i � ; .� §:: i g: i1 .8 :::::

I >. . ��

I . "' ... I " .... :;t I .... I ::i ,.... . c ._ :.. · I :r. S.. -' � .U � I C\: , .., . .u � x· · :;I; f- : : � � ] d: ;:. 3 \ � ..= � . :§ L � ;:; : � I ! .. ! I . ' � i � -E. = ., ::::: c ; � � : I

� � ;:<:

"' ·. . . 1 ·- 0 c I ':, � i ..: 'Ji ·- -7. """" Q I t � : �- � I ��� � -� I I . I I

1 KI:r:LER ::'. , s·-i

r;:ol'PER

J.!dE!UCA-'>:

\':El.CH ,\LJ.Yt.:

EITZ St:?:-:R D l

I I I !

c c c

c c c.

c c c;

c c c

c c c

c

c

c

c

c

c Q c c c

C \ C c c c

c c c c Q

i c I c C , /'. ! c C,A x i .T Q C,A I A , C

; +29 C , A I -JO -,• . ·I: +40 •. I -20 x

c c c c c c C ,A : A , C I X

c c c c fl Q I X , E

A = Adva n t a g e B = No. Par ti·cul ar Advan t age C = Stand.ird With The Ins trument D = Opt ion E = D.is advant.1ge All Numbers ·are Quan t i ta t ive

x x

X = �o Q = In forma tion Unava i l able In Brochures Ob tained

' f>D j A C : X ' ' ' ; . c I Q j- x Lx t�2� 1 7 .�, c f6� x , E c i c I x ·11$ 1 30 1 I -+-J�-+' �-+-�� 23 Q i x j x , E Q • j c I x ls 1 s9 I � i Q i x � }' '" i c 1· c

·1 ' c 1$ 142 1 tJ : i � ' l ' r... i . I '' , · 1 · - ; . � - , -, I 1 · · i

0 i x I . x I A c Q I q x l'.'19& I • : : I • I . . . I

"Prices were taken f rom J 978 Bernell Ca t3loo-.ie ana do not include. student discoun·t · Or group discount. Prices arc oevcr the less qu i t e competi tive . Pare 2 7

;>., +> �

� DJ o �

APP E�\DI X I I B � � �

I l r-i � I ! :6 I -; I I I l ! � H f ..=: CJ l g :r. i c; � I ! ( :r. ' .u C:: ..C ·-' c.. ro ::J i ""' "= :.> '.I. -o l 1 � � 1 .... .... C '""" I i.. � � I : :J • (J , ....

CJ _ 1 0 til ...:::: � c ..= -:::: ; c :i o CJ l :-.: : = o ci . C:: :, -:: ...:::: -:::; U 1 ....:1 1 .U ; .u ;::.. 1- Z : ;_) "-' � i ::; I 'f, \ .- e; ' ,_; -: ':; j ::' ' t;

':I I I .:.,, ;

:r., j

v. .u -� -:::; ::i .u ::r. I � � I 2 � ' �

1 - -' - u ..-. i u I c. r.,, ::;

I . ::; :... o . ... ' ..., :.. .u · � .- a - I ,_

::; : - ::: .u ::: .u ' u . ..; I ::: a,, u: � ' .u CJ I :::::. CJ : N ' .;:'. ' ! � I � ! � � � ! � ·; � ti) I ·:: ! J, ! 6 � I � � I ! � . :r. I t I � i ;:; :: ' .:: + I � l � ! ;: . : -::: 1 .-: I ;-, . � ..= 1 » u: .., c : ..=- :::c l . : ;,;- ; ! ,.... -= · ;:; :. , . : ::.: = 2 = : � " : :.. � · :::.. :... : � ! ;;. : ...:: : ;>.. _, ;; · � '

. ,

• '

-

; -· ....

' ' ' w .-4 ' - - ' .. I ,. :::: I - ' - - I �.. = :. - ::; c.. r: I '-' ::; ::; I ·- ·- . -

--�

' -'1 ::::: 0:: !.- :..... .:.L ..!: ,· - 1..1-t • •-4 > I •r-f :;.... :::;.i :t -:; ::: . ,...,, ·- . .- ·- , < ,..., ,.. I 1-- . ·-. .,.. . I ,._ ,.. ;:' - = "";:' ! -. . - - ,.

' ' ' ' - - . . �- - ' - ' - .. - - '

I

i I j C: .J • .. • .. j u t_ . 0 � I - .U � - I 0 :....,; - I � .::::; I � ·- ! � .W ·- ;.....; / ,...,_ ' - r ,... . ,.. 0 . t - ii .;...J ! • - ,.. ,.. � ! • ! � .I:; .,::. � j ;_ -J '-i ·-i 1 .., O � CJ <lJ 1 :.. ..:= CJ c..i c -= .= 1 r: ::... 1 u - l � · .o...; - : _ ;:; Cj / ;:. � ' "':j_ f .. _ ." • - : = - . .. :' ; -...1 -t� 1 � - ...., .- 1 ::..; � :- :..... • .-.,J 1 ' ;: .,...( 1 ; � "J: ): . � 1 c -> - � ,· � :,..... 1· :.; ....: · = � : - � 1- ;:. ,_ :_: C-: 1 5 :- 1 : 7,. j � � :-- :r._, _ ; :.. >.

• ...; _ •-< ,, :. - .._, -

_. ,. , ,... ·- • ..; c � , _ ·- - , . .. - ' - - 1 _ , • • ' _. I · • - 1 ' - I • I ·- -OS COPES ! I � _:;: I .,. ;:: I r; ,:;. :/: > ! ;,:. 0 I ·- > I '.:... ,....:: i r;; � I � � I .:;: "> ,:: _ _, I ::: U:.._, I C- .::;: ' ·'"' :;; I .:" = • ,? l -;:' � i .:- _,+ I G ·- 1' ::, ·� ' ::; C r. ; · - ...., I :.., = - - 1 - ...., - - . I - I I - . - - 1 - - - . , - , ...., _ ! _ ,... ,._ , - ..... : - u: ::;: :z - 1 ;,:: - 3: . � � . ::... c J ' . I l : ' ' I I I

"'" QPTJ CAL6 i I . ! I I i I I ! i i i i ';-- i I i I I I

Is s s I vuE ( S TREAK) 1 D , A ' D D i c I n c i c i x x I Q ,. x A ! c ; A • A I A c ,. c . D , A j c i c : c 1 , E : c i I I i I 1 I I ! I ! !

C/\}: OPT I CAL I I ' I ' I ! ' I I . : I l ! : ' ... l .

Le� I I I ' i ' r ' I I ;-- ' i

\'LIE ( S P OT) D , A D D . c . D c I Q I x x 1' Q x A c I H/ A ; h/ A I A ' c ' I\/ A : D ' A I c I c I c l ' E i c :$ 6 1 i i I I ! ; . i I ! ! . I 1

·

I l ' I I i ; I i i I ; � I A , D ' x D c D c ; c i c

I x N N Q c A ! A ! Q : c i c : x c i c : Q 4 , A i c �$ 1 1 7 ALLYN

AK)

ALLYN )

ER 1\K)

R )

R i\K)

9

1 f" - ., I

1 2

1 :3

A B

I

(\ -

A , D x D I N/A I D

x c I I

D l C j Jl

x c D c D

A , D x c I N/A D

A , D x c Q D

Adv: m ta ge No Pa r t i c ular Advan t a ge •

I I I ' I I ; I : I I I : ! c J c I c -·I x

I " I

N Q

I c I N/ A 1�'/ A I Q ! c �/A: xj c ! c ! Q : 4 , A ! c 1$ 1 1 1

c I I I I I . ' I I I I • ' I '

c 1' c , r. , A , N ! x i Q C-HJ.. : c ,1 Q. ' c c : x I c i x ; Q 1! 2 , E : c : s 1 Js [ I I I ' ' • : ' ; ! I

c

c

c

c

c

c

i I ' I . ' ) I I I _ • .J

I I I I ' ' � . I I I o x N N . Q c 1 1� 1 c ! Q. i c c 1 x q I Q I q Q • . 1. c ! s 1 20

q · x N x Q c

x x N x Q x

' I ! I I I " i I , ----4 N/A

x

N I A A c N / A : x o c Q Q I c II �.1 rn ! l

x I A , D i c I c I x I D I c I Q I Q I c lm9 C = S t an d a r d W i t h In s t rume n t D = /\ii Op t i o n

E == Disa d v cin t a ge NHmbP.r is �uon ti tat:;t ve Amo u n t

" N/ A N

No t Applic 2 ole Yes

X == N o

Pa f!e 2 8 T � .f' ,.., .,..,,, ,, r ; nn T l n " ""' i 1 :1h 1 e I n Bochures · Ob t a i n e d J • P r i c es T a k e n From B e rn e l l

APPENDIX I I I

SALESPERS ON DIS TRIBUTE FOR I TEMS FOR SALE

Pac if ic Univers i ty All MakE;S· and PEGGY HANSON Book S to re Materials

TERRY S CHMIDT Di.agnos t ic S e t s , ( 20 6 ) 8 2 7 - 7 7 3 5 Welch Allyn Ophthalmqs copes ,

Kirkland , WA 9 8 0 3 3 Re t ino s copes , e t c & As seccories

-

JOE ST . LAURENT Prec is ion Op t ical Full Line o f ( 5 0 3 ) 2 2 3- 2 5 6 5 Inst rument S ervi c e , Inc . Diagno s t i c Por t land , OR Ins t rument s

WAYNE COLE Full Line o f Branch Mana ger Americal Op t ic a l Diagno s t i c Port land , OR Equipment

-

DON BELSI-l/\W. Hous e o f Vi s ion All Makes and Por tland , CR lns t r umen t Co . Mod e l s o f

Ins trume·nts

ROB ERT CAUW..AN ;Bau-s�ti & J.r�mb Diagnos t i c Ins tru-Por t land , OR men t s ; No Lens S e t

DR. RICHARDS ON I Nat ional Pub l icat ions Japanese Impor ts ; Fo res t Grove , OR Opt ical Divis ion Trial Frame s , Tr i a l

Lens , et c .

S t udent Repres en t-Advice Only

a t ive - BSK

S tudent Represent-Advi c e Only

a t ive - PTU

I

Pare 29