owlteacher.com the 13 british colonies (1689–1754)

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The 13 British

Colonies(1689–1754)


The English Civil WarThe English Civil War

• England’s Parliament was made up of England’s Parliament was made up of representatives of the people. representatives of the people.

• It had the power to make laws and It had the power to make laws and approve new taxes.approve new taxes.

• King Charles I demanded money King Charles I demanded money from towns and cities without from towns and cities without Parliament’s consent.Parliament’s consent.

• Parliament saw this as an attempt to Parliament saw this as an attempt to limit its power and the rights of limit its power and the rights of English property owners. English property owners.


•Parliament’s forces Parliament’s forces defeated and executed defeated and executed King Charles in 1649. King Charles in 1649.

•The leader of Parliament, The leader of Parliament, Oliver Cromwell, Oliver Cromwell, governed England until governed England until his death in 1659.his death in 1659.

• In 1660, Parliament In 1660, Parliament restored the monarchy by restored the monarchy by placing Charles II, the son placing Charles II, the son of Charles I, on the of Charles I, on the throne.throne.


MercantilismMercantilism

Theory of MercantilismTheory of Mercantilism

•A country should try to get and A country should try to get and keep as much bullion, or gold and keep as much bullion, or gold and silver, as possible.silver, as possible.

•To achieve this, a countryTo achieve this, a country’’s s balance of trade,balance of trade, or the difference or the difference between imports and exports, between imports and exports, should show more exports than should show more exports than imports.imports.


MercantilismMercantilism

Effects on War and PoliticsEffects on War and Politics–The Navigation Act tightened The Navigation Act tightened English control over colonial trade English control over colonial trade by requiring the colonies to sell by requiring the colonies to sell certain goods only to England.certain goods only to England.

–If colonists wanted to sell goods to If colonists wanted to sell goods to other parts of the world, they had other parts of the world, they had to pay a duty, or tax, on it.to pay a duty, or tax, on it.


MercantilismMercantilismEffects on Trade LawsEffects on Trade Laws

•European countries fought over European countries fought over territory and trade routes.territory and trade routes.

•British rulers tightened controls British rulers tightened controls over the American colonies. over the American colonies.

•King James II tried to take direct King James II tried to take direct control over New York and New control over New York and New England by creating the Dominion England by creating the Dominion of New England. of New England.


MercantilismMercantilismAnger in the ColoniesAnger in the Colonies

•Colonists resented James’s grab for Colonists resented James’s grab for power. power.

•They were angry with the governor of They were angry with the governor of the Dominion that James had the Dominion that James had appointed. appointed.

•When Parliament replaced James II with When Parliament replaced James II with his daughter Mary and her husband his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, New England William of Orange, New England citizens rebelled and ended the citizens rebelled and ended the Dominion.Dominion.


Britain’s Colonial Policy in Britain’s Colonial Policy in the Early 1700sthe Early 1700sOrigins of Self-GovernmentOrigins of Self-Government• In theory, the royal governors of the In theory, the royal governors of the

colonies had great power. colonies had great power. • In reality, the colonial legislatures held In reality, the colonial legislatures held

the most power. the most power. • They created and passed laws regarding They created and passed laws regarding

defense and taxation. defense and taxation. • They set salaries for royal officials and They set salaries for royal officials and

influenced appointments of local officials.influenced appointments of local officials.


Salutary NeglectSalutary Neglect•Britain allowed its colonies more Britain allowed its colonies more

freedom to govern themselves freedom to govern themselves than other European nations did. than other European nations did.


• This British policy, known as This British policy, known as salutary neglect, had three causes:salutary neglect, had three causes:

1.1. England had a long tradition of England had a long tradition of strong local government and strong local government and weak central power.weak central power.

2.2. British government lacked the British government lacked the resources to enforce its wishes.resources to enforce its wishes.

3.3. Britain gave the colonies freedom Britain gave the colonies freedom because the existing economy because the existing economy and politics served the British and politics served the British interests.interests.


Diverse Colonial Diverse Colonial EconomiesEconomiesSouthern ColoniesSouthern Colonies•This economy was based on This economy was based on

staple cropsstaple crops—crops that are in —crops that are in constant demand.constant demand.

•Staple crops included tobacco Staple crops included tobacco and rice, both grown on large and rice, both grown on large plantations worked by slaves.plantations worked by slaves.


Diverse Colonial EconomiesDiverse Colonial Economies

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies•The economy of the Middle The economy of the Middle

Colonies was a mixture of farming Colonies was a mixture of farming and commerce.and commerce.

•Rich, fertile soil produced wheat, Rich, fertile soil produced wheat, barley, and rye.barley, and rye.

•New York and Philadelphia New York and Philadelphia supported the business of supported the business of merchants, traders, and merchants, traders, and craftspeople.craftspeople.


Diverse Colonial EconomiesDiverse Colonial Economies

New England ColoniesNew England Colonies

•The New England economy relied The New England economy relied on on “carrying trade.”“carrying trade.”

•Merchants carried crops and Merchants carried crops and goods from one place to another.goods from one place to another.

•The business of trading goods The business of trading goods between the Americas, Europe, between the Americas, Europe, and Africa, was called and Africa, was called triangular triangular trade.trade.


Colonial SocietyColonial Society

•American colonists brought American colonists brought many ideas and customs from many ideas and customs from Europe. Europe.

•Most colonists believed:Most colonists believed:– The wealthy were superior to the poor.The wealthy were superior to the poor.– Men were superior to women.Men were superior to women.– Whites were superior to blacks.Whites were superior to blacks.


•The differences between social ranks The differences between social ranks could be seen in colonial clothes, could be seen in colonial clothes, houses, and manners.houses, and manners.

•Ordinary people wore dresses or plain Ordinary people wore dresses or plain pants and shirts.pants and shirts.

•GentryGentry (“gentle folk” ) wore wigs, silk (“gentle folk” ) wore wigs, silk stockings, lace cuffs, and the latest stockings, lace cuffs, and the latest fashions.fashions.

•GentryGentry — men and women wealthy — men and women wealthy enough to hire others to work for enough to hire others to work for them them


Wealth in LandWealth in Land

• For English colonists, land was the For English colonists, land was the foundation for real wealth. foundation for real wealth.

• Most landowners were white men.Most landowners were white men.

• In the 1700s, gentry built mansions to In the 1700s, gentry built mansions to display their wealth and filled them display their wealth and filled them with fine furniture, silver, and with fine furniture, silver, and porcelain.porcelain.

• In each colony, a small group of elite, In each colony, a small group of elite, landowning men dominated politics.landowning men dominated politics.


Trades and OccupationsTrades and Occupations

Artisans•Young boys became Young boys became apprentices,apprentices, individuals placed individuals placed under a legal contract to work under a legal contract to work for another person in exchange for another person in exchange for learning a trade.for learning a trade.

•Artisans made silver products, Artisans made silver products, cabinets, tinware, pottery, and cabinets, tinware, pottery, and glassware.glassware.


Printers•Colonial printers were Colonial printers were considered vital because they considered vital because they gathered and circulated local gathered and circulated local news and information.news and information.

•Benjamin Franklin, one of Benjamin Franklin, one of America’s most famous printers, America’s most famous printers, published published Poor Richard’s Poor Richard’s AlmanacAlmanac..

•An almanac is a book containing An almanac is a book containing information such as calendars, information such as calendars, weather predictions, and advice.weather predictions, and advice.


Farmers•Farms in the colonies varied in Farms in the colonies varied in size from large cash-crop size from large cash-crop plantations in the South to small, plantations in the South to small, self-supporting farms in the self-supporting farms in the Middle and New England Colonies.Middle and New England Colonies.


Fisher-men

•Fish was dried, salted, and Fish was dried, salted, and shipped out from harbor cities.shipped out from harbor cities.

•Fishing became a strong industry Fishing became a strong industry and promoted the growth of and promoted the growth of shipbuilding.shipbuilding.


Indentured Servants •Many immigrants came to the Many immigrants came to the

colonies as indentured servants.colonies as indentured servants.


Colonial WomenColonial Women

Women and the LawWomen and the Law

• Under English common law, a Under English common law, a husband had complete control over husband had complete control over his wife. his wife.

• Women could notWomen could not – Own property.Own property.– Vote.Vote.– Hold office.Hold office.– Serve on a jury.Serve on a jury.

• Husbands were allowed to beat their Husbands were allowed to beat their wives.wives.


Women’s DutiesWomen’s Duties

• CookingCooking

• GardeningGardening

• WashingWashing

• CleaningCleaning

• Weaving clothWeaving cloth

• SewingSewing

• Assisting other women in childbirthAssisting other women in childbirth

• Training daughters to do all of the Training daughters to do all of the aboveabove


•The goal of the colonial The goal of the colonial household was to behousehold was to be self-self-sufficient.sufficient.

•Self-sufficientSelf-sufficient — able to make — able to make everything needed to maintain everything needed to maintain itself itself

The Nature of WorkThe Nature of Work


• Everyone in the household worked to Everyone in the household worked to produce food and goods.produce food and goods.

• Men grew crops, or made goods like Men grew crops, or made goods like shoes, guns, and candles.shoes, guns, and candles.

• Women ran the household and Women ran the household and assisted with the crops.assisted with the crops.

• Children helped both parents.Children helped both parents.


Colonial EducationColonial Education

• During colonial times, children During colonial times, children received very little formal education. received very little formal education.

• Because Puritans believed everyone Because Puritans believed everyone should be able to read the Bible, the should be able to read the Bible, the New England Colonies became early New England Colonies became early leaders in the development of public leaders in the development of public education.education.


• In 1647, Massachusetts passed a law In 1647, Massachusetts passed a law requiring towns to set up grammar requiring towns to set up grammar schools for boys. schools for boys.

• Girls were expected to learn from Girls were expected to learn from their mothers at home.their mothers at home.

• Generally, only the wealthy attended Generally, only the wealthy attended college, where they trained to be college, where they trained to be lawyers or ministers. lawyers or ministers.

• Harvard, Yale,Harvard, Yale, and and William and MaryWilliam and Mary were the only three colleges in the were the only three colleges in the colonies until the 1740s.colonies until the 1740s.


The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage

•The The Middle PassageMiddle Passage was was one leg of the triangular one leg of the triangular trade between the trade between the Americas, Europe, and Americas, Europe, and Africa. Africa.

•This term also refers to This term also refers to the forced transport of the forced transport of slaves from Africa to slaves from Africa to the Americas.the Americas.


•Roughly 10 to 40 percent of Roughly 10 to 40 percent of Africans on slave trips died in the Africans on slave trips died in the crossing. crossing.

•Slaves were beaten and had to Slaves were beaten and had to endure chains; heat; and endure chains; heat; and cramped, unsanitary conditions.cramped, unsanitary conditions.

•Occasionally enslaved Africans Occasionally enslaved Africans staged a staged a mutiny,mutiny, or revolt, on or revolt, on the slave ships. the slave ships.

•Many of these were successful.Many of these were successful.


Slavery in the ColoniesSlavery in the Colonies

South Carolina and GeorgiaSouth Carolina and Georgia•High temperatures and disease made High temperatures and disease made slave conditions especially harsh in this slave conditions especially harsh in this region.region.

•African Americans made up the African Americans made up the majority of the population in South majority of the population in South Carolina and more than one third of Carolina and more than one third of GeorgiaGeorgia’’s population.s population.

•Southern slaves kept their culture alive Southern slaves kept their culture alive through their speech, crafts, and music.through their speech, crafts, and music.


Slavery in the ColoniesSlavery in the ColoniesVirginia and MarylandVirginia and Maryland• Slaves in Virginia and Maryland made up a Slaves in Virginia and Maryland made up a

minority of the population.minority of the population.• Few of those slaves came directly from Few of those slaves came directly from

Africa.Africa.• Slaves had other tasks in addition to Slaves had other tasks in addition to

growing crops.growing crops.• There was more integration of European There was more integration of European

American and African American cultures American and African American cultures than in South Carolina and Georgia.than in South Carolina and Georgia.

• To save money, slave-owners encouraged To save money, slave-owners encouraged slaves to have families. slaves to have families.


Slavery in the ColoniesSlavery in the ColoniesNew England and the Middle ColoniesNew England and the Middle Colonies• There were far fewer slaves in New England There were far fewer slaves in New England

and the Middle Colonies than in the South.and the Middle Colonies than in the South.• Slaves had more freedom to choose their Slaves had more freedom to choose their

occupations.occupations.• Slaves in this region typically worked as Slaves in this region typically worked as

cooks, housekeepers, and personal servants. cooks, housekeepers, and personal servants. • They also worked as skilled artisans, They also worked as skilled artisans,

dockworkers, merchant sailors, fishermen, dockworkers, merchant sailors, fishermen, whalers, privateers, lumberjacks, and in whalers, privateers, lumberjacks, and in manufacturing.manufacturing.


Estimated African American Estimated African American Population, 1690–1750Population, 1690–1750

YearNew England

ColoniesMiddle

ColoniesSouthern Colonies

1690 950 2,472 13,307

1700 1,680 3,661 22,476

1710 2,585 6,218 36,063

1720 3,956 10,825 54,058

1730 6,118 11,683 73,220

1740 8,541 16,452 125,031

1750 10,982 20,736 204,702

SOURCE: Historical Statistics of the United States,Colonial Times to 1970


•Slaves that earned money as artisans Slaves that earned money as artisans or laborers had the possibility of saving or laborers had the possibility of saving enough to purchase their freedom. enough to purchase their freedom.

•Free African Americans did the same Free African Americans did the same kind of work as enslaved African kind of work as enslaved African Americans, but were often worse off Americans, but were often worse off economically and socially.economically and socially.

Free BlacksFree Blacks


•Free blacks faced poorer living Free blacks faced poorer living conditions and more conditions and more discrimination than slaves who discrimination than slaves who were identified with specific were identified with specific white households.white households.

•Free blacks could not vote, Free blacks could not vote, testify in court, or marry whites.testify in court, or marry whites.


Laws and RevoltsLaws and Revolts

LawsLaws• Slaves could not go aboard ships or Slaves could not go aboard ships or

ferries, or leave the town limits ferries, or leave the town limits without a written pass.without a written pass.

• Slaves could be accused of crimes Slaves could be accused of crimes ranging from owning hogs or carrying ranging from owning hogs or carrying canes to disturbing the peace or canes to disturbing the peace or striking a white person.striking a white person.

• Punishments included whipping, Punishments included whipping, banishment to the West Indies, and banishment to the West Indies, and death. death.


Laws and RevoltsLaws and RevoltsRevoltsRevolts• In the In the Stono Rebellion,Stono Rebellion, several dozen slaves several dozen slaves

in South Carolina killed more than 20 whites. in South Carolina killed more than 20 whites.

• The rebels were captured and killed.The rebels were captured and killed.

• New York City had slave rebellions in 1708, New York City had slave rebellions in 1708, 1712, and 1741. 1712, and 1741.

• After the 1741 revolt, 13 African Americans After the 1741 revolt, 13 African Americans were burned alive as punishment.were burned alive as punishment.

• African Americans undertook almost 50 African Americans undertook almost 50 documented revolts between 1740 and 1800.documented revolts between 1740 and 1800.


Western ExpansionWestern Expansion

• In the mid-1700s, the colonial In the mid-1700s, the colonial population was increasing rapidly, population was increasing rapidly, nearly doubling every 25 years.nearly doubling every 25 years.

• Birth rates were rising.Birth rates were rising.


• ImmigrantsImmigrants from England, Ireland, from England, Ireland, Germany, and other countries were Germany, and other countries were settling in colonial America.settling in colonial America.

• As the population grew, settlers As the population grew, settlers pushed west in search of more land. pushed west in search of more land.

• These settlers were part of a These settlers were part of a migration, or movement, in search of migration, or movement, in search of land on which they could build land on which they could build independent lives and maintain their independent lives and maintain their households.households.

• ImmigrantsImmigrants — people who enter a new — people who enter a new country to settlecountry to settle


Native American and French Native American and French ReactionReactionNative American ResponseNative American Response

• As white settlers migrated into Indian As white settlers migrated into Indian territory, the Indians were forced to territory, the Indians were forced to relocate into lands already occupied by relocate into lands already occupied by other Native American groups.other Native American groups.

• The Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws, and The Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Choctaws put up a powerful struggle to Choctaws put up a powerful struggle to block westward colonial expansion.block westward colonial expansion.


Native American and French Native American and French ReactionReaction

French ActionsFrench Actions

• In 1752, the French built Fort Presque Isle In 1752, the French built Fort Presque Isle in Pennsylvania and attacked and killed in Pennsylvania and attacked and killed the men defending an English trading post the men defending an English trading post in the Ohio Valley.in the Ohio Valley.

• By the early 1750s, it became clear that By the early 1750s, it became clear that Pennsylvania would become the setting for Pennsylvania would become the setting for a struggle between the colonists, Native a struggle between the colonists, Native Americans, and the French.Americans, and the French.


Religious TensionsReligious Tensions• The British colonies were primarily The British colonies were primarily

Protestant. Protestant. – Southern planters, northern merchants, Southern planters, northern merchants,

and northern professionals tended to and northern professionals tended to belong to the belong to the Church of England.Church of England.

– Most New Englanders were either Most New Englanders were either CongregationalistsCongregationalists or or Presbyterians.Presbyterians.

– Quakers, Lutherans,Quakers, Lutherans, and and MennonitesMennonites were were common in Pennsylvania.common in Pennsylvania.

– The The Dutch Reformed ChurchDutch Reformed Church thrived in the thrived in the colonies of New York and New Jersey.colonies of New York and New Jersey.


The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening• The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening refers to a revival of refers to a revival of

religious feeling that began in the early religious feeling that began in the early 1700s. 1700s.

• These revivals were designed to renew These revivals were designed to renew religious enthusiasm and commitment. religious enthusiasm and commitment.

• Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards — Edwards, a — Edwards, a Massachusetts minister, is believed to Massachusetts minister, is believed to have started the Great Awakening. have started the Great Awakening.

• His success inspired other ministers to His success inspired other ministers to increase their efforts to energize their increase their efforts to energize their followers.followers.


The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening

• George Whitefield George Whitefield — Whitefield was an — Whitefield was an itinerant,itinerant, or traveling, preacher who or traveling, preacher who toured the colonies seven times between toured the colonies seven times between 1738 and 1770.1738 and 1770.

• These ministers preached that any These ministers preached that any Christian could have a personal Christian could have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ. relationship with Jesus Christ.

• They stated that faith and sincerity, rather They stated that faith and sincerity, rather than wealth and education, were the major than wealth and education, were the major requirements needed to understand the requirements needed to understand the Gospel.Gospel.


• Revivals caused several churches to break Revivals caused several churches to break apart. While some embraced the new apart. While some embraced the new emotionalism, others rejected it. emotionalism, others rejected it.

Churches ReorganizeChurches Reorganize

• In the South, both the Baptist and the In the South, both the Baptist and the Methodist churches drew many followers Methodist churches drew many followers through their powerful, emotional through their powerful, emotional ceremonies and their celebration of ordinary ceremonies and their celebration of ordinary people.people.

• In the 1740s and 1750s, many New In the 1740s and 1750s, many New Englanders converted to the Baptist faith.Englanders converted to the Baptist faith.


• Some of the splinter groups were Some of the splinter groups were more tolerant of dissent than the more tolerant of dissent than the organizations from which they split.organizations from which they split.

• Dissent — difference of opinionDissent — difference of opinion

owlteacher.com the 13 british colonies (1689–1754)

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dominion of new england

new england citizens

king charles

new york

new taxes

leader of parliament

king james

governed england