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EXAMPLE 1 : QUESTION 1

A group of students carried out an experiment to show the effect of moving air on the rate of transpiration. Figure 1 shows the set up of the apparatus. An air bubble was trapped in the capillary tube. Sekumpulan pelajar menjalankan esperimen untuk menunjukkan kesan pergerakan udara ke atas kadar transpirasi. Rajah 1 menunjukkan set radas yang digunakan dengansatu gelembung udara diperangkap dalam tiub kapilari.

Figure 1

At the beginning of the experiment, the apparatus was placed under a fast moving fan. The time for the air bubble to move from X to Y (5cm) was taken. The experiment was repeated three times. Next, the apparatus was then placed at one corner of the laboratory with no air movement. The time for the air bubble to move from X to Y was recorded. The experiment was repeated three times. The results are shown in Table 1.

Pada awal eksperimen, set radas tersebut diletakkan di bawah kipas yang sedang berpusing. Masa pergerakan gelembung udara daripada X ke Y (5cm) dicatat. Eksperimen ini dijalankan sebanyak tiga kali. Selepas itu, eksperimen ini dilakukan di satu sudut makmal yang tidak melibatkan pergerakan udara. Masa pergerakan gelembung udara dari X ke Y direkodkan. Eksperimen tersebut juga dijalankan sebanyak tiga kali. Keputusan eksperimen ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1.

Air bubble

Retort stand

X

Y

Water

5 cm

Environment conditionKeadaan

persekitaran

First readingBacaan pertama

Second readingBacaan kedua

Third readingBacaan ketiga

Moving airUdara yang bergerak

Time takenMasa

Time takenMasa

Time takenMasa

Still airUdara yang tidak bergerak

Time takenMasa

Time takenMasa

Time takenMasa

Table 1

1(a) (i) State two different observations made from Table 1.Nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berlainan yang dibuat daripada Jadual 1.

1. .....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

2. ...................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

[3 marks]

(ii) State two inferences from the observation in (a)(i).Nyatakan dua inferens daripada pemerhatian di (a) (i).

1. .....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

2. ...................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

[3 marks]

(b) Record the time taken for the air buble to move a distance of 5 cm under each condition in the boxes provided in Table 1.Catatkan masa yang diambil untuk gelembung udara bergerak sejauh 5 cm bagi setiap keadaan dalam kotak yang disediakan di Jadual 1.

[3 marks]

(c) (i) Calculate the rate of transpiration in the following condition.Hitungkan kadar transpirasi dalam keadaan berikut.

Moving air:Udara yang bergerak :

= _________________________ mms-1

Still air :Udara yang tidak bergerak:

= _________________________ mms-1

[3 marks]

(ii) Construct a table and record all data collected in the experiment.Binakan satu jadual dan rekodkan data-data yang didapati dalam eksperimen itu.

[3 marks]

(d) (i) Complete Table 2 based on the experiment.Lengkapkan Jadual 2 berdasarkan eksperimen.

VariablePembolehubah

Particulars to be implementedPerkara yang dikendalikan

1. ManipulatedDimanipulsi

............................

............................

How the alter the manipulated variableBagaimana mengubah pembolehubah dimanipulasi

..........................................................................................

..........................................................................................

..........................................................................................2. RespondingBergerakbalas

............................

............................

How to determine the responding variableBagaimana menentukan pembolehubah bergerakbalas

..........................................................................................

..........................................................................................

..........................................................................................3. ControlledDimalarkan

............................

............................

How to maintain the controlled variableBagaimana menetapkan pemboleh ubah dimalarkan

..........................................................................................

..........................................................................................

..........................................................................................Table 2

[3 marks]

(ii) State the hypothesis for this experiment.Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

...........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

[3 marks]

(e) Based on the result of the experiment, what can you deduce about the transpiration rate?Berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen, apakah yang dapat anda rumuskan tentang kadar transpirasi?

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

[3 marks]

(f) If the experiment carried out every hour during the day, state the relationship between the rate of transpiration and time in that day.Jika eksperimen dijalankan setiap jam sepanjang hari, nyatakan hubungan antara kadar transpirasi dengan masa dalam satu hari tersebut.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [3 marks]

(g) The experiment in the room with air movement is repeated. This time, two fans instead of one are used to blow at the leaves of the shoot. Predict the observation and the rate of transpiration that will be obtained.

Eksperimen yang dijalankan dibawah kipas yang sedang berpusing diulang dengan menggunakan dua buah kipas berbanding sebuah untuk menghasilkan pergerakan udara di bahagian pucuk tumbuhan. Ramalkan pemerhatian dan kadar transpirasi yang mungkin diperolehi.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [3 marks]

(h) The following list is part of the apparatus and material used in this experiment.

Fan , stopwatch, volume of water, beaker, speed of fan, air bubble in the capillary tube

Complete Table 3 below, by matching each variable with the apparatus and material used in this experiment.

Variables Apparatus Material

Manipulated ............................................ ..............................................

Responding ............................................ ..............................................

Controlled ............................................ ..............................................

[3 marks]

EXAMPLE 2 : QUESTION 1

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate photosynthesis of a Hydrilla sp. sprig.

Table 3

Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan keamatan cahaya ke atas kadar fotosintesis bagi setangkai Hydrilla sp.

The following steps were carried out.Langkah-langkah berikut telah dijalankan.

Step 1 :

Langkah 1 :

50 ml of 2% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution was placed in a boiling tube.50 ml larutan 2% natrium hidrogen karbonat telah dimasukkan kedalam tabung didih.

Step 2 :

Langkah 2 :

A Hydrilla sp. sprig was immersed in the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution.Setangkai Hydrilla sp. Direndamkan kedalam larutan natrium hidrogen karbonat.

Step 3 :

Langkah 3 :

A light source from 60 W bulb was placed at a distance of 60 cm from the boiling tube.Satu sumber cahaya daripada satu mentol 60 W diletakkan pada jarak 60 cm dari tabung didih.

Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up used in this experiment.Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini.

(a) In Table1, list all the materials and apparatus labelled in Diagram 1.DalamJadual 1, senaraikan semua bahan dan radas yang berlabel dalam Rajah 1.

MaterialBahan

ApparatusRadas

Table 1Jadual 1

Table 2 shows the results of this experiment.Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen ini.

Distance between light source and

Hydrilla sp.Jarak di antara

sumber cahaya dan Hydrilla sp.

Total number of bubbles released in 5 minutes

Jumlah bilangan gelembung yang dibebaskan dalam masa 5 minit

60 cm

Distance between light source and

Hydrilla sp.

Total number of bubbles released in 5 minutes

50 cm

40 cm

30 cm

Table 2

(b) Record the total number of bubbles released in 5 minutes in the boxes provided in Table 2Rekod jumlah bilangan gelembung yang dibebaskan dalam masa 5 minit dalam petak yang sediakan dalamJadual 2.

(c)i State two different observation made from Table 2.Nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berbeza yang dibuat daripadaJadual 2.

Observation 1 / Pemerhatian 1 :

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Observation 2 / Pemerhatian 2 :

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) State the inference which corresponds to the observations in 1(c)(i).Nyatakan inferens yang sepadan dengan pemerhatian di 1 (c)(i).

Inference from observation 1………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Inference from observation 2

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(d) Complete Table 3 based on this experiment.LengkapkanJadual 3 berdasarkan eksperimen ini.

VariablePembolehubah

Method to handle the variableCara mengendali pembolehubah

Manipulated variablePembolehubahdimanipulasi

……………………………………………..

…………………………………………….

…………………………………………….

…………………………………………….

…………………………………………….

…………………………………………….

Responding variablePembolehubahbergerakbalas

……………………………………………..

……………………………………………..

……………………………………………..

…………………………………………….

…………………………………………….

…………………………………………….

Constant variablePembolehubahdimalarkan

……………………………………………..

……………………………………………..

……………………………………………..

…………………………………………….

…………………………………………….

…………………………………………….

Table 3 Jadual 3

(e) State the hypothesis for this experiment.Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(f)(i) Construct table and record all the data collected in this experiment.Bina satu jadual dan rekodkan semua data yang dikumpul dalam eksperimen ini.

Your table should have the following titles:Jadual anda hendaklah mengandungi tajuk-tajuk berikut:

- Distance between light source and Hydrilla sp.Jarak di antara sumbe cahaya dan Hydrilla sp.

- Total number of bubbles released in 5 minutesJumlah bilangan gelembung yang dibebaskan dalam masa 5 minit

- Light intensityKeamatan cahaya

Use the formula :

Light intensity = _____________________________________ Distance between light source and Hydrilla sp.

Gunakan formula :

Keamatan cahaya = _____________________________________ Jarak di antara sumber cahaya dan Hydrilla sp.

(ii) Use the graph paper provided on page 8 to answer this part of question. Using the data in 1(f)(i), draw the graph of the total number of bubbles against the light intensity.Guna kertas graf yang disediakan di halaman 8 untuk menjawab ceraian soalan ini. Menggunakan data di 1(f)(i), lukis graf jumlah bilangan gelembung melawan Keamatan cahaya.

1

1

(g) Based on the graph in 1(f)(ii), explain the relationship between the total number of bubbles and the light intensity.Berdasarkan graf di 1(f)(ii), terangkan hubungan antara jumlah bilangan Gelembung dengan keamatan cahaya.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(h) This experiment is repeated using two sprigs of Hydrilla sp.Predict the total number of bubbles released in 5 minutes by these two sprigs of Hydrilla sp. Explain your prediction.Eksperimen ini diulangi dengan menggunakan dua tangkai Hydrilla sp.Ramalkan jumlah bilangan gelembung yang dibebaskan dalam masa 5 minit Oleh dua tangkai Hydrilla sp.ini. Terangkan ramalan anda.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(i) Based on the result from this experiment, what can be deduced about photosynthesis?Berdasarkan keputusan daripada eksperimen ini, apakah yang dapat dirumuskan tentang fotosintesis?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….