owl in the aral-caspian region, kazakhstan ФИЛИН В АРАЛО...

Raptor Research 53Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian Region, KazakhstanФИЛИН В АРАЛО-КАСПИЙСКОМ РЕГИОНЕ, КАЗАХСТАН

Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia)Kovalenko A.V., Levin A.S. (Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Education and Sciences,Almaty, Kazakhstan)Pazhenkov A.S. (The Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Centre, Samara, Russia)Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия)Коваленко А.В., Левин А.C. (Институт зоологии ЦБИ МОН РК, Алматы, Казахстан)Паженков А.С. (Центр содействия Волго-Уральской экологической сети, Самара, Россия)

Êîíòàêò:Èãîðü ÊàðÿêèíÖåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17òåë.: +7 (831) 433 38 [email protected]

Àíäðåé Êîâàëåíêî405030 Êàçàõñòàí Àëìàòûóë. Âàõòàíãîâà, 11Á – 3 òåë.: +7 (727) 246 29 11+7 (701) 570 25 60 +7 (777) 339 10 35+7 (700) 910 05 [email protected]

Àíàòîëèé Ëåâèí Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèèÌèíèñòåðñòâî îáðàçîâàíèÿ è íàóêèÊàçàõñòàí Àëìàòûòåë.: +7 (3272) 69 48 [email protected]

Àëåêñåé ÏàæåíêîâÖåíòð ñîäåéñòâèÿ «Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè»443045 Ðîññèÿ Ñàìàðà, à/ÿ [email protected]

ÂâåäåíèåÔèëèí (Bubo bubo) â Ïðèêàñïèè è Ïðèà-

ðàëüå èçäàâíà ïðèâëåêàë âíèìàíèå èññëå-äîâàòåëåé. Îäíàêî, â ñâÿçè ñî ñêðûòíîñòüþ âèäà, òðåáóþùåé ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ ïîäõî-äîâ â åãî âûÿâëåíèè è èçó÷åíèè, îñòàâà-ëàñü ìàññà âîïðîñîâ êàñàòåëüíî ïîäâèäî-

IntroductionDuring surveys in the Aral-Caspian region

author of the paper paid the special atten-tion to the Eagle Owl as a species determin-ing distribution of many other raptor species in a territory and being a precise indicator of feeding conditions in a region. Exten-

ÀáñòðàêòÑòàòüÿ áàçèðóåòñÿ íà äàííûõ àâòîðîâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèé 2003–2006 ãã. Çà ýòîò ïåðèîä â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå âñòðå÷åíî 268 âçðîñëûõ ôèëèíîâ (Bubo bubo) íà 238 òåððèòîðèÿõ, âûÿâëåíî 144 ãíåç-äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà 117 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà ôèëèíîâ. Íà 25 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷åíû ïàðû ïòèö è íà 2-õ – ñë¸òêè. Äëÿ 60,5% âñòðå÷ ôèëèíîâ èç 238 ïîäòâåðæäåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå. Ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíîâ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âàðüèðóåò îò 3,13 äî 37,51 ðåãèñòðàöèé/100 êì îáðûâîâ, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãèîíó 12,61 ðåãèñòðàöèé/100 êì îáðûâîâ. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ïàðàìè ôèëèíîâ èçìåíÿåòñÿ îò 110 ì äî 10,5 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãèîíó 3,17±2,19 êì. Â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå â ïðåäåëàõ àäìèíè-ñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèö Êàçàõñòàíà ãíåçäèòñÿ êàê ìèíèìóì 1200–1500 ïàð ôèëèíîâ. Ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà ìîæåò ôëóêòóèðîâàòü â ïðåäåëàõ îò 3000–3750 äî 5640–7050 îñîáåé. Ñðåäè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíîâ (n=144) ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò íàéäåííûå íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ – 53,47%, 23,61% âûÿâëåíî íà ìåëîâûõ îáðûâàõ è 16,67% – íà ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûõ. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ôèëèíîâ (n=141) óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà â íåáîëüøèõ íèøàõ – 93,62%, 3,55% – â êðóïíûõ ãðîòàõ è 2,84% – íà îòêðûòûõ ñâåðõó ïîëêàõ. Èç 122-õ àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä â 85-òè (69,67%) áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî ðàçìíîæåíèå â ãîä íàáëþäåíèÿ: 14 ãí¸çä ñîäåðæàëè êëàäêè, 55 – âû-âîäêè è 16 æèëûõ ãí¸çä îñìîòðåíî íå áûëî. Â êëàäêàõ (n=14) 2–5, â ñðåäíåì 3,0±0,96 ÿéöà, â âûâîäêàõ (n=55) 1–5, â ñðåäíåì 3,13±0,79 ïòåíöà. Èç 122-õ àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä 80 îêàçàëèñü óñïåøíûìè (65,57%), à 37 (30,33%) – áåçóñïåøíûìè, ïðè÷¸ì 26,23% ãí¸çä ïóñòîâàëè ïî ïðè÷èíå íåðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïòèö. Íà îñíîâàíèè àíàëèçà ìîðôîëîãèè è áèîëîãèè ôèëèíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí, ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ âåðíóòü ïîäâèäó èìÿ, äàííîå ðàíåå Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâûì, – ôèëèí Ýâåðñìàííà B. bubo eversmanni Dementiev, 1931 èëè óñòþðòñêèé ôèëèí, òåì ñàìûì îáîçíà÷èâ åãî ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòü. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ñîâû, ôèëèí, Bubo bubo, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ, Êàçàõñòàí.

AbstractThe paper is based on data authors obtained during surveys in 2003–2006. During the period of research in the Aral-Caspian region there were 238 registrations of 268 adult Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo), 144 breeding territories were discovered; nests were found in 117 breeding territories. Pairs of birds were noted in 25 breeding territories and fledglings – in 2 territories. The breeding was confirmed for 60.5% of 238 owl registrations. The average breeding density in the region was 12.61 records/100 km of cliff-faces, ranging from 3.13 to 37.51 records/100 km of cliff-faces. The distance between nearest neighbors varied from 110 m to 10.5 km, averaging 3.17±2.19 km in the region. Thus, the minimal number of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region within Kazakhstan was estimated at 1200–1500 breeding pairs. After the breeding season a number of the Eagle Owl can range from 3000–3750 to 5640–7050 individuals. Preferable nesting substrate of the Eagle Owl (n=144) was clay cliff-faces (53.47%), 23.61% of examined nests were on chalky cliff-faces and 16.67% – on limy cliff-faces. Cliff-nesting owls (n=141) were found to nest in small niches (93.62%), large cavities (3.55%) and on open ledges (2.84%). Only 122 nests were occupied, breeding attempts was noted only in 85 (69.67%): 14 nests were with clutches, 55 – with broods, and 16 occupied nests were not examined. The average clutch size was 3.0±0.96 eggs (n=14; range 2–5), the average brood size was 3.13±0.79 nestlings (n=55; range 1–5). Successful breeding was recorded in 80 (65.57%) of 122 occupied nests, and 37 (30.33%) were unsuccessful. Birds not bred in 26.23% nests. Analyzing the morphology and breeding biology of the Eagle Owl, inhabiting the Aral-Caspian region, it has offered to rec-ognize it as an independent subspecies and restore the name earlier proposed by Dementiev – the Eversmann’s Eagle Owl B. bubo eversmanni Dementiev, 1931 or the Ustyurt Eagle Owl.Keywords: raptors, owls, Eagle Owl, Bubo bubo, distribution, population status, breeding biology, Kazakhstan.

54 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo). Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà.

Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo). Photo by A. Pazhenkov.

âîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòè è ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè ôèëè-íîâ â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå. Ïóñòûíè Ïðèêàñïèÿ è Ïðèàðàëüÿ îáñëåäîâàëèñü àâòîðàìè â ðàìêàõ «Ñòåïíîé ïðîãðàììû» Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé (Í. Íîâãî-ðîä, Ðîññèÿ) è Öåíòðà ñîäåéñòâèÿ Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè (Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ), ïðîåêòà «Áàëîáàí â Ðîññèè è Êà-çàõñòàíå» Èíñòèòóòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîêî-ëîâ (Falcon Research Institute, Carmarthen, UK) è ïðîåêòà ïî âûÿâëåíèþ Êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Êàçàõñòàíà Àññîöèàöèè ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Êàçàõñòàíà (Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí). Â õîäå ðà-áîòû ôèëèíó óäåëÿëîñü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå, êàê âèäó, îïðåäåëÿþùåìó ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ìíîãèõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïî òåððèòîðèè è ÿâëÿþùåìóñÿ ÷¸òêèì èíäèêàòîðîì êîð-ìîâîé ñèòóàöèè â ðåãèîíå. Â ðåçóëüòàòå áûë ñîáðàí äîâîëüíî îáøèðíûé ìàòåðèàë, ðåçóëüòàòû îáðàáîòêè êîòîðîãî ïðåäñòàâ-ëåíû â íàñòîÿùåé ñòàòüå.

ÌåòîäèêàÐàññìàòðèâàåìûé â ñòàòüå ðåãèîí çàíè-

ìàåò îáøèðíóþ òåððèòîðèþ â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå (â àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèöàõ ãîñóäàðñòâà), ìåæäó Êàñïèéñêèì è Àðàëü-ñêèì ìîðÿìè, ïëîùàäüþ 250,0 òûñ. êì2 è ëåæèò, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî, â çîíå ïîëóïó-ñòûíü è ñåâåðíûõ ïóñòûíü.

Äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ îáñëåäîâàëàñü â àïðåëå-ìàå 2003–2006 ãã. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿ-æ¸ííîñòü ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñî-ñòàâèëà 15654 êì (3832 êì – â 2003 ã. è

sive data were obtained and results of data processing are presented in the paper.

MethodsThe region under consideration occupies

the extensive area in the Western Kaza-khstan (within the state borders) between Caspian and Aral Seas with a territory of 250 thousands km2.

That territory was surveyed in 2003–2006. A total length survey routes was 15654 km. For 4 years of research 31 study plots with a total area of 1098.49 km2 were set up (fig. 1).

Breeding territories of the Eagle Owl were discovered during vehicle and pedestrian routes which were planned in habitats pre-ferred the species – usually along different cliff-faces and rarely along narrow ravines. The activity was aimed at the search of nests and registration of birds.

The territories where nests of the Eagle Owl (either living or empty but occupied) or vocalized adult birds have been recorded, were recognized as breeding territories. As the possible breeding territories we consid-ered the registrations of the adult birds re-peated in the same territories in June.

Discovered breeding territories of the Ea-gle Owl were mapped. The population cal-culation was performed using GIS-software (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA) (Karyakin, 2004) based on the map of typical habitats (cliff-faces) obtained through the verification of Landsat ETM + satellite images and anal-ysis of 1:500000 scale topographic maps.

A total length of cliff-faces in the region is 8065.02 km as well as in study plots is 1768.9 km. Following the geographical location and the dominating type of rock (chalky, limy or clay), all cliff-faces of the re-gion were divided into 10 groups: cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau, northern cliff-faces

Contact:Igor KaryakinCenter of Field StudiesKorolenko str., 17a–17Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 433 38 [email protected]

Andrey Kovalenko,Vahtangova str., 11b–3Almaty 405030 Kazakhstantel.: +7 (727) 246 29 11 +7 (701) 570 25 60 +7 (777) 339 10 35 +7 (700) 910 05 [email protected]

Anatoliy Levin Institute of Zoology Ministry of Education and Sciences Almaty Kazakhstantel.: +7 (3272) 69 48 76 [email protected]

Aleksey PazhenkovThe Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance CentreP.O. Box 8001 Samara 443045 Russia [email protected]

Ðèñ. 1. Ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáëèöå 1.

Fig. 1. Study plots. Numbers of study plots in the figure are similar ones in the table 1.


5975 êì – â 2004 ã., 977 êì – â 2005 ã. è 4870 êì – â 2006 ã.).

Â 2003 ã. óäàëîñü îáñëåäîâàòü 11 ïëîùà-äîê îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 2194,95 êì2. Â 2004 ã. ïîñåùàëîñü 6 ïëîùàäîê ïðîøëîãî ãîäà, 3 èç êîòîðûõ áûëè ïîëíîñòüþ îáñëåäîâàíû. Âñåãî çà ãîä áûëî îñìîòðåíî 18 ïëîùà-äîê (ñ ó÷¸òîì íîâûõ) îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 8162,70 êì2. Â 2005 ã. â Ïðèàðàëüå áûëî çàëîæåíî 3 ïëîùàäêè îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 196,43 êì2. Â 2006 ã. óäàëîñü îáñëåäîâàòü 5 ïëîùàäîê îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 905,32 êì2. Çà 4 ãîäà èññëåäîâàíèé áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà 31 íå ïåðåêðûâàþùàÿñÿ ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäêà îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 1098,49 êì2 (ðèñ.1).

Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ôèëèíà âûÿâëÿëèñü â õîäå àâòîìîáèëüíûõ è ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ, êîòîðûå ïëàíèðîâàëèñü ïî ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûì äëÿ âèäà áèîòîïàì – ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âäîëü îáðûâîâ ðàçëè÷íîãî òèïà è, â ìåíü-øåé ñòåïåíè, âäîëü ñàåâ (óçêèõ îâðàãîâ). Ðàáîòà áûëà íàïðàâëåíà íà ïîèñê ãí¸çä è ðåãèñòðàöèþ ïòèö. Îáðûâû îñìàòðèâàëèñü â îïòèêó (áèíîêëè 8õ30, 12õ50) ñ öåëüþ îáíàðóæåíèÿ íèø, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà. Îáíàðóæåííûå íèøè ñ ïðèçíàêàìè çàñåëåíèÿ èõ ôèëèíîì (íàëè-÷èå ïîì¸òà, ïóõà, ñìûâà êîñòåé) ïîäðîáíî îñìàòðèâàëèñü â òðóáó (30–60õ), äëÿ âûÿñ-íåíèÿ çàíÿòîñòè ãí¸çä. Âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ÷èíêè ïðîõîäèëèñü ïåøêîì ïîâåðõó èëè ïîíèçó, ëèáî è ïîâåðõó, è ïîíèçó ãðóï-ïîé èç 2-õ ÷åëîâåê. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå, ïîìèìî ãí¸çä, óäåëÿëîñü âíèìàíèå ïîèñêó ïðèñàä, êîòîðûå ÷¸òêî èäåíòèôèöèðîâàëèñü ïî ïîãàäêàì è îñòàòêàì äîáû÷è.

Ïîä ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ïîäðàçóìå-âàþòñÿ òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðó-æåíû ãí¸çäà ôèëèíà (ëèáî æèëûå, ëèáî ïóñòóþùèå, íî àáîíèðóåìûå ïòèöàìè), âñòðå÷åíû òîêóþùèå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû. Ê âîçìîæíûì ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì ìû ïðè-ðàâíèâàåì èþíüñêèå âñòðå÷è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, íåîäíîêðàòíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàâøèõñÿ íà îäíîé è òîé æå òåððèòîðèè.

Âûÿâëÿåìûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ôèëèíà êàðòèðîâàëèñü, äàííûå âíîñèëèñü â ñðåäó ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA), ãäå è ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ ðàñ÷¸ò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Íà îñíîâå ðàñòðî-âûõ êàðò Ì 1:500000 è êîñìîñíèìêîâ Landsat ETM+ áûëè ïîäãîòîâëåíû âåêòîð-íûå ñëîè îáðûâîâ, íà îáùóþ ïðîòÿæ¸í-íîñòü êîòîðûõ ïðÿìî ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàëèñü äàííûå ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè ôèëèíîâ, ïîëó-÷åííûå íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ.

Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ â ðå-ãèîíå ñîñòàâèëà 8065,02 êì, à ïðîòÿæ¸í-íîñòü îáðûâîâ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ –

of the Usturt Plateau (including the Donyz-Tau cliff-faces), western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, southern (chalky) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau and calck cliff-faces of Ak-tau, the Aral cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, cliff-faces of the Aral Sea, cliff-faces of Man-gyshlak Peninsula, cliff-faces of depressions of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (Karagie, Kaundy, Basgurly, Zhazgurly Northeastern cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Pla-teau, Kolenceli and Zheltau Cliffs.

The diet studies were based on an analy-sis of remains of preys in nests and pellets. A total of 877 prey remains and 200 pellets were analyzed.

SubspeciesUntil now it was not absolutely clear about

a subspecies that inhabited the Aral-Caspian region. G.P. Dementyev using type samples from the Aral Sea region determined an in-dependent subspecies (B. b. eversmanni De-mentiev, 1931) which later was recognized as a synonym of B. b. turkomanus Eversman, 1835. As a result describing distribution of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region in the book “Bird of the Soviet Union” G.P. De-mentyev (1951) assumed B. b. turkomanus breeding in an area from the Mugodzhary mountains in the north to Turkmenistan in the south, but noted at the same time that B. bubo omissus Dementiev, 1933 possible bred in the south of the Usturt Plateau and even on the Mangyshlak peninsula. L.S. Stepanyan (1990) drew a border of breed-ing grounds of B. b. turkomanus through the Southern Usturt and the lower reach of the Syr-Darya river.

Also individuals from the east coast of the

Ôèëèí. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà.

Eagle Owl. Photo by A. Pazhenkov.


1768,9 êì. Ïî ñâîåìó ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîìó ðàñïîëîæåíèþ, à òàêæå ïî äîìèíèðîâà-íèþ òîãî èëè èíîãî òèïà îáíàæåíèé (ìå-ëîâûå, ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûå èëè ãëèíÿíûå), âñå îáðûâû ðåãèîíà ïîäåëåíû íà 10 ãðóïï: îáðûâû ïëàòî Øàãûðàé, ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò (âêëþ÷àÿ ÷èíê Äîíûç-Òàó), çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò, þæíûé (ìå-ëîâîé) ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò è ìåëîâûå îá-ðûâû Àêòàó, Àðàëüñêèé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò, îáðûâû Ïðèàðàëüÿ, îáðûâû ïîëóîñòðîâà Ìàíãûøëàê, îáðûâû âïàäèí Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (Êàðàãèå, Êàóíäû, Áàñ-ãóðëû, Æàçãóðëû), ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ÷èíê

Caspian Sea described as B. bubo gladkovi Zaletaev, 1962 were reduced to a synonym of B. b. turkomanus. V.S. Zaletaev (1962) distinguished that subspecies on the base of affinity of the type samples to B. bubo ruthe-nus Zhitkow et Buturlin, 1906. The assump-tion, that B. bubo interpositus Rîtsñhild et Hartert, 1910 is registered on Mangyshlak where intergrades with B. b. turkomanus (Stepanyan, 1990), seems not be proved.

The Eagle Owl individuals are very varia-ble, that complicates to distinguish subspe-cies correctly. Nevertheless, our data allow concluding that the independent large-size subspecies inhabits all the zone of cliff-faces in the Aral-Caspian region. In our opinion G.P. Dementyev (Dementiev, 1935) gave the most convenient description of the subspecies, and we consider the name B. b. eversmanni Dementiev, 1931 also is the most convenient for this subspecies.

Recognizing the independence of sub-species inhabiting the Aral-Caspian region it is possible to assume this subspecies inter-grading with B. b. turkomanus on all the northern border of the breeding range in the region and with B. b. omissus – on southern border of the range in Turkmenistan.

Distribution and numberThe Eagle Owl is widely distributed spe-

cies in the Aral-Caspian region. The main condition for dense nesting seems to be the large colonies of rodents in a combination with a vertical partition of a relief.

During the period of surveys of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region there were 238 records of 268 adults, including 144 breeding territories (136 of which were found in study plots). Nests were discov-ered in 117 breeding territories (143 nests including old nests occupied earlier) (fig. 2). Pairs were registered in 25 breeding terri-tories and juveniles – in 2 territories (search of nests jacks was not carried out in 24 oc-currences because of inaccessibility of cliff-faces and nests were not found in 3 cases). The nesting was confirmed for 60.5% of 238 records of the Eagle Owl.

The analysis of the Eagle Owl distribution in different habitats has shown that occur-rences were rather regularly on all types of cliff-faces (fig. 3). The significant correlation was noted between occurrences of the Ea-gle Owl and lengths of routes in breeding habitats (r=0.98, p<0.05). The Eagle Owl definitely seemed to avoid to nest on gentle slopes of ravines in the region (fig. 4). The breeding density was projected to be rather

Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå: ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (ââåðõó), Óñòþðòà (â öåíòðå) è Ìàíãûøëàêà (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Typical breeding habitats of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region: chalky cliff-faces of the Kinderly-Kayasanskoe Plateau (upper), Usturt Plateau (in center) and Mangyshlak Peninsula (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.


Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî, îáðûâû Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó. Ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè â 2003–2004 ãã. çàêëàäûâàëèñü òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ê êîíöó ïîëå-âîãî ñåçîíà 2004 ã. îõâàòèòü âñå ãðóïïû îáðûâîâ â ðåãèî-íå. Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ÷èñëåííî-ñòè ôèëèíà âåëàñü èìåííî íà òå ãðóïïû îáðûâîâ, íà êîòî-ðûõ ôèëèíû ó÷èòûâàëèñü.

Ïèòàíèå èçó÷àëîñü ïóò¸ì îïðåäåëåíèÿ âèäîâîé ïðèíàä-ëåæíîñòè îñòàíêîâ æåðòâ â ãí¸çäàõ è ðàçáîðà ïîãàäîê. Â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè îïðåäåëåíî 877 îáúåêòîâ ñðåäè îñòàíêîâ è ðàçîáðàíî 200 ïîãàäîê. Îò-íîøåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà îáúåêòîâ ê èõ ìàññå â ïèòàíèè ôèëèíà îïðåäåëåíî ïî 242 îñòàíêàì â 18-òè ãí¸çäàõ (äëÿ ÷àñòè÷-íî ñúåäåííûõ îáúåêòîâ ìàñ-ñà îïðåäåëÿëàñü èñõîäÿ èç èõ ñðåäíåãî æèâîãî âåñà). Ïîä-ñòèëêà ãí¸çä íå èçó÷àëàñü.

ÏîäâèäûÒàêñîíîìè÷åñêèå ñîîòíîøå-

íèÿ ñ áëèçêèìè âèäàìè ðîäà Bubo äîñòàòî÷íî ñëîæíû. Â ïðåäåëàõ àðåàëà åâðàçèéñêî-ãî ôèëèíà (B. bubo bubo L., 1758) ðàçíûìè èññëåäîâàòå-ëÿìè ïðèíèìàåòñÿ îò 14-òè äî 19-òè ïîäâèäîâ (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Èâàíîâ è äð., 1953; Vaurie, 1965; Ñòåïàíÿí, 1990; Konig, Weick, 2008). Ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ïîäâèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíî-ñòüþ ôèëèíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå, îñòàâàëàñü íå ñîâñåì ÿñíîé âïëîòü äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâûì ïî òèïîâûì ýêçåìïëÿðàì èç Ïðèàðàëüÿ áûë âûäåëåí ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïîäâèä B. bubo eversmanni Dementiev, 1931, êîòîðûé ïîçæå ñâåä¸í ê ñèíîíèìó êà-çàõñêîãî ôèëèíà. Â èòîãå óæå â êíèãå «Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà» Ã.Ï. Äåìåí-òüåâ (1951), îïèñûâàÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå, ïðåäïîëàãàåò, ÷òî îò Ìóãîäæàð íà ñåâåðå äî Òóðêìåíèè íà þãå ãíåçäèòñÿ êàçàõñêèé ôèëèí (B. bubo turkomanus Eversman, 1835), â òî æå âðåìÿ îòìå÷àÿ, ÷òî íà þãå Óñòþðòà è äàæå, ìîæåò áûòü, íà Ìàíãûø-

identical in different types of cliff-faces, be-cause owls seemed to inhabit chalky, limy as well as clay cliffs equally. However the lowest number of found nests was noted for chalky cliff-faces of Usturt, Mangysh-lak and the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (fig. 5), but occurrences of the Eagle Owl on clay and chalky cliff-faces were almost equal. It is connected with difficulty of the

Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå: ãëèíÿíûå îáðûâû Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (ââåðõó), Óñòþðòà (â

öåíòðå) è Ïðèàðàëüÿ (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Typical breeding habitats of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region: clay cliff-faces of the Kinderly-Kayasanskoe Plateau (upper), Usturt

Plateau (in center) and Aral Sea (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.


ëàêå âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå òóðêìåíñêî-ãî ôèëèíà (B. bubo omissus Dementiev, 1933). Ë.Ñ. Ñòåïàíÿí (1990) ïðîâîäèë ãðà-íèöó ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êàçàõñêîãî ôèëè-íà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ÷åðåç Þæíûé Óñòþðò è íèçîâüÿ Ñûðäàðüè.

Â êà÷åñòâå ñèíîíèìîâ ñ êàçàõñêèì ôè-ëèíîì, ïîìèìî ôèëèíîâ ñ Àðàëüñêî-

nest searching on chalky cliff-faces because of their large height.

Counts of the Eagle Owl have shown the density varying from 3.13 to 37.51 registrations/100 km on different types of cliff-faces, averaging 12.61 registration/100 km of cliff-faces in the region (table 1). The nearest-neighbor distance varied widely between 110 m and 10.5 km (average dis-tance 3.17±2.19 km, n=94) in the region (table 2). Generally the majority of pairs pre-fer to nest at the distance of 1–4 km from each other. The increasing of nearest-neigh-bor distances up to 5 km and more (fig. 7) was definitely connected with the missing of birds. There was no precise correlation be-tween types of cliff-faces and the nearest – neighbors distances (r=0.17, p<0.05, n=20). At the same time the rather significant posi-tive correlation was noted between the dis-tances between nearest active nests and the height of cliff-faces (r=0.71, p<0.05, n=20) (fig. 8). The higher cliffs were surveyed, the larger the distances between active nests were noted due to the missing of birds.

Extrapolating the average density (12.6±3.1 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces) to all the length of cliff-faces in the Aral-Caspian region, which returned 8065.02 km, we as-sume at least 766–1266 pairs of the Eagle Owl breeding in the region, at average 1016 pairs. Close data (at average 1187 pairs) was obtained with separate number calculations for different types of cliff-faces (table 3).

Outside cliff-faces the Eagle Owl was noted to breed in mountains Mangistau, in Kanyrzharyk Sand between the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau and the Usturt Pla-teau, Uyaly Sands and Sam Sands in the northern part of the Usturt Plateau and the Large and Small Barsuki Sands in the Aral Sea region. We project not less than 20 pairs to breed in Mangystau and not less than 50 pairs in Sands.

Considering all aforesaid, it is safe to as-sume the number of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region within the borders of Kazakhstan is at least 1200–1500 breeding pairs. In our estimation a total number of all the Aral-Caspian population (the most part of the range of B. b. eversmanni) can ap-proximate to 2000–3000 breeding pairs.

For 4 years of the Eagle Owl surveys on the Usturt Plateau non-breeding pairs were observed locally only on the Northern Usturt in 2003 and on the Southern Usturt in 2005, while the season of 2006 seemed to be the most successful for Eagle Owls on Donyz-Tau and Shagyray Plateau. Keeping in mind

Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ôèëèíîì â ëîãàõ, ðàññåêàþùèõ ÷èíêè ïëàòî: ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (ââåðõó), îáðûâû âïàäèíû Êàðàãèå (â öåíòðå), îáðûâû Ïðèàðàëüÿ (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.Typical nesting sites if the Eagle Owl in ravines traversing cliff-faces of plateaus: cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (upper), precipices of the Karagie Depression (center), precipices of the Aral Sea region (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.


ãî ìîðÿ B. bubo eversmanni Dementiev, 1931, ñâîäÿòñÿ è ïòèöû ñ âîñòî÷íîãî ïîáåðå-æüÿ Êàñïèÿ B. bubo gladkovi Zaletaev, 1962. Ïîñëåäíèé ïîäâèä áûë âûäåëåí Â.Ñ. Çà-ëåòàåâûì (1962) íà îñíîâàíèè áëèçîñòè òèïîâûõ ýêçåìïëÿ-ðîâ ê ðóññêîìó [âîñòî÷íîåâ-ðîïåéñêîìó] ôèëèíó (B. bubo ruthenus Zhitkow et Buturlin, 1906). Âîïðîñ î ïîâòîðíîì âû-äåëåíèè «gladkovi» â ñàìîñòîÿ-òåëüíûé ïîäâèä óæå ïîäíèìàë-ñÿ (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007), òåì íå ìåíåå, êàêèõ-ëèáî îïðåäåë¸ííûõ ïîäâèæåê â ýòîì âîïðîñå íå ïðîèçîøëî äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè. Ïðåä-ïîëîæåíèå î âñòðå÷àõ þæíî-ãî ôèëèíà (B. bubo interpositus Rîtsñhild et Hartert, 1910) íà Ìàíãûøëàêå, ãäå îí èíòåðãðà-äèðóåò ñ «turkomanus» (Ñòåïà-íÿí, 1990), âðÿä ëè ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáîñíîâàííûì, òàê êàê, çíàÿ áèîëîãèþ ôèëèíà, î÷åíü òðóä-íî ïðåäïîëîæèòü ñóùåñòâîâà-íèå ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ýìèãðàöèè ïòèö ÷åðåç Êàñïèéñêîå ìîðå.

Ôèëèíû î÷åíü ñèëüíî èç-ìåí÷èâû èíäèâèäóàëüíî, ÷òî çàòðóäíÿåò ïðàâèëüíîå ðàç-ãðàíè÷åíèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ôîðì, íà ÷òî îáðàùàë âíè-ìàíèå åù¸ Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951). Òåì íå ìåíåå, íàøè äàííûå ïîçâîëÿþò ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî âñþ ÷èíêîâóþ çîíó Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèî-íà íàñåëÿåò îäèí, äîñòàòî÷íî êðóïíûé ïîäâèä, íàèáîëåå áëèçêîå îïèñàíèå êîòîðîãî èìååòñÿ êàê ðàç ó Ã.Ï. Äåìåí-òüåâà (Dementiev, 1935).

Ðàçìåðû: äëèíà êðûëà ñàì-öîâ 425–465 ìì, ñàìîê 470–515 ìì, ìàññà ñàì-öîâ – 2,5 êã, ñàìîê – 3,2 êã. Îñíîâíàÿ îêðàñêà âçðîñëûõ ïòèö ñèëüíî âàðüèðóåò, íî âñ¸ æå áîëåå áëèçêà ê îêðà-ñêå «turkomanus»: áëåäíàÿ, îò æåëòîâàòî-îõðèñòîé äî áåëîé, ò¸ì-íûé ðèñóíîê íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà ìåíåå ðàçâèò è áîëåå ðàçäðîáëåí, ÷åì ó «interpositus» è «ruthenus», íî ïðè ýòîì îñòà¸òñÿ êîíòðàñòíûì. Â îòëè÷èå îò «turkomanus», âåðõ ñïèíû (ñðåäíèå âåðõ-

fluctuations in breeding success of different breeding groups post-breeding number of the Eagle Owl can range in 1.5–2.5 times. Thus post-breeding number of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region can fluctuate between 3000–3750 and 5640–7050 indi-

Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ôèëèíîì íà ôàñå ÷èíêîâ (ñâåðõó âíèç): Ïðèêàñïèéñêèé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî, îáðûâû

âïàäèíû Êàóíäû, íèçêèå ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Êóëàíäû è âûñîêèå ìåëî-âûå îáðûâû Àêòàó. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Typical nesting sites if the Eagle Owl on cliff-faces (from top to bottom): Caspian cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau,

precipices of the Kaundy Depression, small chalky precipices of the Kaundy Depression and big chalky precipices of Aktau.

Photos by I. Karyakin.


viduals (following data of actually observed breeding success for 4 years an average number fluctuated from 3444 to 4305 in-dividuals, see p. 64). In successful years the post-breeding density of the Eagle Owl can reach 1–2 individuals/km of cliffs (including slopes of ravines) or to 3–9 individuals/km of cliff-faces.

Breeding biologyOf the discovered nesting sites of the Eagle

Owl (n=144) sites located on clay cliff-faces obviously prevailed (53.47%), 23.61% of sites were found on chalky and 16.67% – on limy cliff-faces (fig. 5).

Out of 143 found nests 141 (98.6%) were placed on precipices or rocks. Owls (n=141)

íèå êðîþùèå âòîðîñòåïåííûõ ìàõîâûõ, ëîïàòî÷íûå ïåðüÿ è êðîþùèå âåðõà øåè è âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ñïèíû) ïîêðûò ïðåèìó-ùåñòâåííî áåëûìè ïåðüÿìè ñ ñåðîâàòî-áóðûì, áóðîâàòî-÷¸ðíûì èëè ÷¸ðíûì ðèñóíêîì. Íà ñïèíå ò¸ìíûå ÷¸ðíûå èëè áóðûå ïÿòíà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî îêðóãëîé ôîðìû, ÷åðåäóþòñÿ ñ ñåðûì øòðèõîâûì ðèñóíêîì. Îõðèñòûå òîíà ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íà ìàëûõ âåðõíèõ êðîþùèõ âòîðîñòåïåí-íûõ ìàõîâûõ, êðûëûøêå, îò÷àñòè áîëüøèõ âåðõíèõ êðîþùèõ âòîðîñòåïåííûõ ìàõî-âûõ è íàäõâîñòüå, õîòÿ â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ è ýòî ïåðî ÿâëÿåòñÿ áåëûì. Ìàõîâûå è ðóëè æ¸ëòûå èëè æåëòîâàòî-îõðèñòûå ñ áóðû-ìè ïîëîñêàìè è áåëûìè êàéìàìè ïî êðàþ. Ñ âîçðàñòîì ó ïòèö îêðàñêà ìàõîâûõ è ðóëåé ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïåïåëüíîé ñ îõðèñòûì íàë¸òîì ëèøü ïî íàðóæíîìó îïàõàëó (ó ìàõîâûõ) èëè îñíîâàíèþ ïåðà (ó ðóëåé). Ò¸ìíûé ðèñóíîê íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà íå ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ íà æèâîò è èìååò, êàê ïðàâèëî, âèä ÷¸òêèõ (íå ðàçìûòûõ) ïÿòåí, ó íåêîòîðûõ îñîáåé ïðèîáðåòàþ-ùèõ êàïëåâèäíóþ ôîðìó (ñì. êîëëàæ íà çàäíåé îáëîæêå). Ìîëîäûå îêðàøåíû â èíòåíñèâíûå æåëòîâàòûå òîíà, áåëûé öâåò íà êðîþùèõ âåðõà òåëà çàìåí¸í íà îõðè-ñòûé, ïåñòðèíû ÷¸ðíî-áóðûå, ñòðóé÷àòûé ðèñóíîê êîíòðàñòíûé, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì åñòü âåðîÿòíîñòü, ÷òî èìåííî ìîëîäûå ïòèöû ïðèíèìàþòñÿ çà «interpositus».

Îïèñàííûå Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâûì (1962) â êà÷åñòâå «gladkovi» êàñïèéñêèå ôèëèíû, ñêîðåå âñåãî, îäèí èç êðàéíèõ âàðèàíòîâ (â ñòîðîíó æ¸ëòîãî) âàðèàöèè îêðàñêè. Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ðå÷ü èä¸ò òàêæå î ìîëîäûõ ïòèöàõ, íà÷àâøèõ äîñòà-òî÷íî ðàíî ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ. Äëÿ þæíûõ ðàñ ôèëèíà õàðàêòåðíî ïîñòåïåííîå ñâåòëå-íèå îêðàñêè ñ âîçðàñòîì. È åñëè ìîëî-äûå ôèëèíû ñåâåðíûõ ïîäâèäîâ â íîðìå óæå â ïåðâûé ãîä íåîòëè÷èìû îò âçðîñëûõ (èõ âûäà¸ò ëèøü ðàâíîìåðíî îáíîøåí-íîå ïåðî), òî ìîëîäûå þæíûõ ðàñ áîëåå æåëòåå è òåìíåå, ÷åì èõ ðîäèòåëè – ýòî î÷åíü õîðîøî çàìåòíî ïðè íàáëþäåíèè çà ëåòíûìè âûâîäêàìè, â êîòîðûõ âçðîñëûå ïòèöû ñòàðøå 5 ëåò.

Ó÷èòûâàÿ âûøåïðèâåä¸ííîå îïèñàíèå, èìååò ñìûñë ïðèíÿòü äëÿ ôèëèíîâ, íàñå-ëÿþùèõ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí, èìÿ, äàííîå Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâûì, – ôèëèí Ýâåðñ-ìàííà B. bubo eversmanni Dementiev, 1931 èëè óñòþðòñêèé ôèëèí.

Ïðèíèìàÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòü ïîäâè-äîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü èíòåðãðàäàöèþ ýòîãî ïîäâèäà ñ êàçàõñêèì

Ãíåçäî ôèëèíà ñ êëàäêîé. Ïðèàðàëüå. 17 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Nest of the Eagle Owl with eggs. Aral Sea region. 17 April 2005. Photos by I. Karyakin.


obviously prefer to nest at the bottom of precipices (46.81%) and avoid the tops of precipices (0.71%) and are very reluctant to nest in the bottom third of precipices (7.09%), also 27.66% of found nests were located at the upper third and 17.73% – in the central part of precipices (fig. 9).

Generally Eagle Owls (n=141) breed in small niches (93.62%). We found only 3.55% of nests in large cavities, and 2.84% on the ledges not protected by overhangs. Other nest sites including barchan slope under a bush in the Greater Barsuki Sands, and partially destroyed Kazakh tomb in the Northern Usturt should be noted.

The Eagle Owls nest is a cup in the ground with a diameter of 25–30 cm and depth of 3–9 cm. There was no cup only in 23.3% of occurrences, and egg laid di-rectly on the ground.

26 sites were monitored during two years and all of them were successful. Owls bred in the old nest in 10 of them (38.46%). The majority of repeatedly oc-cupied nests were places in cavities in chalky cliff-faces (n=7; 85.71%). And only

ôèëèíîì ïî âñåé ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöå àðåà-ëà âèäà â ðåãèîíå è ñ òóðêìåíñêèì ôèëè-íîì – íà þæíîé ãðàíèöå àðåàëà, â Òóðê-ìåíèè.

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòüÂ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ôèëèí

ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ïîâñåìåñòíî. Îñíîâíûì óñëîâèåì äëÿ ïëîòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ÿâëÿ-åòñÿ íàëè÷èå ìàññîâûõ ïîñåëåíèé ãðûçó-íîâ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ âåðòèêàëüíûì ðàñ÷ëåíå-íèåì ðåëüåôà. Ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ âèäà ñíèæàåòñÿ îò îïòèìàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, êîòîðûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãîðû Ìàíãèñòàó è ÷èí-êè ïëàòî, ê ñóáîïòèìàëüíûì – ëàíäøàôòàì íèçêîòðàâíûõ ðàâíèí. Òåì íå ìåíåå, äàæå íà òåððèòîðèè ïîñëåäíèõ âèä ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî íåãëóáîêèì ñàÿì è áðîøåííûì ñòðîåíèÿì ÷åëîâåêà (êàçàõñêèì êëàäáèùàì, ïîñ¸ë-êàì, áóðîâûì è ò.ï.).

Íà ïîáåðåæüå Êàñïèÿ ôèëèíû ãíåçäÿòñÿ ïî âñåì íèçêîãîðüÿì Ìàíãûøëàêà, ÷èíêàì Óñòþðòà, áóäó÷è îñîáåííî îáûêíîâåííû-ìè ïî ìîðñêèì ïîáåðåæüÿì; ïî îáðûâàì ïëàòî, áîðòàì áåññòî÷íûõ âïàäèí, ñóõèì ðóñëàì è çàáðîøåííûì ñîîðóæåíèÿì ÷åëîâåêà ôèëèíû øèðîêî çàñåëÿþò ïðè-ëåæàùèå ðàâíèíû ï-îâà Áóçà÷è, Óñòþð-òà, Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Ìàíãûøëàêà è Ïðè-êàðàáîãàçüÿ (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Ðàíåå ñ÷èòàëîñü, ÷òî ôèëèí ðåäîê íà ðàâíèíàõ ñåâåðíîãî Ïðåäóñòþðòüÿ, íî ãíåçäèòñÿ â äîëèíå ð. Ýìáà âïëîòü äî äåëüòû (Íåðó÷åâ, Ìàêàðîâ, 1982), îäíàêî â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ îí íàéäåí â êà÷åñòâå äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷íîãî ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ âèäà âî âñåõ îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûõ ñèñòåìàõ áàñ-ñåéíà Ýìáû, âïëîòü äî Óñòþðòà, Ìóãîäæàð è Ïîäóðàëüñêîãî ïëàòî. Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëü-ñêèé è À.Ê. Ðóñòàìîâ (2007), õàðàêòåðèçóÿ ôèëèíà êàê îáû÷íûé âèä â ðàéîíàõ ñ ðàñ-÷ëåí¸ííûì ðåëüåôîì â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèà-ðàëüå, àêöåíòèðóþò âíèìàíèå íà òîì, ÷òî âèä íå íàéäåí â ïåñêàõ Áîëüøèå è Ìàëûå Áàðñóêè. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò ïî-êàçàëè äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíîå ãíåçäîâà-íèå ôèëèíà è â ìàññèâàõ ïåñêîâ Áîëüøèå Áàðñóêè. Âèäèìî âñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ öåíòðàëü-íîé ÷àñòè áàññåéíà Ýìáû, þæíîãî øëåéôà Ìóãîäæàð è ðàâíèí Ïðèàðàëüÿ ëåæèò â çîíå èíòåðãðàäàöèè óñòþðòñêîãî è êàçàõ-ñêîãî ôèëèíîâ ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì ïîñëåä-íåãî íà ñëàáî ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííûõ ðàâíèíàõ.

Íåñìîòðÿ íà ñòîëü øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðà-íåíèå è êîíñòàòàöèþ îáû÷íîñòè ôèëèíà â ðåãèîíå, íàõîäîê åãî ãí¸çä íå òàê óæ è ìíîãî, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñî ñêðûòíîñòüþ âèäà è íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ íàëè÷èÿ îïðåäåë¸í-íûõ íàâûêîâ åãî ïîèñêà ó èññëåäîâàòåëåé.

Àíàòîëèé Ëåâèí íà ãíåçäå ôèëèíà ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåí-öàìè. Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî, 9 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã.

Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Anatoliy Levin on the Eagle Owl’s nest with nestlings. Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau, 9 April 2004.

Photos by I. Karyakin.


Ïåðâàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î íàõîäêàõ ãí¸çä ôèëèíà â ðåãèîíå èìååòñÿ ó Â.Í. Áîñòàí-æîãëî (1911). Îäíî ãíåçäî ñ ïòåíöàìè áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â 1947 ã. íà ñåâåðíîì ïîáåðåæüå Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðÿ â óð. Äæóì-áàñ áëèç ñò. Àêåñïå (Êóçÿêèí, 2005). Î íàõîäêàõ 2-õ âûâîäêîâ íà Ìàíãûøëà-êå óïîìèíàåò Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâ (1962), ïðè ýòîì èíôîðìàöèþ î ãí¸çäàõ íå ïðèâî-äèò. Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé è À.Ê. Ðóñòàìîâ (2007) óïîìèíàþò î íàõîäêå 3-õ ãí¸çä ôèëèíà íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå ï-îâà Áóçà÷è â 1963 ã. Â.Ï. Øóáåíêèí (1984) â 1982 ã. íà Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Óñòþðòå îáíàðóæèë òðè ãíåçäà ôèëèíîâ. Á.Ì. Ãóáèí (2004) íàø¸ë ãíåçäî íà ï-îâå Áóçà÷è â 2003 ã. Ëèøü â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòîâ Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ñòàëî ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ áîëüøå èí-ôîðìàöèè î íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ ôèëèíîâ: â àïðåëå 2003 ã. íà Óñòþðòå è Ìàíãûø-

3 sites of 16 (18.75%) were occupied re-peatedly in clay cliff-faces (fig. 10).

Eagle Owls start to breed in the region at the period between January and February, which is characterized by active vocaliza-tion including courtship songs. The egg-lay-ing period in the region is much stretched and takes place between 5 February and 20 April. The dates of the most egg-laying were estimated as 15–25 February in the south, and 15 March – 1 April in the north of the Aral-Caspian region; 20 February – 15 March on the Mangyshlak Peninsula and the Western Usturt. Nestlings of different age in nests in the Aral-Caspian region were re-corded during the period 15 March to 25–30 July (nestlings out of hatched latest April clutches). The earliest fledging dates were 13–18 May. Mostly nestlings fledged on 25 May – 3 June in the south, and on 22 June – 8 July in the north of the region. Usually the fledgling dates on the Mangyshlak Pe-ninsula were somewhere between 25 May and 25 June.

The breeding was recorded in 85 (69.67%) out of 122 occupied nests that were sur-veyed: 14 nests contained clutches, includ-ing 4 perished, 55 nests were with broods, including one perished, and 16 occupied nests were not examined, keeping in mind the date of surveys it seemed that owls in-cubated eggs (10 nests), or warmed little nestlings, the age of which was less than a week (6 nests).

Following data of clutch examinations the average clutch size was 3.0±0.96 eggs (n=14; range 2–5): 35.71% of clutches con-tained 2 and 3 eggs, 21.43% of clutches – 4 eggs and 5 eggs was recorded only time (7.14%). In 2005, in the Aral Sea region the clutch size (n=7) varied from 2 to 3, aver-aging 2.43±0.53 eggs. In 2003–2004 in the Usturt Plateau the average clutch size was 3.57±0.98 eggs (n=7; range 2–5). For obtaining the objective estimation of the clutch size it is meaningful to consider also the size of broods in the age of about 7 days when no nestlings or egg was authentically noted to be trampled down or lost from the nest. Taking into account this information the clutch size was 3.36±0.86 eggs (n=33; range 2–5) (fig. 11).

If a number and/or availability of prey spe-cies is rapidly increased during incubation of eggs, Eagle Owls are able to lay additional eggs at the last stage of incubation of clutch-es, or having already hatched little nestlings (Karyakin, 2009). We recorded that fact 3 times in the Aral-Caspian region. If a number

Ðèñ. 2. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ôèëèíîâ (Bubo bubo).

Fig. 2. Breeding territories of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo).

ëàêå ëîêàëèçîâàíî 14 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, îñìîòðåíî 3 ãíåçäà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2004), 10 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã. 4 ãíåçäà îáíàðóæåíû íà ïðèìîðñêîì ÷èíêå Êàñïèÿ (Ëåâèí, Êà-ðÿêèí, 2005), â Ïðèàðàëüå â 2005 ã. îá-íàðóæåíî 16 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà 11 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006), íà ïëàòî Øàãûðàé â 2006 ã. âûÿâëåíî 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà 10 èç êîòîðûõ íàéäåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà (Ïàæåíêîâ, Êîðæåâ, 2006).

Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå àâòîðàìè âñòðå÷åíî 268 âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íà 238 òåððèòîðèÿõ, âûÿâëåíî 144 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà (136 – íà ïëîùàäêàõ), íà 117 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà ôèëèíîâ (143 ãíåçäà


and/or availability of prey species is sharply reduced during the egg-laying, owls stop to copulate and as a result many clutches con-tain non-fertilized eggs. Almost all nests of the Eagle Owl (9 of 10) with non-fertilized eggs were found in 2004. The clutch size which contained non-fertilized eggs (n=10), varied from 2 to 4, averaging 3.6±0.7 eggs. There were 1–2 non-fertilized eggs per clutch, on the average 1.1±0.32 non-fertilized eggs and 1–3, on the average 2.5±0.71 fertilized eggs per clutch.

The eggs (n=16) have dimensions as 58.67±1.83õ48.44±1.27 mm, with a range 54.8–62.2õ46.7–51.2 mm.

The average brood size was 3.13±0.79 nestlings (n=55; range 1–5). The majority of broods (47.27 %) consisted of 3 nestlings, 30.91% of broods consisted of 4 nestlings,

ñ ó÷¸òîì ñòàðûõ, çàíèìàâ-øèõñÿ ðàíåå) (ðèñ. 2). Íà 25 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷å-íû ïàðû ïòèö è íà 2-õ – ñë¸ò-êè (ïîèñê ãí¸çä â 24-õ ñëó-÷àÿõ íå îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ èç-çà íåäîñòóïíîñòè îáðûâîâ è â 3-õ ñëó÷àÿõ íå ïðèí¸ñ ïîëî-æèòåëüíûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ).

Äëÿ 60,5% âñòðå÷ ôèëèíîâ èç 238 ïîäòâåðæäåíî ãíåçäî-âàíèå. Ëèøü â 39,5% ñëó÷àåâ ïðè âñòðå÷å ñ ôèëèíàìè íå óäàëîñü ïîäòâåðäèòü ãíåçäî-âàíèå, õîòÿ, êàê ïîêàçûâàåò ïðàêòèêà ïîâòîðíûõ ïîñåùå-íèé òàêèõ òåððèòîðèé, îíî è â äàííîì ñëó÷àå âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî. Èç 26 òåððèòî-ðèé, íà êîòîðûõ ôèëèíû íàáëþäàëèñü â

2003–2004 ãã., ïðè ïîâòîðíûõ ïîñåùåíèÿõ â 2004–2006 ãã. íà 24-õ èç íèõ (92,31%) îá-íàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, ïðîïóùåí-íûå ïî ðàçíûì ïðè÷èíàì â õîäå ïîñåùåíèÿ òåððèòîðèé â ïðåäûäóùèå ãîäû.

Àíàëèç âñòðå÷àåìîñòè ôè-ëèíîâ â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ãíåç-äîâûõ áèîòîïîâ ïîêàçûâàåò äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíóþ êàðòèíó âñòðå÷ íà âñåõ òèïàõ ÷èíêîâ (ðèñ. 3). Ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ôèëèíîâ äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî êîððåëèðóåò ñî ñòåïåíüþ îáñëåäîâàííîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ (r=0,98,

p<0,05). Ôèëèí â ðåãèîíå îïðåäåë¸ííî èçáåãàåò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà ïî-ëîãèõ ñêëîíàõ ëîãîâ (ðèñ. 4) è ÿâíî òÿãîòååò ê ñêàëüíûì îáíàæåíèÿì, êîòîðûå ïðåä-ñòàâëÿþò çäåñü ðåäêîñòü – ëî-êàëèçîâàíû â ãîðàõ Ìàíãè-ñòàó íà êðàéíå îãðàíè÷åííîé ïëîùàäè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî íà ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ÷èíêîâ ïëîò-íîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíîâ äîëæíà áûòü áîëåå èëè ìå-íåå îäèíàêîâîé, îí îäèíàêî-âî õîðîøî çàñåëÿåò ìåëîâûå è èçâåñòêîâûå îáíàæåíèÿ, íàðÿäó ñ ãëèíÿíûìè. Òåì íå ìåíåå, íà ìåëîâûõ îáíàæå-íèÿõ Óñòþðòà, Ìàíãûøëà-êà è Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî íàéäåí ìèíèìóì ãí¸çä ôèëèíîâ (ðèñ. 5). Ïðè òîì,

Ðèñ. 3. Âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ôèëèíîâ â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ îáñëåäîâàííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ.

Fig. 3. Occurrences of the Eagle Owl in different breeding habitats.

Ðèñ. 4. Êîððåëÿöèÿ âñòðå÷ ôèëèíîâ ñ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ ìàðøðóòîâ â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ.

Fig. 4. Correlation between occurrences of the Eagle Owl and lengths of routes in breeding habitats.

Ïòåíöû ôèëèíà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Nestlings of the Eagle Owl. Photo by I. Karyakin.


÷òî âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ôèëèíà íà ãëèíÿíûõ è ìåëîâûõ ÷èíêàõ ïðàêòè÷åñêè îäèíàêîâàÿ, íà ìåëîâûõ ÷èíêàõ âûÿâëåíî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â 2 ðàçà ìåíüøå, ÷åì íà ãëèíÿ-íûõ (ðèñ. 6). Ýòîò ôàêò ñâÿçàí ñ òåì, ÷òî ìåëîâûå ÷èíêè â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðå-ãèîíå ïðåäñòàâëÿþò èç ñåáÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, îòâåñíûå ñòåíû âûñîòîé áîëåå 100 ì, â íåñêîëüêî óñòóïîâ, áîãàòûå ãëóáîêèìè íè-øàìè, íå ïðîñìàòðèâàåìûìè ñíèçó. Âñ¸ ýòî ñîçäà¸ò ïëîõèå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ïîèñêà ãí¸çä ôèëèíà. Ê òîìó æå, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ìåëîâûõ îáíàæåíèé îñìàòðèâàëàñü ñíè-çó âî âðåìÿ äâèæåíèÿ íà àâòîòðàíñïîðòå

18.18% – of 2. Only brood (1.82%) con-sisted of a nestling and one more contained 5 nestlings. Comparing the sizes of broods with nestlings and fledglings the little differ-ence can be recognized. The average size of broods with nestlings was 3.23±0.87 nest-lings (n=22; range 2–5); with fledglings was 3.06±0.75 fledglings (n=33; range 1–4). Broods with 3 fledglings prevailed (fig. 12).

Breeding success was noted in 80 (65.57%) of 122 occupied nests successful, and 37 nests (30.33%) were unsuccessful, however perishing of clutches (4) or broods (1) was recorded only for 4.1% of nests; 26.23% of nests were empty owing to birds not bred. For 106 active nests, including 64 successful examined nests we can estimate the breeding rate of the Eagle Owl in the Ar-al-Caspian region. For 4 years (2003–2006), taking into account pauses in breeding of some pairs and perishing of offspring Eagle Owls produced at average 1.87 young per active nest. The average post-breeding number of the Eagle Owl in the region was calculated on the base of this estimation of breeding rate (see p. 60).

DietDespite of a huge spectrum of the prey

species from White-Tooth Shrews (Crocidu-ra sp.) up to a Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac), the main preys of the Eagle Owl are several common species: Midday (Meriones meridi-anus) and Tamarisk (M. tamariscinus) Ger-bils, Long-Eared Hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus) and Large-Toothed Souslik (Sper-mophilus fulvus). Regardless of the fact that mammals obviously were prevailed in an in-dividual prey number (n=242, 73.14%), bio-masses of mammals and birds in the diet of the Eagle Owl were actually similar (fig. 13). And in contrast with mammals we could not determine bird species preferable as preys.

Mammals seemed to be a base of the nestling diet, and both by individual prey number and by weight. Up to 2 week age the food of nestlings consisted generally of mass species of rodents (table 5, nests 1, 2, 5, 8).

The fraction of reptiles in a diet of the Ea-gle Owl was rather small.

MoultWe were repeatedly finding the dropped

feathers of females of the Eagle Owl in nests at the period from the middle of April to the fledgling dates. It is rather probable, that different breeding females are moulting on different dates and some birds start to moult

Ðèñ. 5. Äîëÿ âñòðå÷ ôèëèíîâ (ââåðõó) è âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (âíèçó) â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ.

Fig. 5. Proportion of records of the Eagle Owl (upper) and found breeding territories (bottom) in different breeding habitats.


ïî ñîðàì â ïîäíîæèè ÷èíêîâ, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì ãí¸çäà ôèëèíîâ çäåñü ïðîñòî ïðîïó-ñêàëèñü, è ïðèõîäèëîñü äîâîëüñòâîâàòüñÿ ëèøü âñòðå÷àìè ïòèö ëèáî ðåãèñòðàöè-åé ñëåäîâ èõ ïðèñóòñòâèÿ. Íàèáîëüøàÿ ðàçíèöà â ïëîòíîñòè âñòðå÷ è ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíîâ (â 4 ðàçà) èìååò ìåñòî íà ìåëîâûõ îáðûâàõ Ìàíãûøëàêà, íàèáî-ëåå ñëîæíûõ äëÿ îáñëåäîâàíèÿ (òàáë. 1). Äëÿ íèõ æå õàðàêòåðíû ìèíèìàëüíûå ïî-êàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ôèëèíà, íåñìîòðÿ íà íàèáîëüøóþ ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòü äëÿ ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ âèäà, ÷òî òàêæå íàïðÿìóþ ñâÿçà-íî ñ ïðîïóñêîì ïòèö.

Ó÷¸ò ôèëèíîâ ïîêàçàë, ÷òî íà ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ÷èíêîâ èõ ïëîòíîñòü âàðüèðóåò îò 3,13 äî 37,51 ðåãèñòðàöèé/100 êì, ñî-ñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãèîíó 12,61 ðåãèñòðàöèé/100 êì îáðûâîâ. Ïîêàçàòåëü-íî òî, ÷òî âåçäå, ãäå â¸ëñÿ öåëåíàïðàâëåí-íûé ó÷¸ò õèùíèêîâ, ôèëèí ïîïàäàë â ïîëå çðåíèÿ. Ìàêñèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîò-íîñòè õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ Ïðèàðàëüÿ – 9,91–37,33, â ñðåäíåì 22,32 ðåãèñòðàöèé/100 êì îáðûâîâ è Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî – 9,71–37,20, â ñðåäíåì 18,59 ðåãèñòðàöèé/100 êì îáðûâîâ (òàáë. 1). Íå ñîâñåì ÿñíî, ñâÿçàíî ëè ýòî îáúåêòèâíî ñ íàèáîëåå âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ôèëèíà â Ïðèàðàëüå è íà Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî. Íà íàø âçãëÿä, ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíîâ ðàñò¸ò ïî ìåðå óâåëè÷åíèÿ äîñòóïíîñòè ÷èíêîâ (ñì. íèæå) è, åñòåñòâåííî, ìàêñè-ìàëüíà â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèàðàëüå, ãäå ïðàê-òè÷åñêè âñå ôèëèíû ãíåçäÿòñÿ â âåðøèíàõ ëîãîâ, ïðîðåçàþùèõ ãëèíÿíûå óñòóïû ïëà-òî. Çäåñü ïåðåïàä âûñîò íå áîëåå 30 ì, ïî-ýòîìó ïðè äâèæåíèè, êàê ïî âåðõó ëîãîâ, òàê è ïî íèçó, ïðîñìàòðèâàåòñÿ âñÿ çîíà

in April, others in May, the third in June. The moult of males starts probably at the middle of June and finishes by September.

ConclusionOur research allows recognizing the Eagle

Owl as a common raptor species only in a zone of cliff-faces of the Aral-Caspian region. Certainly considering the density values of the species are probably one of the highest in the world, however if all territory of the region including extensive plains of the Usturt Plateau and Pre-Usturt as well as plains of the Aral Sea region is taken into account, the density of the Eagle Owl is calculated as 5–6 pairs/1000 km2 of a total area, that is similar with those val-ues for many regions in Russia, in particular the Urals Mountains and Altai-Sayan (Kar-yakin, 1998; 2007) as well as the European countries, for instance, Finland, France and Spain (Saurola, 1985; Cugnasse, 1983; Garzon, 1977).

Now humans actively develop the territo-ry of Usturt that may threaten to the safe ex-istence of the Eagle Owl population. Occur-rences of Eagle Owl electrocution on a new power lines near Beyneu and the highway Shetpe – Aktau have already registered. In 2003, 2004 and 2005 we noted Eagle Owls have been shot by local herders for manu-facturing amulets of feathers. We hope the territory of the Aral-Caspian will be devel-oped with slow rates and will not threaten to the main breeding habitats places of the Eagle Owls.

Ðèñ. 6. Êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíîâ â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ãíåçäîâûõ áèî-òîïîâ.

Fig. 6. Numbers of breeding territories of the Eagle Owl in different breeding habitats.

Ôèëèí íà ñåâåðíîì ÷èíêå Óñòþðòà. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà.

Eagle Owl. Cliff-faces of the Northern Usturt Plateau. Photo by A. Pazhenkov.


Òàáë. 1. ×èñëåííîñòü è ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo) íà îáðûâàõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 1.

Table 1. Number and density of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) on cliffs at the plots. Numbers of the plots are similar ones in the fig. 1.

×èíêèCliffs

Ïëîùàäêè Plots

Ïðîòÿæ¸í-íîñòü îáðû-

âîâ (êì) Length

of cliffs (km)Ãîä

Year

Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè

Breeding territories

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 êì

îáðûâîâ) Density

(pairs/100 km cliffs)

Âñòðå÷è Records

Ïëîòíîñòü (âñòðå÷/100 êì


(records/100 km cliffs)

Ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó Chalky cliffs of the Aktau range

4 71.9 2003 1 1.39 7 9.74

5 34.7 2003 0 0 6 17.29

Þæíûé Àêòàó è îâðàã Àùûáàñ Southern Aktau and Aschibas ravine 20 29.3 2004 5 17.06 6 20.48

Ìåëîâûå îáðûâû ÀêòàóChalky cliffs of the Aktau range

2, 23 93.2 2004 1 1.07 9 9.66

1, 24 289.7 2004 3 1.04 14 4.83

Ï-îâ Ìàíãûøëàê Mangyshlak Peninsula 518.8 2003–2004 10 1.93 42 8.10

Þæíûé (ìåëîâîé) ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Southern (chalky) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 6 55.6 2003 6 10.80 6 10.80

Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 7 80.5 2003 2 2.48 8 9.94

Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî ÓñòþðòNorthern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau

10 34.5 2003 1 2.90 5 14.51

11 24.6 2003 1 4.06 4 16.25

9, 21 120.4 2004 3 2.49 9 7.48

Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 8, 22 142.8 2004 9 6.30 12 8.41

Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî ÓñòþðòNorthern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau

31 64.9 2006 6 9.25 7 10.79

32 9.2 2006 1 10.86 2 21.72

33 42.7 2006 16 37.51 16 37.51

34 20.3 2006 3 14.77 5 24.61

Ïëàòî Óñòþðò / Usturt Plateau 595.3 2003–2006 48 8.06 74 12.43

Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó Kolenceli and Zheltau Cliffs 25 95.8 2004 0 0 3 3.13

×èíê ïëàòî Øàãûðàé Cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau

27 53.9 2004 5 9.28 7 12.99

35 51.5 2006 9 17.47 9 17.47

Ïëàòî Øàãûðàé Shagyray Plateau 105.4 2004–2006 14 13.28 16 15.18

Âïàäèíà Êàðàãèå Karagie Depression 13 67.1 2004 5 7.45 10 14.91

Êàñïèéñêèé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî Caspian seaside cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau 14 69.4 2004 14 20.17 14 20.17

Âïàäèíà Êàóíäû / Kaundy Depression 15 34.9 2004 7 20.03 13 37.20

Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (óñòóïû Êóëàíäû)Northern-eastern cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (Kulandy cliffs)

16 113.2 2004 6 5.30 11 9.71

17 31.2 2004 4 12.84 5 16.05

Âïàäèíà ÆàçãóðëûZhazgurly Depression 18 14.4 2004 5 34.83 5 34.83

Âïàäèíà Áàñãóðëû / Basgurly Depression 19 24.9 2004 7 28.11 8 32.12

Êèíäåðäè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau 355.1 2004 48 13.52 66 18.59

Àðàëüñêèé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Aral cliff-face of the Usturt Plateau 12 30.3 2003 0 0 3 9.91

Îáðûâû ï-îâà Êàðàòóï Cliff-faces of the Karatup Peninsula 26 19.3 2004 0 0 2 10.38

Îáðûâû âïàäèí Ñåâåðíîãî ÏðèàðàëüÿCliff-faces of the Northern Aral Sea Region

28 10.7 2005 4 37.33 4 37.33

29 9.6 2005 2 20.82 3 31.23

Îáðûâû ï-îâà Øóáàðòàðàó Cliff-faces of the Shubartarau Peninsula 30 28.7 2005 10 34.85 10 34.85

Ïðèàðàëüå / Aral Sea Region 98.6 2003–2005 16 16.23 22 22.32

Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí Aral-Caspian Region 1768.9 2003–2006 136 7.69 223 12.61


âîçìîæíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà. Äîñòàòî÷íî íàãëÿäíî îòðàæàþò ñèòóàöèþ

ñ âûÿâëÿåìîñòüþ ôèëèíà ÷èíêè Óñòþð-òà âñ¸ â òîì æå Ïðèàðàëüå. Òàì, ãäå ÷èíê ïðèîáðåòàåò âèä ðîâíîé ñòåíû âûñîòîé áîëåå 50 ì (ïëîùàäêè 12 è 26), êîëè÷åñòâî âñòðå÷ ñ ôèëèíàìè ñòðåìèòñÿ ê ìèíèìóìó, à êîëè÷åñòâî âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ, à òåì áîëåå ãí¸çä – ê íóëþ. Ñëåäóåò çà-ìåòèòü, ÷òî ðàçíèöà ìåæäó âñòðå÷àìè ïòèö è îáíàðóæåíèåì èõ ãí¸çä íà òåððèòîðèÿõ ñ äîñòóïíûìè ÷èíêàìè (Ïðèàðàëüå, Øàãû-ðàé, Äîíûç-Òàó), ïîçâîëÿþùèìè îñìàòðè-âàòü äî 90% íèø, âàðüèðóåò â ïðåäåëàõ îò 0 äî 20%. Íà ïëîùàäêàõ â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèà-ðàëüå (¹¹ 28–30: ÷èíêè çàëèâà Áóòàêîâà è óñòóïû Ñàðûêîëü÷èíê íà ï-îâå Êîêòûð-íàê, ÷èíêè âïàäèíû Êàðàêîëü) êîëè÷åñòâî âñòðå÷ ôèëèíîâ è âûÿâëåííûõ ãí¸çä îäè-íàêîâî, òàê êàê êàæäàÿ âñòðå÷à ñ ïòèöåé, ïóñòü äàæå âíå ãíåçäà, èëè îáíàðóæåíèå

ñëåäîâ ïðåáûâàíèÿ ôèëèíà çàâåðøàþòñÿ îáíàðóæåíèåì ãíåçäà ïðè îñìîòðå òåð-ðèòîðèè â ðàäèóñå 200–300 ì îò òî÷êè ðåãèñòðàöèè âèäà. Íà âûñîêèõ ìåëîâûõ îáðûâàõ Ìàíãûøëàêà (Êàóøå, Êàñêûð-æîë) èëè Óñòþðòà (Òóçáàèð) ýòî óæå ñòà-íîâèòñÿ êðàéíå ïðîáëåìàòè÷íûì. Òàêæå êðàéíå ïðîáëåìàòè÷íî âûÿâëåíèå ãí¸çä ôèëèíà íà ÷èíêàõ Æåëüòàó è Êîëåíêåëè. Çäåñü ÷èíê ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñèñòåìó ðàçëîìîâ øèðèíîé áîëåå ïîëóêèëîìåòðà, à ïåðåäâèãàòüñÿ íà òðàíñïîðòå ìîæíî ïî î÷åíü îãðàíè÷åííîé òåððèòîðèè ïî âåð-õó ÷èíêà. Îòñþäà è ïîëíîå îòñóòñòâèå íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çä, è ìèíèìóì âñòðå÷ ïòèö (âñòðå÷åíî 3 îñîáè, îõîòèâøèåñÿ íà êðàé-íèõ ñòåíàõ âåðõíåãî ÿðóñà ÷èíêà, ïëîò-íîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 3,13 îñîáåé/100 êì îá-ðûâîâ).

Òàê êàê áîëüøèíñòâî ÷èíêîâ ñèëüíî èç-ðåçàíû ëîãàìè, òî ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðû-

Òàáë. 2. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð ôèëèíîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ.

Table 2. Nearest-neighbor distances on study plots.

×èíêè Cliffs

Ïëîùàäêè Plots n

Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè (êì) M±SD (lim)

Nearest-neighbor distance (km) M±SD (lim)

Þæíûé Àêòàó è îâðàã Àùûáàñ Southern Aktau and Aschibas ravine 20 4 3.04±2.56 (0.29–6.04)

Ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó Chalky cliffs of the Aktau range 1, 24 1 1.50

Þæíûé (ìåëîâîé) ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Southern (chalky) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 6 3 1.83±0.27 (1.52–1.99)

Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 9, 21 1 4.25

Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 8, 22 6 5.19±4.00 (1.09–10.55)

Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau

31 3 5.26±1.53 (3.56–6.51)

33 13 1.88±1.15 (0.61–4.62)

34 2 2.78±0.99 (2.08–3.48)

×èíê ïëàòî Øàãûðàé Cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau

27 3 2.53±0.89 (1.68–3.45)

35 8 3.90±1.63 (1.81–6.77)

Âïàäèíà Êàðàãèå / Karagie Depression 13 4 4.41±3.11 (0.90–7.85)

Êàñïèéñêèé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî Caspian seaside cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau 14 11 2.76±1.54 (1.04–6.15)

Âïàäèíà Êàóíäû / Kaundy Depression 15 6 3.09±1.28 (1.08–4.96)

Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (óñòóïû Êóëàíäû) / Northern-eastern cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (Kulandy cliffs)

16 3 6.52±3.35 (4.46–10.39)

17 3 5.60±3.27 (2.23–8.76)

Âïàäèíà Æàçãóðëû / Zhazgurly Depression 18 4 2.81±2.14 (0.91–5.58)

Âïàäèíà Áàñãóðëû / Basgurly Depression 19 6 3.24±0.77 (2.04–3.94)

Îáðûâû âïàäèí Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèàðàëüÿ Cliff-faces of the Northern Aral Sea Region

28 3 0.89±0.69 (0.11–1.44)

29 1 1.87

Îáðûâû ï-îâà Øóáàðòàðàó Cliff-faces of the Shubartarau Peninsula 30 9 2.30±1.76 (0.31–6.07)

Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí / Aral-Caspian Region 94 3.17±2.19 (0.11–10.55)


âîâ â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ïàðû ôèëèíîâ ìîæåò ñîñòàâëÿòü äåñÿòêè êèëî-ìåòðîâ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñåäíèõ ïàð íå ïðåâûøàþò 2–3-õ êì. Â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ïàðàìè ôèëèíîâ âà-ðüèðóåò â äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ, îò 110 ì äî 10,5 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãèîíó (n=94) 3,17±2,19 êì (òàáë. 2). Áîëüøèíñòâî ïàð ñòàðàåòñÿ äèñòàíöèðî-âàòüñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 1–4 êì, ïðè÷¸ì ìè-íèìàëüíûå äèñòàíöèè õàðàêòåðíû êàê ðàç äëÿ ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â âåðõîâüÿõ ëîãîâ,

ðàçðåçàþùèõ ôàñ ÷èíêà. Â èòîãå, îò ãíåç-äà äî ôàñà ÷èíêà ðàññòîÿíèå ìîæåò ñî-ñòàâëÿòü ñòîëüêî æå, ñêîëüêî äî ñîñåäíèõ ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ òàêæå â âåðõîâüÿõ ëîãîâ. Óâåëè÷åíèå äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè äî 5 êì è áîëåå (ðèñ. 7) ñâÿçàíî îïðåäåë¸ííî ñ ïðîïóñêîì ïòèö, ëèáî, â ðåäêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ, ñ îòñóòñòâèåì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ÷èíêà, ÷òî â ñëó÷àå ñ ôèëèíîì äëÿ áîëü-øåé ÷àñòè òåððèòîðèè ðåãèîíà, êîíå÷íî æå, êàæåòñÿ ìàëîâåðîÿòíûì.

Àíàëèç ñðåäíèõ äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó áëè-æàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè íà ïëîùàäêàõ íà ðàç-íûõ òèïàõ ÷èíêîâ ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ìèíè-ìàëüíûå äèñòàíöèè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ êàê íà ìåëîâûõ, òàê è íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ â þæíîé è ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà. ×¸òêîé êîððåëÿöèè ìåæäó òèïàìè ÷èíêîâ è äèñ-òàíöèÿìè ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè íåò (r=0,17, p<0,05, n=20). Â òî æå âðåìÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ õîðîøàÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ êîð-ðåëÿöèÿ äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñåä-íèõ ïàð ñ âûñîòîé ÷èíêà (r=0,71, p<0,05, n=20) (ðèñ. 8). ×åì âûøå ÷èíê, òåì áîëüøå äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè çà ñ÷¸ò ïðîïó-ñêà ïòèö. Àáñîëþòíî âûïàäàåò èç ýòîé çàâè-ñèìîñòè ó÷àñòîê Çàïàäíîãî ÷èíêà Óñòþðòà (ïëîùàäêà 22), ãäå ïî êàêèì-òî ïðè÷èíàì ïðè ñðåäíåé âûñîòå îáðûâîâ 20 ì ñðåä-íÿÿ äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè ïðåâûøàåò 5 êì. Ïðè÷¸ì, åñëè â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ðàñ-ñìàòðèâàòü äèñòàíöèè íå òîëüêî ìåæäó ãí¸ç-äàìè, íî è öåíòðàìè ïðåäïîëàãàåìûõ ãíåç-äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ áûëè âñòðå÷åíû ïòèöû, ýòî íèñêîëüêî íå óìåíüøàåò ñðåäíåé äèñòàíöèè (5,37±3,24 êì ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 5,19±4,0 êì). Âèäèìî, òîëüêî äëÿ Çàïàä-íîãî ÷èíêà Óñòþðòà ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü íå î ïðîïóñêàõ ïòèö, à î äåéñòâèòåëüíî ìåíåå ïëîòíîì ðàñïðåäåëåíèè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Õîòÿ è â äàííîì ñëó÷àå âåñüìà âûñîêà äîëÿ ïðîïóñêîâ, òàê êàê øèðèíà ñêëîíà çàïàäíî-ãî ÷èíêà áîëåå 1 êì è çäåñü ôèëèí ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íå òîëüêî íà îáðûâàõ âåðõíåãî, ñðåäíåãî è íèæíåãî ÿðóñîâ, íî è â ëîãàõ, ïðîðåçàþùèõ ÷èíê íà âñåõ åãî óðîâíÿõ.

Âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî ïðè ðàñ÷¸òå ÷èñëåííîñòè ôèëèíà íà ÷èí-êàõ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà èìååò ñìûñë îðèåíòèðîâàòüñÿ íà âñòðå÷è, ïðè-ðàâíèâàÿ èõ ê ïàðàì, à íà òåððèòîðèè ñ ìàññîé òðóäíîäîñòóïíûõ ìåëîâûõ îáðû-âîâ ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü ñðåäíèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè. Ïðè ýòîì, äàæå â äàííîì ñëó-÷àå ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü ëèøü î íåêîì ìèíè-ìàëüíîì ïîðîãå ïðåäïîëàãàåìîé ÷èñëåí-íîñòè âèäà â ðåãèîíå.

Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ñðåäíèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ïëîòíîñòè (12,6±3,1 ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ)

Ðèñ. 7. Ãèñòîãðàììà äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè.

Fig. 7. Histogram of nearest-neighbor distances.

Ðèñ. 8. Êîððåëÿöèÿ äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäíèìè ãí¸çäàìè ôèëè-íîâ ñ âûñîòîé ÷èíêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ ýòè ãí¸çäà íàéäåíû. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáëèöå 2.

Fig. 8. Correlation between the nearest-neighbor distance and height of nesting cliff-faces. Numbers of study plots in the figure are similar ones in the table 2.


íà âñþ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå (8065,02 êì) ïîçâî-ëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü ãíåçäîâàíèå â ðåãèîíå êàê ìèíèìóì 766–1266, â ñðåäíåì 1016 ïàð ôèëèíîâ. Áëèçêèå ïîêàçàòåëè (â ñðåä-íåì 1187 ïàð) äà¸ò ðàçäåëüíûé ïåðåñ÷¸ò äëÿ ðàçíûõ òèïîâ ÷èíêîâ (òàáë. 3).

Çà ïðåäåëàìè îáðûâîâ ôèëèí ãíåçäèòñÿ â ãîðàõ Ìàíãèñòàó, â ïåñêàõ Êàðûíæàðûê ìåæäó Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêèì ïëàòî è ïëà-òî Óñòþðò, ïåñêàõ Óÿëû è Ñàì â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ïëàòî Óñòþðò è ïåñêàõ Áîëüøèå è Ìàëûå Áàðñóêè â Ïðèàðàëüå. Â Ìàíãèñòàó ôèëèí íàáëþäàëñÿ íàìè âî âñåõ êðóïíûõ óùåëüÿõ. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè ñî-ñòàâèëî 1,5 êì. Â ïåñêàõ Áîëüøèå Áàðñó-êè ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó âîêàëèçèðóþùèìè ïàðàìè ñîñòàâèëî 1,8 êì. Ïî ïîêàçàòåëÿì ïëîòíîñòè, àíàëîãè÷íûì ïîêàçàòåëÿì ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè ôèëèíà íà îáðûâàõ, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå íå ìåíåå 20 ïàð â Ìàíãèñòàó è íå ìåíåå 50 ïàð â ïåñêàõ.

Ó÷èòûâàÿ âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèî-íå, â ïðåäåëàõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèö Êàçàõñòàíà, ãíåçäîâàíèå, êàê ìèíèìóì, 1200–1500 ïàð ôèëèíîâ. ×èñëåííîñòü âñåé àðàëî-êàñïèéñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè (áîëü-øàÿ ÷àñòü óñòþðòñêîãî ïîäâèäà) ìîæåò

ïðèáëèæàòüñÿ ê 2000–3000 ïàð.Ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà

â ðàçíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåãèîíà ñóùåñòâåííî âàðüèðóåò ïî ãîäàì. Â ñâÿçè ñ íåðàâíî-ìåðíîé öèêëèêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ ôèëèíà è ïîãîäíûìè óñëîâèÿìè â ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ ðåãèîíà íà îä-íèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïàð ìîæåò íå ãíåçäèòüñÿ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê íà äðóãèõ áóäåò ìàêñèìàëüíûé óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Ïðèìå÷àòåëüíî òî, ÷òî äèíàìèêà çàíÿòîñòè ó÷àñòêîâ è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, óñïåõà ðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíîâ â ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ ðåãè-îíà è â ðàçíûõ áèîòîïàõ àñèíõðîííû. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, çîíà äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîé ïåñ÷àíêè (Rhombomys opimus) â 2003 ã. áûëà îãðàíè÷åíà ëèøü ñåâåðíûì ÷èíêîì Óñòþðòà, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â Ïðèàðà-ëüå è íà þæíîì ÷èíêå Óñòþðòà âèä äîñòè-ãàë ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè. Êàê ñëåä-ñòâèå, â çîíå ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîé ïåñ÷àíêè íàáëþäàëàñü âûñîêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíè-êîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå è ôèëèíà. Òî æå ñàìîå ìîæíî ñêàçàòü è î äèíàìèêå ÷èñëåííîñòè æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëèêà (Spermophilus fulvus) è ôèëèíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â åãî àðåàëå. Èç-çà äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ îáúåê-òîâ ïèòàíèÿ ôèëèíû ìîãóò íå ãíåçäèòüñÿ

Òàáë. 3. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ôèëèíà, ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ íà îáðûâàõ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå (íà òåððèòîðèè Êàçàõñòàíà).

Table 3. Estimated numbers of breeding pairs of the Eagle Owl on cliffs in the Aral-Caspian region (only territory of the Kazakhstan).

Íàçâàíèå ïëàòîPlateau

Ãðóïïà ÷èíêîâTypes of cliffs

Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ (êì)

Length of cliffs (km)

Ôèëèí / Eagle Owl

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 êì


(pairs/100 km cliffs)

×èñëåííîñòü (ïàðû)

Estimated number

(pairs)

Ïëàòî Óñòþðò / Usturt Plateau Ñåâåðíûé / Northern cliff-face 1275.19

12.43

159

Çàïàäíûé / Western cliff-faces 713.91 89

Ìåëîâîé / Chalky cliffs 2509.42 312

Àðàëüñêèé / Aral cliff-faces 96.53 12

Ïëàòî Óñòþðò / Usturt Plateau 4595.05

Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå Kinderly-Kayasan Plateau

Âïàäèíû / Cliffs of depressions 470.75

18.59

88

Ñåâåðî-âîñòîê / NE cliff-faces 792.07 147

Ïðèêàñïèé / Caspian cliff-faces 203.08 38

Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî /Kinderly-Kayasanskoe Plateau 1465.90 273

Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó / Cliff-faces of Kolenkely and Zheltau 132.59 12.61 17

Ïëàòî Øàãûðàé / Shagyrai Plateau 377.15 15.18 57

Ìàíãûøëàê / Mangushlak peninsula 663.46 12.61 84

Ïðèàðàëüå (áåç Óñòþðòà) Aral Sea Region (without Aral cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau) 830.87 22.32 185

Âñåãî â ðåãèîíå / Total 8065.02 1187


äîñòàòî÷íî äëèòåëü-íîå âðåìÿ. Ïî äàí-íûì À.Í. Ñóõèíèíà (1971) â Áàäõûçå, â ãîäû ñ íèçêîé ÷èñ-ëåííîñòüþ ãðûçó-íîâ, êîòîðûõ áûëî 4 èç 8-ìè, ôèëèíû íå ðàçìíîæàëèñü, à â îäèí ãîä ñî ñðåä-íåé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ãðûçóíîâ ðàçìåð âûâîäêà áûë ìèíè-ìàëüíûì è ñîñòàâëÿë

1,5 ïòåíöà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â 3 ãîäà èç 8-ìè, ñ âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííî-ñòüþ ãðûçóíîâ, âûâîäêè ôèëèíîâ ñîäåð-æàëè â ñðåäíåì 3,5 ïòåíöà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî. Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ â Öåíòðàëüíûõ Êûçûëêóìàõ, ãäå íà òð¸õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ôèëèíû íå ðàçìíîæàëèñü 4 ãîäà èç 9-òè (Ìèòðîïîëü-ñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Çà 4 ãîäà èññëå-äîâàíèé ôèëèíà íà Óñòþðòå îòñóòñòâèå ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íàáëþäàëîñü äîñòàòî÷íî ëîêàëüíî ëèøü â 2003 ã. íà Ñåâåðíîì Óñòþðòå è â 2005 ã. – íà Þæíîì Óñòþð-òå, â òî âðåìÿ êàê 2006 ã. îêàçàëñÿ ìàêñè-ìàëüíî óñïåøíûì äëÿ ôèëèíîâ íà Äîíûç-Òàó è ïëàòî Øàãûðàé. Ïðè ýòîì, â ãîäû äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìàññîâûõ ãðû-çóíîâ â çîíå äåïðåññèè âäîëü âîäî¸ìîâ âñåãäà ñîõðàíÿëîñü îïðåäåë¸ííîå êîëè-÷åñòâî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ôèëèíîâ, èìåþ-ùèõ èíóþ òðîôè÷åñêóþ ñïåöèàëèçàöèþ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà âîäîïëàâàþùèõ è îêîëîâîäíûõ ïòèöàõ. Íà òî, ÷òî âäîëü âî-äî¸ìîâ â Ñðåäíåé Àçèè íàáëþäàåòñÿ ïî-âûøåííàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõ-ñÿ íàèáîëåå ñòàáèëüíî (áåç äëèòåëüíûõ ïåðåðûâîâ â ðàçìíîæåíèè, õàðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âíå âîäî¸ìîâ), îá-ðàùàëè âíèìàíèå Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé è À.Ê. Ðóñòàìîâ (2007). Ïî èõ ìíåíèþ, äàííàÿ îñîáåííîñòü (ãíåçäîâàíèå ôèëè-íîâ íà ïîáåðåæüÿõ êðóïíûõ âîäî¸ìîâ ñ èõ îáèëüíûìè è, ãëàâíîå, îòíîñèòåëüíî ñòàáèëüíûìè êîðìîâûìè ðåñóðñàìè) ïî-ëó÷èëà øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ëèøü â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ è ñïîñîáñòâîâàëà îáùå-ìó ðîñòó ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â Àçèè.

Ó÷èòûâàÿ äèíàìèêó ðàçíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà ìîæåò ìåíÿòüñÿ â 1,5–2,5 ðàçà, èñõîäÿ èç òîãî, ñêîëüêî ìîëîäûõ ïðîèç-âåëà êîíêðåòíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà â òåêóùèé ãîä. Åñëè ïðèíÿòü âî âíèìàíèå ìèíèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãèîíó – 1,5 ïòåíöà íà

óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî, à ìàêñèìàëüíûå – 3,7, òî ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ôëóêòóàöèþ ïîñëåã-íåçäîâîé ïëîòíîñòè ôèëèíà íà ðàçíûõ ÷èíêàõ îò 7,83–93,77, â ñðåäíåì 31,52 îñîáåé/100 êì îáðûâîâ, â ìèíèìàëüíûå ïî óñïåøíîñòè ãîäû, äî 14,72–176,29, â ñðåäíåì 59,25 îñîáåé/100 êì îáðûâîâ, â ìàêñèìàëüíûå ïî óñïåøíîñòè ãîäû. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôè-ëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ìîæåò ôëóêòóèðîâàòü â ïðåäåëàõ îò 3000–3750 äî 5640–7050 îñîáåé (â ñðåäíåì îò 3444 äî 4305 îñîáåé, ïî ôàêòè÷åñêè íàáëþäà-åìîé ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ çà 4 ãîäà, ñì. ñòð. 82). Äàííàÿ îöåíêà íå ó÷è-òûâàåò ìîëîäûõ ïòèö ïðîøëûõ ëåò, êîòî-ðûå âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ëèáî íå ïîïàäàþò â ó÷¸òû, ëèáî ïðèðàâíèâàþòñÿ ê áåçóñïåø-íûì ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì (åñëè ìîëîäûå äåðæàòñÿ áëèç ñòàðûõ ôèëèíÿ÷üèõ ãí¸çä). Òåì íå ìåíåå, ïðè äîâîëüíî áîëüøèõ äî-ïóñêàõ îöåíêè (äî 30% â îáå ñòîðîíû) ìî-ëîäûå íåðàçìíîæàþùèåñÿ ôèëèíû âðÿä ëè ìîãóò ñóùåñòâåííî ïîâëèÿòü íà ñðåäíèå ïîêàçàòåëè îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè.

Â áëàãîïðèÿòíûå ãîäû ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíîâ íà ÷èíêàõ ìîæåò äîñòèãàòü 1–2 îñîáåé/êì îáðûâîâ èëè äî 3–9 îñîáåé/êì ôàñà ÷èíêà. Î ïîâûøåí-íîé êîíöåíòðàöèè ôèëèíîâ â ïîñëåã-íåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íà ïîáåðåæüå Êàñïèÿ èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ ó ðÿäà èññëåäî-âàòåëåé. Å.Ã. Ñàìàðèí íà Ìàíãûøëàêå â 60-õ ãã. îòìå÷àë äî 8-ìè ïòèö íà 1 êì ìàðøðóòà (Ïîñëàâñêèé è äð., 1964). Íà ÷èíêàõ Ìàíãûøëàêà â ÿíâàðå–ôåâðàëå 1964–1965 ãã. îäèí ôèëèí ïðèõîäèëñÿ íà êàæäûå 2 êì ÷èíêà (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå àâòîðû ñâÿçûâàþò íàáëþäàåìóþ èìè âû-ñîêóþ êîíöåíòðàöèþ ôèëèíà ñ «ïðèêî-÷¸âêîé â Ñðåäíþþ Àçèþ», â ÷àñòíîñòè, íà Êàñïèé, ôèëèíîâ èç áîëåå ñåâåðíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé, ÷òî, åñòåñòâåííî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îøèáî÷íûì. Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ëèøü ñìåùåíèå ê ïîáåðåæüþ ôèëèíîâ èç íàè-áîëåå óäàë¸ííûõ ëîãîâ, ÷òî óæå áóäåò ñóùåñòâåííî óâåëè÷èâàòü è áåç òîãî âû-ñîêóþ ïëîòíîñòü â ÷èíêîâîé çîíå ïîáåðå-æüÿ. Âåðîÿòíî, ê çèìå ôèëèíû íå òîëüêî ñòÿãèâàþòñÿ ê íåçàìåðçàþùèì âîäî¸ìàì, íî è ðàññðåäîòà÷èâàþòñÿ ïî òåððèòîðèè ïëàòî Óñòþðò, òàê êàê ïîñëå ñåçîíà ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ îíè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ âíå ÷èíêîâîé çîíû äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêî. Çèìíèå ñëåäû ïðåáûâàíèÿ ôèëèíîâ, ïðè èõ îòñóòñòâèè âåñíîé, ìû íàáëþäàëè íà ìíîãèõ ãîðÿ÷èõ àðòåçèàíàõ â Ïðèêàñïèè è êàçàõñêèõ ìî-ãèëàõ â öåíòðå ïëàòî Óñòþðò.

Ïòåíåö ôèëèíà â ãíåç-äîâîé íèøå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Nestlings of the Eagle Owl in the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin.


Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ

Êàê óæå îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, îñíîâíûìè ãíåçäîâûìè áèîòîïàìè ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå òèïû îáðûâîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ÷èíêî-âîé çîíå ïëàòî è ïîáåðåæèé Êàñïèéñêîãî è Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðåé. Ñðåäè âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíîâ (n=144) ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò ãí¸çäà íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ – 53,47%, ÷óòü ìåíüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî – íà ìåëîâûõ îáðûâàõ – 23,61% è åù¸ ìåíü-øå – íà ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûõ – 16,67% (ðèñ. 5). Åñëè îðèåíòèðîâàòüñÿ íà âñòðå÷è ïòèö, òî îïèñàííàÿ âûøå êàðòèíà ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ, ñ òîé ëèøü ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî äîëÿ ìåëîâûõ îá-ðûâîâ (37,39%) â îáùåé âûáîðêå (n=238) ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ê äîëå ãëèíÿíûõ (37,39%), à äîëÿ ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûõ îáðûâîâ îñòà¸òñÿ ïðèìåðíî òàêàÿ æå (14,71%). Â ðåãèîíå ôèëèí ãíåçäèòñÿ òàêæå â ãîðàõ Ìàíãèñòàó, ñðåäè ïåñêîâ è â ðîâíîé ïîëóïóñòûíå íà ï-îâå Áóçà÷è è ïëàòî Óñòþðò. Â Ìàíãè-

ñòàó îí ïðåäïî÷èòàåò öåíòðàëüíûå ÷àñòè óùåëèé, îáðàçîâàííûå âðåìåííûìè âîäî-òîêàìè. Íà óùåëüÿ Ìàíãèñòàó ïðèõîäèòñÿ 1,39% âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è 1,68% âñòðå÷ ïòèö. Ñðåäè áóãðèñòûõ ïå-ñêîâ ôèëèí òÿãîòååò ê êðóïíûì áàðõàíàì ñ êóñòàðíèêîâîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ – çäåñü âûÿâëåíî 0,69% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è 1,26% âñòðå÷ ïòèö. Â ðîâíîé ïîëóïóñòûíå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè è âñòðå÷è ïòèö ïðèóðî-÷åíû ê ðàçðóøåííûì ñòðîåíèÿì ÷åëîâåêà (0,69% è 1,26%, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî). Èç ïðåä-ñòàâëåííîé âûáîðêè ÷¸òêî âèäíî, ÷òî âíå îáðûâîâ ÷èíêîâîé çîíû ãíåçäîâàíèå ôè-ëèíà íîñèò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð è íå ÿâ-ëÿåòñÿ îïðåäåëÿþùèì äëÿ ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè.

Èç 143-õ íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çä 141 (98,6%) ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà îáðûâàõ èëè ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ. Íà ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå ÷èíêè áûëè ìíîãîóðîâíåâûìè, îñîáîé ïðèóðî÷åí-íîñòè ê óðîâíþ ÷èíêà íå îòìå÷åíî. Òàì, ãäå â íèæíåì ÿðóñå ÷èíêà ïðèñóòñòâîâà-

Òèïè÷íûé ãíåçäîâîé ëîã ôèëèíîâ (ââåðõó) è âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëî-æåíèÿ ãí¸çä â íèøàõ: â ïîäíîæèè îáðûâà (âíè-çó ñëåâà) è íà âåðøèíå îáðûâà (âíèçó ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Ravine is a typical nesting site of the Eagle Owl (upper) and different locations of nests in niches: at the bottom of a slope (bottom at the left) and at the top of a slope (bottom at the right). Photos by I. Karyakin.


ëè äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêèå îáðûâû, ôèëèí äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíî ãíåçäèëñÿ êàê íà íèæíèõ, òàê è íà âåðõíèõ îáðûâàõ. Òàì æå, ãäå íèæíèé ÿðóñ ÷èíêà áûë ïðåäñòàâ-ëåí ëèøü íåãëóáîêèìè îâðàãàìè, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ôèëèíîâ ãíåçäèëàñü â âåðõíåì ÿðó-ñå, ïðè÷¸ì, íå íà ñòåíàõ ôàñà ÷èíêà, à íà ñòåíàõ ëîãîâ, ðàññåêàþùèõ ÷èíê â íåêîòî-ðîì óäàëåíèè îò ôàñà ÷èíêà. Â öåëîì æå ïî ðåãèîíó îòìå÷åíî ÿâíîå òÿãîòåíèå ôè-ëèíà ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà îáðûâàõ â ëîãàõ, ðàçðåçàþùèõ âåðõíèé ÿðóñ ÷èíêà, – çäåñü âûÿâëåíî 73,2% ãí¸çä. Âîçìîæíî ýòî àð-òåôàêò íàáëþäåíèé, ñâÿçàííûé ñ òåì, ÷òî ãðóïïà ïåðåäâèãàëàñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî âåðøèíàì ÷èíêîâ.

Ïî ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè ãí¸çä ê óðîâíþ îá-ðûâîâ (n=141) ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò óñòðî-åííûå â èõ ïîäíîæèè – 46,81%. Ôèëèí îïðåäåë¸ííî èçáåãàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ñàìûõ âåðøèíàõ îáðûâîâ – çäåñü âûÿâëåíî åäèí-ñòâåííîå ãíåçäî, óñòðîåííîå â íèøå ïîä êàìíåì (0,71%) è êðàéíå íåîõîòíî ãíåç-äèòñÿ â íèæíåé òðåòè îáðûâîâ (7,09%). Ïîñëåäíåå ñâÿçàíî ñî ñòðóêòóðîé ÷èíêîâ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà – íèøè, ïðè-ãîäíûå äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà, â íèæíåé òðåòè ñòåí èìåþòñÿ ëèøü íà ìåëîâûõ îáðû-âàõ. Íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà íèø îáðàçîâàíà âûäóâîì è ïîäìûâîì ïî-ðîäû â ïîäíîæèè ñòåí ëèáî â îñíîâàíèè âûõîäîâ èçâåñòíÿêîâ â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ñòåí. Íà ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûõ îáðûâàõ äîñòîéíûå íèøè îáðàçóþòñÿ òàêæå çà ñ÷¸ò âûïàäå-íèÿ ïëèòíÿêà â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîäìûâà ïîðîäû â ïîäíîæèè ëèáî â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ñòåí. Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, 27,66% ãí¸çä ôèëèíîâ íàéäå-íî â âåðõíåé òðåòè îáðûâîâ è 17,73% – â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè îáðûâîâ (ðèñ. 9).

Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ôèëèíîâ (n=141) óñòðà-èâàåò ãí¸çäà â íåáîëüøèõ íèøàõ – 93,62%.

Ðàçëè÷íûå âàðèàíòû óñòðîéñòâà ôèëèíàìè ãí¸çä â ïîäíîæèè îáðûâîâ: ãíåçäî îòêðûòî ñâåðõó, íî çàêðûòî êóñòîì ñî ñòîðîíû ëîãà (ñëå-âà), ãíåçäî â íèøå çàêðûòî ñî ñòîðîíû ëîãà êàìíÿìè (â öåíòðå), ãíåçäî â íèøå îòêðûòî ñî ñòîðîíû ëîãà (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Different nest locations of the Eagle Owl at the bottom of precipices: the nest was not protected by overhangs, but shut in by a bush from a ravine (left), the nest in a niche was protected by overhangs and shut in by stones from a ravine (center), the nest in a niche was opened from a ravine (right). Photos by I. Karyakin.

Ðèñ. 9. Õàðàêòåð óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ôèëèíà íà ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ îáðûâîâ.

Fig. 9. Eagle Owl nest locations in different parts of cliffs.

Ðèñ. 10. Ïîâòîðíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ôèëèíàìè äëÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñâîèõ ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä íà ÷èíêàõ ðàçíîãî òèïà.

Fig. 10. Repeated occupancy by Eagle Owls of their own old nests on different cliff-faces.


Ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè â ïîäìûâàõ ãëèíÿíûõ èëè ìåëîâûõ ñòåí ôèëèíû âûáèðàþò íèøè, çàêðûòûå ñ îáåèõ ñòîðîí. Åñëè æå òàêîå íåâîçìîæíî, òî âûáèðàþòñÿ âûäóâû, â êî-òîðûõ îäíà ñòîðîíà çàêðûòà êàìíåì èëè êóñòîì. Â êðóïíûõ ãðîòàõ îáíàðóæåíî ëèøü 3,55% ãí¸çä, à íà îòêðûòûõ ñâåðõó ïîëêàõ – 2,84%. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â 3-õ ñëó÷àÿõ èç 4-õ, ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè íà îòêðûòûõ ïîëêàõ, ãí¸çäà áûëè óñòðîåíû â âåðõíåé òðåòè îáðûâîâ óçêèõ óùåëèé. Ïðåäïî÷èòàåìîñòü ôèëèíàìè óêðîìíûõ íèø íåáîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà (ïðèìåðíî 1–1,5 ì â äëèíó è 0,7–1 ì â ãëóáèíó), çàêðûòûõ ñâåðõó îò ñîëíöà è äîæäÿ, ñ ïðåäïî÷òè-òåëüíî çàïàäíîé îðèåíòàöèåé âõîäà, íà-

áëþäàåòñÿ ïî âñåé Ñðåäíåé Àçèè (Ãàâðèí, 1962; Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ ôèëèíàìè áûëè çàíÿòû íèøè, â êîòîðûõ èìåëèñü îñòàòêè ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä êóðãàííèêîâ (Buteo rufinus).

Èç ñëó÷àéíûõ íàõîäîê ñòîèò îòìåòèòü ãíåçäî â ïåñêàõ Áîëüøèå Áàðñóêè, ðàñ-ïîëîæåííîå â îñíîâàíèè êóñòà íà ñêëîíå áàðõàíà, è íà Ñåâåðíîì Óñòþðòå – â ÷à-ñòè÷íî ðàçðóøåííîé êàçàõñêîé ìîãèëå. Â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå ãíåçäî áûëî óñòðîåíî â óãëó âíóòðè êîíñòðóêöèè, êóäà ïòèöû ïðî-íèêàëè ÷åðåç êðûøó ëèáî ÷åðåç îêîííûé ïðî¸ì â öåíòðå ñòðîåíèÿ. Èìåþòñÿ ñâå-äåíèÿ î íàõîäêå ãíåçäà ôèëèíà íà ï-îâå Áóçà÷è â ïîäàþùåì ðàñòâîð áóíêåðå çà-áðîøåííîé áóðîâîé âûøêè (Ãóáèí, 2004).

Ãíåçäî ôèëèíà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò èç ñåáÿ ëóíêó â ãðóíòå, äèàìåòðîì 25–30 ñì è ãëó-áèíîé îò 3 äî 9 ñì. Ëèøü â 23,3% ñëó÷àåâ ÷¸òêî ñôîðìèðîâàííîé ëóíêè íåò è ÿéöà ëåæàò ïðÿìî íà ãðóíòå. Åñëè ïîâåðõíîñòü íèøè òâ¸ðäàÿ, òî íåâîçìîæíîñòü âûêî-ïàòü ëóíêó ñîâåðøåííî ïîíÿòíà, îäíàêî â 9,6% ñëó÷àåâ ëóíêè îòñóòñòâîâàëè è â íèøàõ ñ ìÿãêèì ãðóíòîì. Ïîñëåäíåå íå ÿñíî, ñ ÷åì ñâÿçàíî, òàê êàê â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ è ñàìêà, è ñàìåö àêòèâíî êîïàþò ëóíêè âî âðåìÿ áðà÷íûõ èãð è â îäíó èç íèõ ïîçæå è îòêëàäûâàþòñÿ ÿéöà. Íàìè â 2004 ã. ïîñåùàëèñü 10 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ ôèëèíîâ, êîòîðûå áûëè óñïåøíûìè â 2003 ã., â 2005 ã. – 16, áûâøèõ óñïåøíûìè â 2004 ã., â 2006 ã. – 11, áûâøèõ óñïåøíû-ìè â 2005 ã. Â èòîãå íà 26 ó÷àñòêàõ çàðåãè-ñòðèðîâàíî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå â îáà ãîäà, ïðè÷¸ì ëèøü íà 10 èç íèõ (38,46%) ôèëèíû ðàçìíîæàëèñü â ñâîèõ ñòàðûõ ãí¸çäàõ. Áîëüøèíñòâî ïîâòîðíî çàíÿòûõ ãí¸çä ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â áîëüøèõ íèøàõ íà ìåëîâûõ îáðûâàõ (n=7; 85,71%). Íà ðà-êóøå÷íèêîâûõ îáðûâàõ èç 3-õ ãí¸çä ïî-âòîðíî ôèëèíû ãíåçäèëèñü ëèøü â îäíîì (33,33%). Íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ ãíåçäîâà-íèå íà ñëåäóþùèé ãîä â ïðåæíåì ãíåçäå íàáëþäàëîñü ëèøü íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ èç 16 (18,75%) (ðèñ. 10). Ìîæíî ñäåëàòü âûâîä, ÷òî íà ìåëîâûõ îáðûâàõ êðóïíûå íèøè íà îòâåñíûõ ñòåíàõ çàíèìàþòñÿ ôèëèíàìè èç ãîäà â ãîä. Íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ, ïðè ãíåç-äîâàíèè â ïîäíîæèè îáðûâîâ, êàæäûé ãîä ïòèöû âûáèðàþò íîâîå ìåñòî äëÿ óñòðîé-ñòâà ãíåçäà. Ïîñëåäíåå ñâÿçàíî, âèäèìî, ñ ïîñòîÿííûì ïîñåùåíèåì ïîäíîæèé îáðû-âîâ ÷åòâåðîíîãèìè õèùíèêàìè â ïîèñêàõ îñòàòêîâ äîáû÷è ôèëèíîâ. Ýòè ïîñåùåíèÿ, åñòåñòâåííî, áåñïîêîÿò âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, òåì ñàìûì âûíóæäàÿ èõ ìåíÿòü ãí¸çäà.

Íà÷àëî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíîâ â ðå-

Ãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï (ââåðõó), ãíåçäî (â öåí-òðå) è ïòåíöû ôèëèíà (âíèçó) íà Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî. 10 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Nesting site (upper), nest (center) and nestlings of the Eagle Owl (bottom) in the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau. 10 April 2004. Photos by I. Karyakin.


ãèîíå ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ÿíâàðü–ôåâðàëü è õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ àêòèâèçàöèåé áðà÷íîé âîêàëèçàöèè. Ñðîêè âîêàëèçàöèè ñèëüíî ðàñòÿíóòû, âïëîòü äî ìàÿ, çà ñ÷¸ò àêòèâíî-ãî áðà÷íîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ îäèíî÷íûõ ñàìöîâ íà ñâîèõ ó÷àñòêàõ ëèáî ïàð, ïîòåðÿâøèõ ïåðâûå êëàäêè, èëè ïîçäíî ñôîðìèðîâàâ-øèõñÿ. Â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ àêòèâèçàöèÿ òîêîâî-ãî ïîâåäåíèÿ è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ñïàðèâàíèÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ ó ïàð, èìåþùèõ êëàäêè ëèáî óæå ïòåíöîâ, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ ðåçêèì óâåëè-÷åíèåì êîðìîâîé áàçû (íàïðèìåð, ñ âûõî-äîì èç íîð æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëèêà Spermophilus fulvus íà ôîíå íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëü-øîé è ïîëóäåííîé ïåñ÷àíîê Rhombomys

opimus, Meriones meridianus). Â öåëîì æå äëÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ôèëèíà õàðàêòåðíî áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ñèíõðîííîå íà÷àëî ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ïðè÷¸ì íà þãå Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà îíî, êàê ïðàâèëî, íà ìåñÿö ðàíüøå, ÷åì íà ñåâåðå. Õîòÿ â îòäåëüíûå ãîäû íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñìå-ùåíèå ñðîêîâ â òó èëè äðóãóþ ñòîðîíó, è èíîãäà íà Þæíîì è Ñåâåðíîì Óñòþðòå ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíà ñòàíîâÿòñÿ îäèíàêîâûìè. Ïîäîáíîå íàáëþäàëîñü â 2004 ã.

Âñå êëàäêè â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðå-ãèîíå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû â ïåðèîä äî 30 àïðåëÿ è, íàäî ñêàçàòü, îòíîñèëèñü ê ïîçäíèì. Íà Ñåâåðíîì Óñòþðòå (÷èíê Äîíûç-Òàó) äîñòàòî÷íî ñâåæàÿ êëàäêà (äî 7 äíåé íàñèæèâàíèÿ) áûëà îáíàðóæåíà 30 àïðåëÿ 2003 ã. – ýòî íàèáîëåå ïîçä-íèå ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíà â ðåãèî-íå. Ñåìü êëàäîê, îáíàðóæåííûõ 15–19 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. â Ïðèàðàëüå, áûëè íà÷à-òû â ïåðèîä ñ 1 ïî 10 àïðåëÿ. Â òîò ãîä â Ïðèàðàëüå áûëà àíîìàëüíî õîëîäíàÿ è ìíîãîñíåæíàÿ çèìà è ñíåæíèêè â ëîãàõ íà Àðàëüñêîì ÷èíêå äåðæàëèñü äî 20-õ ÷èñåë àïðåëÿ, ÷òî è âûçâàëî ñìåùåíèå ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíîâ, êàê ìèíèìóì, íà íåäåëþ. Â òîò æå ãîä íà Þæíîì Óñòþðòå â 10-õ ÷èñëàõ àïðåëÿ áûëè ïòåíöû â âîçðàñ-òå îò 10 äî 20 äíåé, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò ðàçíè-öó â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñ Ïðèàðàëüåì â 40–50 äíåé. Íàèáîëåå ðàííèå ñë¸òêè, äî-ñòàòî÷íî ïëîõî, íî âñ¸ æå ëåòàþùèå (â âîç-ðàñòå îêîëî 60 äíåé), âñòðå÷åíû 13, 16 è 18 ìàÿ 2004 ã. íà 5 ó÷àñòêàõ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áåéíåó (ñàìûé ñåâåðíûé ó÷àñòîê Çàïàäíî-ãî ÷èíêà Óñòþðòà è þãî-çàïàä Ñåâåðíîãî Óñòþðòà). Ó÷èòûâàÿ ñðîêè âûëåòà ìîëî-äûõ è íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàäêè (îêîëî 35–40 äíåé) ôèëèíû íà ýòèõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïðèñòó-ïèëè ê êëàäêå â ïåðèîä ñ 5 ïî 10 ôåâðà-ëÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ðåãèîíå ó ôèëèíîâ ïåðèîä êëàäêè ÿèö ðàñòÿíóò ñ 5 ôåâðàëÿ ïî 20 àïðåëÿ, ïðè÷¸ì, ìàññîâàÿ îòêëàäêà íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà þãå Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà â ïåðèîä ñ 15 ïî 25 ôåâðàëÿ, íà ñåâåðå – ñ 15 ìàðòà ïî 1 àïðåëÿ. Íà Ìàíãûøëàêå è Çàïàäíîì Óñòþðòå îñíîâ-íàÿ ìàññà ôèëèíîâ îòêëàäûâàåò ÿéöà â ïåðèîä ñ 20 ôåâðàëÿ ïî 15 ìàðòà. Àíà-ëîãè÷íûå ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ äëÿ ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ïðèâîäÿò è äðóãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè: Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëü-ñêèé è Ý.Ð. Ôîòòåëåð (1985) óêàçûâàþò, ÷òî âðåìÿ íà÷àëà ìàññîâîé îòêëàäêè ÿèö íà Ìàíãûøëàêå è Óñòþðòå ïðèóðî÷åíî ê êîíöó ôåâðàëÿ – íà÷àëó ìàðòà, õîòÿ íå-êîòîðûå ïàðû ìîãóò ïðèñòóïàòü ê ðàçìíî-

Ôèëèíû ñ ïòåíöàìè â ãí¸çäàõ. Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 9, 11 ìàÿ 2006 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Eagle Owls with nestlings in nests. Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 9, 11 May 2006. Photos by I. Karyakin.


æåíèþ â íà÷àëå ôåâðàëÿ, Â.Ï. Øóáåíêèí (1984) äëÿ Êàïëàíêûðà è Þæíîãî Óñòþðòà óêàçûâàåò ïåðâóþ ïîëîâèíó ìàðòà, à Â.Ô. Ãàâðèí (1962) è À.Ï. Êóçÿêèí (2005) äëÿ Ïðèàðàëüÿ – êîíåö ìàðòà – íà÷àëî àïðåëÿ. Â Ïðèàðàëüå ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíà ïðèáëèæàþòñÿ ê ñðîêàì åãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íà Þæíîì Óðàëå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998) è Ñðåä-íåé Âîëãå (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2007) è, âèäèìî, õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ âñåé öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà âèäà, îò ñåâåðíûõ ïîëóïó-ñòûíü äî þæíîé òàéãè.

Ïòåíöû ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà â ãí¸çäàõ ôè-ëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ìîãóò ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ íà÷èíàÿ ñ 15 ìàðòà è âïëîòü äî 25–30 èþëÿ (èç ïîçäíèõ àïðåëü-ñêèõ êëàäîê). Ñë¸òêè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ, êàê ýòî óæå îòìå÷åíî âûøå, ñ 13–18 ìàÿ, â ìàñ-ñå íà þãå ðåãèîíà – ñ 25 ìàÿ ïî 3 èþíÿ, íà ñåâåðå – ñ 22 èþíÿ ïî 8 èþëÿ. Îáû÷-

íûå ñðîêè ïîÿâëåíèÿ ñë¸òêîâ ôèëèíîâ íà Ìàíãûøëàêå ëåæàò ãäå-òî ìåæäó 25 ìàÿ è 25 èþíÿ. Íåñêîëüêî ïîçäíèå ñðîêè ïîäú-¸ìà ôèëèíîâ íà êðûëî íà ïðèìîðñêèõ ÷èíêàõ Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàñïèÿ ïðèâîäèò Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâ (1962): 29 èþíÿ 1955 ã. íà ìûñå Ñêàëèñòîì áûë ïîéìàí äîâîëüíî êðóïíûé ïòåíåö â ìåçîïòèëå, êîòîðûé òîëüêî íà-÷àë ïåðåïàðõèâàòü, 30 èþíÿ 1955 ã. íà ìûñå Ìåëîâîì áûë âñòðå÷åí âûâîäîê èç 4-õ ôèëèíÿò, êîòîðûå óæå õîðîøî ëåòà-ëè, õîòÿ èõ ìàõè îòðîñëè íå ïîëíîñòüþ. Ñîâåðøåííî íåðåàëüíûå ñðîêè ðàçìíî-æåíèÿ äëÿ êàçàõñêîãî ôèëèíà ïðèâî-äèò Â.Í. Áîñòàíæîãëî (1911), à ñëåäîì, öèòèðóÿ åãî, è Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951) – â ñåðåäèíå èþëÿ ìîëîäûå óõîäÿò èç ãíåçäà, à â êîíöå èþëÿ óæå ñìåíÿþò ìå-çîïòèëü. Ëèáî çà 100 ëåò äåéñòâèòåëüíî ïðîèçîøëî ñìåùåíèå ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæå-íèÿ ôèëèíà íà áîëåå ðàííèå, ëèáî ðå÷ü èäåò îá àíîìàëüíî ïîçäíèõ ñðîêàõ ðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ, íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ â ãîä èññëå-äîâàíèé àâòîðà.

Èç 122 àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä (áåç ó÷¸òà ñòà-ðûõ, äàâíî íå çàíèìàâøèõñÿ ôèëèíàìè) â 85 (69,67%) áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî ðàç-ìíîæåíèå â ãîä íàáëþäåíèÿ: 14 ãí¸çä ñî-äåðæàëè êëàäêè, â òîì ÷èñëå 4 – ïîãèáøèå, 55 ãí¸çä ñîäåðæàëè âûâîäêè, â òîì ÷èñëå 1 – ïîãèáøèé, è 16 æèëûõ ãí¸çä îñìîòðå-íî íå áûëî – â íèõ ôèëèíû, ñóäÿ ïî ñðî-êàì, íàñèæèâàëè êëàäêè (10 ãí¸çä) ëèáî ãðåëè ïóõîâèêîâ â âîçðàñòå äî 1 íåäåëè (6 ãí¸çä).

Â 14 îñìîòðåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ ñ êëàäêàìè îá-íàðóæåíî 2–5, â ñðåäíåì 3,0±0,96 ÿéöà: ïî 35,71% êëàäîê ñîäåðæàëè 2 è 3 ÿéöà, 21,43% êëàäîê – 4 ÿéöà è â îäíîé êëàä-êå (7,14%) îáíàðóæåíî 5 ÿèö. Äëÿ îáùåãî ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î ðàçìåðàõ êëàäêè ôèëèíà â ðåãèîíå ýòè äàííûå, êîíå÷íî æå, íåëüçÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü, òàê êàê áîëüøèíñòâî êëàäîê – ýòî ïîçäíèå ñëó÷àè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëè-íîâ â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå ïî êîðìîâûì è/èëè êëèìàòè÷åñêèì óñëîâèÿì ãîäû. Äàæå ïðè ñðàâíåíèè ðàçìåðîâ êëàäêè âíóòðè ýòîé ãðóïïû ðàçíèöà áóäåò çàìåòíà: êëàäêè, îá-íàðóæåííûå â Ïðèàðàëüå â 2005 ã. (n=7), ñîäåðæàëè 2–3, â ñðåäíåì 2,43±0,53 ÿéöà, êëàäêè, îáíàðóæåííûå íà ïëàòî Óñòþðò â 2003–2004 ãã. (n=7), ñîäåðæàëè 2–5, â ñðåäíåì 3,57±0,98 ÿéöà. Äëÿ îáú-åêòèâíîé îöåíêè ðàçìåðà êëàäêè èìååò ñìûñë èñïîëüçîâàòü è ðàçìåð âûâîäêîâ â âîçðàñòå äî 7 äíåé, êîãäà çàòàïòûâàíèå èëè âûêàòûâàíèå ÿèö èç ãíåçäà äîñòîâåð-íî íå ïðîèñõîäèò. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ðàçìåð êëàäêè âàðüèðóåò îò 2 äî 5 ÿèö, ñîñòàâ-

Ðèñ. 11. Ðàçìåð êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ ôèëèíà.

Fig. 11. Clutch and brood sizes of the Eagle Owl.


ëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=33) 3,36±0,86 ÿéöà (ðèñ. 11). Êëàäîê èç 6 ÿèö, èçâåñòíûõ èç äðóãèõ ðàéîíîâ Ñðåäíåé Àçèè (Ìèòðî-ïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007), ìû â ðåãèîíå íå íàõîäèëè.

Â ðåçóëüòàòå ðåçêîãî óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè è/èëè äîñòóïíîñòè ïèùè âî âðå-ìÿ íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàäêè ôèëèíû ñïîñîáíû îòêëàäûâàòü äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ÿéöà â ñèëüíî íàñèæåííûå êëàäêè ëèáî óæå ïðè ìåëêèõ

ïóõîâèêàõ (Êàðÿêèí, 2009). Â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå èçâåñòíî 3 òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿ (5,45% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà âû-âîäêîâ): â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïî 1 ÿéöó áûëî äîëîæåíî â êëàäêè èç 2 ÿèö íà ïîñëåäíåé ñòàäèè íàñèæèâàíèÿ è â îäíîì ñëó÷àå 1 ÿéöî áûëî äîëîæåíî óæå ïðè ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöàõ, ÷òî âûÿñíåíî ïðè ïîâòîðíîì ïîñåùåíèè ãíåçäà. Ïðè ðåçêîì óìåíü-øåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè è/èëè äîñòóïíîñòè

Êëàäêè ôèëèíà (ñâåðõó âíèç): ÷èíê Äîíûç-Òàó, 30 àïðåëÿ 2003 ã., Çà-ïàäíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 3 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., Ïðèàðàëüå, 16 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã., Ïðèàðàëüå, 19 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Clutches of the Eagle Owl (from up to bottom): cliff-faces Donyz-Tau, 30 April 2003, cliff-faces of the Western Usturt, 3 April 2004, Aral Sea region, 16 April 2005, Aral Sea region, 19 April 2005. Photos by I. Karyakin.


Âûâîäêè ôèëèíà: (ñâåðõó âíèç ïî ëåâîé ñòîðîíå) ÷èíê Äîíûç-Òàó, 9 ìàÿ 2006 ã., óñòó-ïû Êóëàíäû, 19 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., ÷èíê íàä ïåñêàìè Áîñòàíêóì, 14 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., îáðû-âû Êàðàêûç-Êîãàíûç, Ìàíãûøëàê, 24 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã, (ñâåðõó âíèç ïî ïðàâîé ñòîðîíå) âïàäèíà Áàñãóðëû, 21 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî, 16 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., Êàñïèéñêèé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî, 10 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã.,âïàäèíà Áàñãóðëû, 21 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Broods of the Eagle Owl (from top to bottom): Donyz-Tau cliff-faces, 9 May 2006, Kulandy cliffs, 19 April 2004, cliff-faces above the Bostankum sands, 14 April 2004, Karakyz-Koganyz cliff-faces of the Mangyshlak Peninsula, 24 April 2004, Basgurly Depression, 21 April 2004, Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau, 16 April 2004, Caspian cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau, 10 April 2004, Basgurly Depression, 21 April 2004. Photos by I. Karyakin.

ïèùè âî âðåìÿ ÿéöåêëàäêè ïîëíîöåííûå êîïóëÿöèè ïðåêðàùàþòñÿ, è â èòîãå âî ìíîãèõ êëàäêàõ ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íåîïëîäîò-âîð¸ííûå ÿéöà. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãí¸çäà ôèëèíîâ ñ íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûìè ÿéöàìè (9 èç 10) îáíàðóæåíû â 2004 ã. (îäíî ãíåçäî ñ íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûì ÿéöîì îá-íàðóæåíî â 2006 ã.). Èíòåðåñíî òî, ÷òî çà îãðîìíûé ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ôè-ëèíà â Ñðåäíåé Àçèè, ëèøü â 3 ãí¸çäàõ

èç 22 áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íåîïëîäîòâî-ð¸ííûå ÿéöà (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007), ÷òî ãîâîðèò î ðåäêîñòè ýòîãî ÿâ-ëåíèÿ. Ðàçìåð êëàäîê, â êîòîðûõ íàìè áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûå ÿéöà (n=10), âàðüèðîâàë îò 2 äî 4 ÿèö, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 3,6±0,7 ÿèö. Íà êëàäêó ïðèõîäèëîñü îò 1 äî 2, â ñðåäíåì 1,1±0,32 íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûõ ÿèö è îò 1 äî 3, â ñðåäíåì 2,5±0,71 îïëîäîòâîð¸í-


Âûâîäêè ôèëè-íà (ñâåðõó âíèç): Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî, 22 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., óñòóïû Êóëàíäû, 19 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., âïàäè-íà Æàçãóðëû, 23 àïðå-ëÿ 2004 ã., Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 2 ìàÿ 2006 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Broods of the Eagle Owl (from up to bottom): Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau, 22 April 2004, Kulandy cliffs, 19 April 2004, Zhazgurly Depression, 23 April 2004, Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 2 May 2006. Photos by I. Karyakin.

íûõ. Ïî îäíîìó íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííîìó ÿéöó ñîäåðæàëè 1 êëàäêà èç 2-õ ÿèö, 2 êëàäêè èç 3-õ ÿèö è 6 êëàäîê èç 4-õ ÿèö. Â îäíîé êëàäêå èç 4-õ ÿèö áûëî 2 íåî-ïëîäîòâîð¸ííûõ ÿéöà.

Ðàçìåð ÿèö ôèëèíà (n=16) ñîñòàâëÿ-åò 54,8–62,2õ46,7–51,2 ìì, â ñðåäíåì 58,67±1,83õ48,44±1,27 ìì. Âñå èçìå-ðåííûå íàìè êëàäêè îáíàðóæåíû íà ÷èí-êàõ Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî è ïëàòî

Óñòþðò (â Ïðèàðàëüå ÿéöà íå èçìåðÿëè). Â Êûçûëêóìàõ ðàçìåð ÿèö ôèëèíà âàðüèðó-åò â ãîðàçäî áîëåå øèðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ, ñî-ñòàâëÿÿ (n=17) 52,0–61,5õ46,1–50,6 ìì, â ñðåäíåì 57,03õ48,16 ìì (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007), ïðè ýòîì ðàçìåðû ÿèö ôèëèíà ñ äðóãèõ òåððèòîðèé Êàçàõñòàíà (Ïðèàðàëüå, Êàðàòàó, Êàçàõñêèé ìåëêîñî-ïî÷íèê è Òÿíü-Øàíü) óêëàäûâàþòñÿ â ïðå-äåëû êûçûëêóìñêîé ñåðèè (Ñïàíãåíáåðã,


Âûâîäêè ôèëèíà (ñâåðõó âíèç): ÷èíê Äîíûç-Òàó, 9 ìàÿ 2006 ã., Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê Óñòþð-òà, 4 ìàÿ 2006 ã., ÷èíê Äîíûç-Òàó, 12 ìàÿ 2006 ã., Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 7 ìàÿ 2006 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Broods of the Eagle Owl (from top to bottom): cliff-faces Donyz-Tau, 9 May 2006, Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 4 May 2006, cliff-faces Donyz-Tau, 12 May 2006, Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 7 May 2006. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Ôåéãèí, 1936; Òþðèí, 1961; Ãàâðèí, 1962; Êîâøàðü, Ëåâèí, 1982). Ïðè îäèíàêîâîì ðàçìåðå âûáîðîê îáðàùàþò íà ñåáÿ âíè-ìàíèå íåñêîëüêî áîëüøèå ðàçìåðû ÿèö ôèëèíà ñ Óñòþðòà.

Â 55 îñìîòðåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ ñ âûâîä-êàìè îáíàðóæåíî îò 1 äî 5, â ñðåäíåì 3,13±0,79 ïòåíöîâ. Â ïîäàâëÿþùåì áîëü-øèíñòâå âûâîäêîâ (47,27%) íàáëþäàëîñü 3 ïòåíöà, 30,91% âûâîäêîâ ñîñòîÿëè èç 4-õ

ïòåíöîâ, 18,18% – èç 2-õ. Îäèí âûâîäîê (1,82%) ñîñòîÿë èç 1 ïòåíöà è åù¸ îäèí – èç 5 ïòåíöîâ. Ïðè ñðàâíåíèè ðàçìåðîâ âûâîäêîâ ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåíöàìè è îïåðåí-íûìè ïòåíöàìè è ñë¸òêàìè ðàçíèöà õîòü è íå çíà÷èòåëüíà, íî âñ¸ æå çàìåòíà. Â âû-âîäêàõ ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåíöàìè (n=22) 2–5, â ñðåäíåì 3,23±0,87 ïòåíöà, â âûâîäêàõ ñ îïåðåííûìè ïòåíöàìè è ñë¸òêàìè (n=33) 1–4, â ñðåäíåì 3,06±0,75 ïòåíöà. Â ïî-


ñëåäíåé ãðóïïå îïðåäåë¸ííî äîìèíèðóþò âûâîäêè èç 3-õ ïòåíöîâ (ðèñ. 12).

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðè ñðåäíåé êëàäêå (n=33) 3,36±0,86 ÿèö, âûâîäêè ñ ïóõîâû-ìè ïòåíöàìè ñîäåðæàò (n=22) â ñðåäíåì 3,23±0,87 ïòåíöà, à âûâîäêè ñ îïåðåííû-ìè ïòåíöàìè è ñë¸òêàìè – (n=33) â ñðåä-íåì 3,06±0,75 ïòåíöà. Ñîîòíîøåíèå êëà-äîê è âûâîäêîâ èç 3-õ è 4-õ ïòåíöîâ (ðèñ. 11) ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî âîçìîæíî êîëè÷åñòâî

êëàäîê èç 4-õ ÿèö áîëüøå, ÷åì ìû íàáëþäà-ëè â õîäå ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ñðåäíèé ðàçìåð êëàäêè â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ê 4 ÿéöàì. Ïî äàí-íûì, îáîáù¸ííûì Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèì, íà Ìàíãûøëàêå, Óñòþðòå è â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèàðàëüå êëàäêà ôèëèíà ñîñòîèò (n=7) â ñðåäíåì èç 4,14 ÿèö, âûâîäîê ñ ïòåí-öàìè äî íà÷àëà îïåðåíèÿ (n=9) – èç 3,78 ïòåíöîâ, âûâîäîê ñ îïåð¸ííûìè ïòåíöà-

Âûâîäêè ôèëèíà (ñâåðõó âíèç ïî ëåâîé ñòîðîíå): ÷èíê Äîíûç-Òàó, 10 ìàÿ 2006 ã., Çà-ïàäíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 10 ìàÿ 2004 ã., Çàïàä-íûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 12 ìàÿ 2004 ã., Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 13 ìàÿ 2004 ã., (ñâåðõó âíèç ïî ïðàâîé ñòîðîíå) Þæíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 9 ìàÿ 2004 ã., Þæíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 10 ìàÿ 2004 ã., Þæíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 11 ìàÿ 2004 ã., Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê Óñòþð-òà, 13 ìàÿ 2004 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Broods of the Eagle Owl (from top to bottom): cliff-faces Donyz-Tau, 10 May 2006, Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 10 May 2004, Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 12 May 2004, Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 13 May 2004, Southern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 9 May 2004, Southern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 10 May 2004, Southern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 11 May 2004, Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 13 May 2004. Photos by I. Karyakin.


ìè (n=10) – èç 2,7 ïòåíöîâ (Áîñòàíæîãëî, 1911; Ãàâðèí, 1962; Çàëåòàåâ, 1962; Øó-áåíêèí, 1984; Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå âûáîðêà ïðåä-ñòàâëåíà, â îñíîâíîì, ñëó÷àéíûìè íàáëþ-äåíèÿìè çà 100-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä, ïîýòîìó å¸ òðóäíî ñðàâíèâàòü ñ íàøèìè äàííûìè, òåì íå ìåíåå, ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ âïå÷àòëåíèå, ÷òî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ðåïðîäóêòèâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè àðàëî-êàñïèéñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè

ôèëèíîâ äîñòàòî÷íî ðîâíûå è îòõîä ÿèö è ïòåíöîâ ó óñïåøíî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ìè-íèìàëüíûé.

Âûñîêèå ðåïðîäóêòèâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ôèëèíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â ïóñòûíÿõ Ñðåä-íåé Àçèè, ìíîãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè ñâÿçûâà-þò ñ ïîïóëÿöèîííûì ìåõàíèçìîì, êîì-ïåíñèðóþùèì îòñóòñòâèå ðåãóëÿðíîãî åæåãîäíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ó 30–70% ïàð â ïîïóëÿöèè ïî ïðè÷èíå íåäîñòàòêà êîðìà è/èëè ïëîõèõ ïîãîäíûõ óñëîâèé (Ìèòðî-ïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, êîëè÷åñòâî ñë¸òêîâ â âûâîäêàõ ôèëèíîâ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå âûøå, ÷åì â äðóãèõ ðåãèîíàõ (òàáë. 4), íî ñâÿçàíî ýòî îáúåêòèâíî ñ âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ îáú-åêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ. Ïðè ñîêðàùåíèè ÷èñëåí-íîñòè ìàññîâûõ ãðûçóíîâ â êîëîíèÿõ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ôèëèíîâ â ïóñòûííîé çîíå èõ ðåïðîäóêòèâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïðè-áëèæàþòñÿ ê ñðåäíèì ïî àðåàëó âèäà. Ó÷èòûâàÿ íåðàçìíîæåíèå ìíîãèõ ïàð â «äåïðåññèâíûå» ãîäû, ñóììàðíàÿ ïðîäóê-òèâíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíîâ çà îïðå-äåë¸ííûé ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè áóäåò ïðèáëèæàòüñÿ ê ñðåäíåé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ïî àðåàëó âèäà.

Ðèñ. 12. Ðàçìåð âûâîä-êîâ ôèëèíà c ðàçíûìè âîçðàñòíûìè ãðóïïàìè ïòåíöîâ.

Fig. 12. Brood sizes of the Eagle Owl with nestlings of different age.

Òàáë. 4. Ðåïðîäóêòèâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå è íà ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ.

Table 4. Breeding rates of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region and adjacent territories.

ÐåãèîíRegion

Ñòðàíà Country

Ãîä Year n

Ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî

ÿèö â êëàäêå

Average clutch size n


ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå Average

brood size n


ïòåíöîâ â ëåòíîì âûâîäêå Average number

of young per pair Àâòîðû / Authors

Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí Aral-Caspian region

Êàçàõñòàí Kazakhstan

2003–2006 33 3.36 22 3.23 33 3.06

Àâòîðû ñòàòüè Authors of the paper

Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí Aral-Caspian region


1911–1984 7 4.14 9 3.78 10 2.70

Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007

Öåíòðàëüíûå Êûçûëêóìû Central Kyzylkum sands


1986–1990 13 3.0 8 3.0 8 2.62


Áàññåéí Ñàðûñó Sarysu river basin

Êàçàõñòàí Kazakhstan 9 3.0 3 2.67 Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008

Ñàìàðñêàÿ îáëàñòü Samara district

Ðîññèÿ Russia

1995–2007 19 2.47

Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2007

Ëåñîñòåïü Ïðåäóðàëüÿ è Çàóðàëüÿ Forest-steppe of the Pre-Ural Mountains and Trans-Ural Mountains

Ðîññèÿ Russia

1994–1998 5 2.6 19 2.2 47 1.8 Êàðÿêèí, 1998

Òÿíü-Øàíü Tien-Shan Mountains


1906–1986 8 2.5 8 1.67


Çàïàäíûé Óðàë è áàññåéí Êàìû Western Ural Mountains and Kama river basin

Ðîññèÿ Russia

1977–1988 2.3 1.5 1.3 Øåïåëü, 1992

Ãîðû Óðàëà è áàññåéí Êàìû Ural Mountains and Kama river basin

Ðîññèÿ Russia 1989–

1996 72 2.3 72 1.7 72 1.4 Êàðÿêèí, 1998

Óôèìñêîå ïëàòî Ufimskoe Plateau

Ðîññèÿ Russia 1995 11 1.7 23 1.5 Êàðÿêèí, 1998


Èç 122 àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä 80 îêàçàëèñü óñïåøíûìè (65,57%), à 37 (30,33%) – áåçóñïåøíûìè, ïðè÷¸ì ëèøü äëÿ 4,1% ãí¸çä óñòàíîâëåíà ãèáåëü êëàäêè (4 ãíåç-äà) èëè âûâîäêà (1 ãíåçäî), à â 26,23% ñëó÷àåâ ãí¸çäà ïóñòîâàëè ïî ïðè÷èíå íå-ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïòèö ëèáî ðàííåé ãèáåëè êëàäêè, ñëåäû êîòîðîé â ãíåçäå îáíàðó-æèòü íå óäàëîñü. Äëÿ 106 àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä, â òîì ÷èñëå 64 óñïåøíûõ, áûëî óñòàíîâ-ëåíî èõ ñîäåðæèìîå, ÷òî äà¸ò âîçìîæ-íîñòü ïðèêèíóòü ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòü ðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. Çà 4 ãîäà (ñ 2003 ïî 2006 ãã.), ñ ó÷¸òîì ïåðåðûâîâ â ðàçìíîæåíèè îò-äåëüíûõ ïàð è ãèáåëè ïîòîìñòâà, ôèëè-íû ïðîèçâîäèëè íà ñâåò â ñðåäíåì 1,87 ïòåíöîâ íà àêòèâíîå ãíåçäî. Èìåííî ýòà îöåíêà ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïîëîæåíà â îñíîâó ðàñ÷¸òà ñðåäíåé ïî-ñëåãíåçäîâîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ôèëèíà â ðå-ãèîíå (ñì. ñòð. 70).

Â îñíîâå ãèáåëè êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ ëå-æèò õèùíè÷åñòâî ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, ïðå-èìóùåñòâåííî øàêàëîâ (Canis aureus) è ëèñèö (Vulpes vulpes), ðåæå âîëêîâ (Canis lupus). Íà äâóõ ãí¸çäàõ êëàäêà è âûâîäîê áûëè äîñòîâåðíî óíè÷òîæåíû øàêàëàìè, òàê êàê èõ ñëåäû íàáëþäàëèñü â íèøàõ. Â îñíîâíîì ñòðàäàþò íàèáîëåå äîñòóïíûå ãí¸çäà, ðàñïîëîæåííûå â íèæíèõ ÿðóñàõ ÷èíêîâ, îäíàêî, â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó, óíè-÷òîæåíèå êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ ôèëèíîâ ÷åò-âåðîíîãèìè õèùíèêàìè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåäêèì ÿâëåíèåì.

ÏèòàíèåÂ.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâ (1962) îòìå÷àë, ÷òî ïè-

òàíèå ôèëèíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ìîðñêèõ ïîáåðåæüÿõ Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàñïèÿ, ñîñòîèò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî èç ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå âî-äîïëàâàþùèõ. Â æåëóäêàõ 10 äîáûòûõ èì ôèëèíîâ áûëè îñòàòêè ïòèö (â òîì ÷èñëå ÷åðíåòè Aythya fuligula, ïóñòåëüãè Falco

Ìíîãîëåòíèå ãí¸çäà ôèëèíîâ, ïóñòóþùèå ïî ïðè÷èíå íåðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ ïòèö (ñëåâà) è âûâîäîê ôèëèíà íà þãî-âîñòîêå Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî, óíè÷òîæåííûé øà-êàëîì (Canis aureus) (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Perennial nests of the Eagle Owl were empty because birds not bred (left) and brood of the Eagle Owl killed by a Jackal (Canis aureus) in southeast of the Kinderly-Kayasanskoe Plateau (right). Photos by I. Karyakin.


tinnunculus, õîõëàòîãî Galerida cristata è ñåðîãî æàâîðîíêîâ Calandrella rufescens), ó 6 ôèëèíîâ òàêæå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàòêè óøàñòûõ åæåé (Hemiechinus au-ritus), ó 2-õ – âîäÿíûå óæè (Natrix tesse-latta) è îñòàòêè áîëüøèõ ïåñ-÷àíîê (Rhombomys opimus). Íà ïðèñàäàõ ôèëèíîâ âñòðå-÷àëèñü îñòàòêè õîõëàòûõ ÷åð-íåòåé, ÷èðêîâ-ñâèñòóíêîâ (Anas crecca), ãîãîëåé (Bu-cephala clangula), êðÿêâ (Anas platyrhynchos) è êàìûøíèö (Gallinula chloropus). Ïîãàäêè ôèëèíîâ ñîäåðæàëè ïðåèìó-ùåñòâåííî êîñòè ïòèö è èãëû åæåé.

Õàðàêòåðèçóÿ ïèòàíèå ôè-ëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðå-ãèîíå â öåëîì, ïðåæäå âñåãî ñëåäóåò àêöåíòèðîâàòü âíè-ìàíèå íà åãî òðîôè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçÿõ ñ ìàññîâûìè ìëåêîïè-òàþùèìè ìåëêîãî è ñðåäíåãî ðàçìåðà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî êîëîíèàëüíûìè. Íåñìîòðÿ íà îãðîìíûé ðàçáðîñ ñïåê-òðà äîáûâàåìûõ âèäîâ, îò áåëîçóáîê (Crocidura sp.) äî êîðñàêîâ (Vulpes corsac), îñíîâó ïèòàíèÿ ôèëèíà ñî-ñòàâëÿþò íåñêîëüêî ôîíîâûõ âèäîâ – ïîëóäåííàÿ (Meriones meridianus) è òàìàðèñêîâàÿ (M. tamariscinus) ïåñ÷àíêè, óøàñòûé ¸æ è æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê (Spermophilus fulvus). Íåñìî-òðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ìëåêîïèòàþùèå ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò ïî êîëè÷å-

ñòâó îáúåêòîâ (n=242, 73,14%), ìàññà äî-áûòûõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è ïòèö ôàêòè÷åñêè îäèíàêîâàÿ – ïòèöû äàæå èìåþò áîëüøóþ áèîìàññó â ðàöèîíå ôèëèíà (52,42% ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 47,58%) (ðèñ. 13). Ïðè÷¸ì, ñðåäè ïòèö íåâîçìîæíî âûäåëèòü ÷¸òêèõ äîìèíàíòîâ, êàê ñðåäè ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ. Èç ïòèö îáû÷íî ôèëèíû äîáûâàþò ìàñ-ñîâûå âèäû âîäîïëàâàþùèõ (óòêè, ëûñóõè Fulica atra è êàìûøíèöû), êóðèíûõ (êåêëèê Alectoris chukar) è âñåõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïî-áëèçîñòè õèùíèêîâ. Ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå ìíî-ãèå ó÷àñòêè áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) è êóð-ãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius), íàõîäÿùèåñÿ â òåõ æå óùåëüÿõ, ÷òî è ãí¸çäà ôèëèíà, ðàíî èëè ïîçäíî ïåðåõîäÿò â ðàçðÿä ïóñòóþùèõ ëèáî íà íèõ ïðîèñõîäèò ðåãóëÿðíîå èçú-ÿòèå ïòåíöîâ è ÷àñòàÿ ñìåíà ñàìîê (ñàì-öû ìåíåå óÿçâèìû, òàê êàê ôèëèíû ëîâÿò õèùíûõ ïòèö ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ãí¸ç-äàõ). Èçâåñòíû äâà ñëó÷àÿ äîáû÷è ïòåíöîâ ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) èç ãí¸çä, óñòðî-åííûõ ïîä ÷èíêîì â 85 è 120 ì îò ãí¸çä ôèëèíà è ïî îäíîìó – çìååÿäà (Circaetus gallicus) è áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos), óäà-

Ðèñ. 13. Ïèòàíèå ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå.

Fig. 13. Diet of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region.

Çàëåæè äîáû÷è â ãí¸çäàõ ôèëèíà ñ ïòåíöàìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Stock of preys in the nests of Eagle Owls with nestlings. Photos by I. Karyakin.


ë¸ííûõ îò ãí¸çä ôèëèíà íà 60 è 170 ì, ñî-îòâåòñòâåííî.

Çàìå÷åíî, ÷òî ìëåêîïèòàþùèå ñîñòàâ-ëÿþò îñíîâó ïèòàíèÿ ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöîâ, ïðè÷¸ì, êàê ïî êîëè÷åñòâó, òàê è ïî ìàñ-ñå. Äî 2-íåäåëüíîãî âîçðàñòà ïèùà ïòåí-öîâ ñîñòîèò â îñíîâíîì èç ìàññîâûõ âè-äîâ ãðûçóíîâ (òàáë. 5, ãí¸çäà 1, 2, 5, 8). Â ýòîò ïåðèîä â ãí¸çäàõ íàèáîëåå óñïåø-íûõ ïàð ìîãóò îáðàçîâûâàòüñÿ öåëûå çà-ëåæè – äî 20–30 òóøåê æåðòâ. Íà÷èíàÿ ñ 2-íåäåëüíîãî âîçðàñòà ðàöèîí ïòåíöîâ ðàçáàâëÿåòñÿ ïòèöàìè, ïðè÷¸ì ìåñÿ÷íûì ïòåíöàì âçðîñëûå ôèëèíû íà÷èíàþò ïðè-íîñèòü äîñòàòî÷íî êðóïíûõ ïòèö. Èç èí-òåðåñíûõ íàáëþäåíèé ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü ñëåäóþùåå: â 2006 ã. íàáëþäàëàñü ïàðà â ïåðèîä, ïðåäøåñòâóþùèé êëàäêå, â êî-òîðîé ñàìåö êîðìèë ñàìêó, ñèäÿùóþ íà ïóñòîé ëóíêå â íèøå – âîêðóã íå¸ â õîäå ðèòóàëà «ïðèêàðìëèâàíèÿ» ñêîïèëîñü 34 ÷àñòè÷íî ñúåäåííûõ òóøêè óøàñòûõ åæåé (òàáë. 5, ãíåçäî 11). ¨æ, âèäèìî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ñî-äîìèíàíòîâ ïèòàíèÿ âçðîñ-ëûõ ïòèö – äî 20–30% ðàöèîíà, îäíàêî â ïèòàíèè ïòåíöîâ â âîçðàñòå äî ìåñÿöà

äîëÿ åæåé ñîñòàâëÿåò 6,4%, íî óæå â ìå-ñÿ÷íîì âîçðàñòå îíà âîçðàñòàåò è ê ìî-ìåíòó âûëåòà ôèëèíÿòà ïîòðåáëÿþò åæåé ñòîëü æå ÷àñòî, êàê è âçðîñëûå ïòèöû. Âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ øêóðêè åæåé, âûâåðíó-òûå ìåçäðîé íàðóæó, ÿâëÿþòñÿ èíäèêàòî-ðîì ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå è ñëóæàò õîðîøèì îðèåíòèðîì äëÿ ïîèñêà ãí¸çä – íà ñêëîíàõ ìåëîâûõ ÷èíêîâ øêóðêè âûïîòðîøåííûõ åæåé, êàê ïðàâèëî, âèäíû â áèíîêëü ñ äî-âîëüíî áîëüøîãî ðàññòîÿíèÿ.

Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïèùè äîáûâàåòñÿ ôèëè-íàìè íî÷üþ, òåì íå ìåíåå, íàì íåîäíîêðàò-íî ïðèõîäèëîñü âñïóãèâàòü ôèëèíîâ ñðåäè ðîâíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ïëàòî â 200–500 ì îò ÷èíêîâ âî âðåìÿ èõ îõîòû íà êîëîíèÿõ áîëüøîé ïåñ÷àíêè èëè â ïîñåëåíèÿõ æ¸ë-òîãî ñóñëèêà. Âî âðåìÿ äíåâíûõ îõîò ôè-ëèíû ñêðàäûâàþò äîáû÷ó, ïðÿ÷àñü ïîä êó-ñòàìè òàìàðèñêà (Tamarix sp.) èëè ñàêñàóëà (Haloxylon sp.). Òðèæäû íàáëþäàëèñü äíåâ-íûå ïðèë¸òû ôèëèíîâ ñ äîáû÷åé ê ãíåç-äó, ïðè÷¸ì â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ îíè ïîñëóæèëè ñòèìóëîì ê ïîèñêó è íàõîæäåíèþ ãí¸çä. Ïî ìíåíèþ Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêîãî æ¸ëòûå

Òàáë. 5. Ïèòàíèå ðàç-íûõ ïàð ôèëèíîâ.

Table 5. Diet of different pairs of the Eagle Owl.

Ñîäåðæèìîå ãíåçäà Contents of the nest

Ãí¸çäà ôèëèíà / Nests of the Eagle Owl Âñåãî îáúåêòîâ Total ind.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Ðàçìåð âûâîäêà / Brood size 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 0* 2.45**

¨æ óøàñòûé (Hemiechinus auritus) 3 1 2 1 1 34 42

Çàÿö-òîëàé (Lepus tolai) 1 1 1 3

Òóøêàí÷èê (Alactaga jaculus) 6 1 7

Ñóñëèê æ¸ëòûé (Spermophilus fulvus) 5 1 2 3 1 1 13

Ïåñ÷àíêè ìàëûå (Meriones meridianus, M. tamariscinus)

4 5 5 23 4 41

Ïåñ÷àíêè áîëüøèå (Rhombomys opimus) 1 1

Øèðîêîíñêà (Anas clypeata) 1 1

Êåêëèê (Alectoris chukar) 1 1 1 3

Êàìûøíèöà (Gallinula chloropus) 1 1

Õîäóëî÷íèê (Himantopus himantopus) 1 1

Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus), ïòåíöû / nestlings

2 2

Ëóíü ïîëåâîé (Circus cyaneus), ñàìêà / female

1 1

Ïóñòåëüãà ñòåïíàÿ (Falco naumanni) 1 1

Ïóñòåëüãà îáûêíîâåííàÿ (Falco tinnunculus) 2 2

Ñîâà áîëîòíàÿ (Asio flammeus) 1 1

Ãîëóáü (Columba sp.) 3 3

Ñîðîêà (Pica pica) 2 2

Âñåãî îáúåêòîâ / Total ind. 16 2 15 14 25 7 3 2 3 4 34 125

* – ãíåçäî äî íà÷àëà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ñàìåö íîñèò äîáû÷ó ñàìêå / nest before the starting of breeding, a male brings preys to the female; ** – ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå / average brood size.


ñóñëèêè â îáû÷íûõ óñëîâèÿõ ñðåäè æåðòâ ôèëèíà âñòðå÷àþòñÿ êàê èñêëþ÷åíèå (Ìè-òðîïîëüñêèé, Ôîòòåëåð, 1985), íî ïðè äå-ïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïåñ÷àíîê ðîëü ýòîãî âèäà, êîòîðîãî ìîæíî äîáûòü òîëüêî äí¸ì, â ïèòàíèè âîçðàñòàåò äî 4,2–17,0% âñòðå÷, êàê ýòî îòìå÷åíî äëÿ ñåâåðíûõ ðàéîíîâ Òóðêìåíèè (Ùåðáèíà è äð., 1986). Íàøè äàííûå ïîçâîëÿþò ïåðåñìîòðåòü âçãëÿäû íà äîáû÷ó ôèëèíîì æ¸ëòûõ ñóñëèêîâ è áîëüøèõ ïåñ÷àíîê, âåäóùèõ äíåâíîé îá-ðàç æèçíè. Äîáû÷à èõ ôèëèíîì íèêàê íå ñâÿçàíà ñ äåïðåññèÿìè ìàëûõ ïåñ÷àíîê, è äàæå êîãäà ãí¸çäà ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåíöàìè çà-âàëåíû ìàëûìè ïåñ÷àíêàìè, ñðåäè òóøåê âñåãäà ïðèñóòñòâóþò òóøêè æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëè-êà. Åñëè àíàëèçèðîâàòü «çàïàñû» ôèëèíà â ãí¸çäàõ ñ ïòåíöàìè äî 4-íåäåëüíîãî âîç-ðàñòà (òàáë. 5), òî äîëÿ æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëèêà â íèõ ñîñòàâëÿåò (n=125) 10,4% – è ýòî â ãîäû âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ìàëûõ ïåñ÷àíîê. Áîëüøàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà äîáûâàåòñÿ ðåæå è ýòî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ñâÿçàíî ñ ïîñòîÿííîé îõîòîé íà å¸ êîëîíèÿõ îðëîâ, êîòîðûå ïðè âèäå ôèëèíà íà÷èíàþò àêòèâíî ïðåñëåäîâàòü åãî. Ðàçáîð ïîãàäîê ñë¸òêîâ òàêæå ïîêàçàë ïðèñóòñòâèå â íèõ êîñòåé æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëè-êà, ÷òî äà¸ò îñíîâàíèå ïîëàãàòü, ÷òî äí¸ì âçðîñëûå ôèëèíû îõîòÿòñÿ íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåãî ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà.

Ïðåñìûêàþùèåñÿ â ðàöèîíå ôèëèíà îñîáîé ðîëè íå èãðàþò. Íà ÷èíêàõ, óäà-ë¸ííûõ îò âîäî¸ìîâ, äàæå â ãîäû äåïðåñ-ñèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ êîðìîâ, êîãäà êóðãàííèêè è ìîãèëüíèêè ïåðåêëþ÷àþòñÿ íà ïèòàíèå ïîëîçàìè (Elaphe quatuorlinea-ta, E. dione) è àãàìàìè (Trapelus sanguino-lentus), íàìè íå âûÿâëåíî ñëó÷àåâ äîáû÷è ôèëèíîì ïðåñìûêàþùèõñÿ. Ëèøü íà ïðè-ìîðñêèõ ÷èíêàõ ôèëèíû ïåðèîäè÷åñêè äîáûâàþò âîäÿíûõ óæåé, íà ÷òî óêàçûâàë åù¸ Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâ (1962). Â ëèòåðàòóðå èìåþòñÿ òàêæå ñâåäåíèÿ î ðåäêîé äîáû÷å ôèëèíîì ìîëîäûõ ÷åðåïàõ (Agrionemys horsfieldii) (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007), íî íàìè ýòî ÿâëåíèå òàêæå íå íà-áëþäàëîñü. Â îäíîì ãíåçäå ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåíöàìè, íà îáðûâàõ íàïðîòèâ ïåñêîâ Áîñòàíêóì, â 2004 ã. áûëà íàéäåíà ìîëî-äàÿ ÷åðåïàøêà, îäíàêî îíà áûëà æèâàÿ è õîðîøî ïåðåìåùàëàñü ïî ãíåçäó. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî îíà áûëà íå ïðèíåñåíà òóäà âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè, à çàïîëçëà ñàìà.

ËèíüêàÈìååòñÿ óñòîÿâøååñÿ ìíåíèå î òîì, ÷òî

ëèíüêà ñðåäíåàçèàòñêèõ ôèëèíîâ ïðî-èñõîäèò ñ èþíÿ ïî äåêàáðü (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951). Â Òóðêìåíèè èíòåíñèâíî ëèíÿþ-

ùèå âçðîñëûå ñàìêè äîáûâàëèñü 24 èþíÿ 1937 ã. è 12 àâãóñòà 1945 ã. (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1952; Äåìåíòüåâ è äð., 1955). Íà îñíî-âàíèè äîáû÷è íåðàçìíîæàþùåéñÿ ñàìêè ôèëèíà, ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî ãîäîâàëîãî âîçðàñòà, íà Ìàíãûøëàêå 21 ìàÿ 1964 ã., ñ ëèíüêîé ïåðâîñòåïåííûõ ìàõîâûõ è êîíòóðíîãî ïåðà ïî âñåìó òåëó, ñäåëàíî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î òîì, ÷òî íåïîëîâîçðå-ëûå ïòèöû ëèíÿþò â áîëåå ðàííèå ñðîêè (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Íàì íåîäíîêðàòíî ïðèõîäèëîñü íàõîäèòü ëèí-íûå ïåðüÿ ñàìîê ôèëèíà â ãí¸çäàõ, íà÷è-íàÿ ñ ñåðåäèíû àïðåëÿ è âïëîòü äî âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî ó ðàçíûõ ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ñàìîê ëèíüêà ïðîèñ-õîäèò àñèíõðîííî è îòäåëüíûå ïòèöû íà-÷èíàþò å¸ â àïðåëå, äðóãèå â ìàå, òðåòüè â èþíå. Ñàìöû íà÷èíàþò ëèíÿòü, âèäèìî, ñ ñåðåäèíû èþíÿ è çàêàí÷èâàþò ëèíüêó ê ñåíòÿáðþ. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951) òàêæå îòìå÷àåò, ÷òî â ñåíòÿáðå íàáëþäàëèñü êà-çàõñêèå ôèëèíû â ñâåæåì ïåðå.

Çàêëþ÷åíèåÍàøè èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîçâîëÿþò ãîâîðèòü

îá îáû÷íîñòè ôèëèíà òîëüêî â ÷èíêîâîé çîíå Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà, ãäå ïî-êàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ýòîãî âèäà, âèäèìî, îäíè èç ñàìûõ âûñîêèõ â ìèðå. Îäíàêî, åñëè ðàññìàòðèâàòü âñþ òåððèòîðèþ ðå-ãèîíà, âêëþ÷àÿ îáøèðíûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ïëàòî Óñòþðò è ðàâíèí Ïðåäóñòþðòüÿ è Ïðèàðàëüÿ, òî ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíà çäåñü ñîñòàâëÿåò 5–6 ïàð/1000 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè, ÷òî ñðàâíèìî ñ ïîêàçàòåëÿìè ïëîòíîñòè äëÿ ìíîãèõ ðåãèîíîâ Ðîññèè, â ÷àñòíîñòè Óðàëà è Àëòàå-Ñàÿíà (Êàðÿêèí, 1998; 2007), à òàêæå çàðóáåæíîé Åâðî-ïû, â ÷àñòíîñòè, Ôèíëÿíäèè, Ôðàíöèè è Èñïàíèè (Saurola, 1985; Cugnasse, 1983; Garzon, 1977).

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ÷åëîâåê àêòèâíî îñâàèâàåò Óñòþðò, ÷òî ìîæåò ñòàòü óãðî-çîé äëÿ áëàãîïîëó÷íîãî ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ óñòþðòñêèõ ôèëèíîâ. Àêòèâíî ðàçâèâàþ-ùèéñÿ íåôòåãàçîäîáûâàþùèé êîìïëåêñ «îáðàñòàåò» èíôðàñòðóêòóðîé ïòèöåî-ïàñíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ) è íîâûìè äîðîãàìè, â òîì ÷èñëå ïî âåðøè-íàì è ïîäíîæèÿì ÷èíêîâ, êîòîðûå äî ïî-ñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè îñòàâàëèñü íåäîñòóïíû-ìè. Óæå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû ñëó÷àè ãèáåëè ôèëèíîâ íà íîâûõ ËÝÏ áëèç Áåéíåó è íà àâòîòðàññå Øåòïå – Àêòàó. Â 2003, 2004 è 2005 ãã. áûëè îòìå÷åíû ñëó÷àè îòñòðåëà ôèëèíîâ ôåðìåðàìè äëÿ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ èç ïåðüåâ àìóëåòîâ – ïðè ýòîì îáùèïàííûå òóøêè áûëè ïîïðîñòó âûáðîøåíû íà ñúå-


äåíèå ñîáàêàì. Ïîêà ïðèðîäîîõðàííîå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî Êàçàõñòàíà îñòà¸òñÿ àá-ñòðàêöèåé, íàïèñàííîé ÷èíîâíèêàìè äëÿ ñàìèõ ñåáÿ, ïðèõîäèòñÿ ëèøü íàäåÿòüñÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïðîãðåññ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå áóäåò äâèãàòüñÿ ìåäëåííûìè òåì-ïàìè è íå çàòðîíåò îñíîâíûå ìåñòà ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ ôèëèíîâ.

ËèòåðàòóðàÁîñòàíæîãëî Â.Í. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ôàóíà

Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèõ ñòåïåé. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïî-çíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé èìïåðèè. Îòä. çîîë. 1911. Âûï. 11. Ñ. 1–410.

Ãàâðèí Â.Ô. Îòðÿä ñîâû. – Ïòèöû Êàçàõñòàíà. Ò. 2. Àëìà-Àòà, 1962. Ñ. 708–779.

Ãóáèí Á.Ì. Âñòðå÷è íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ ïòèö íà ï-îâå Áóçà÷è è Ìàíãûøëàêå â ìàå 2003 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2003. Àëìàòû, 2004. Ñ. 20–23.

Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ì., 1951. Ò. 1. Ñ. 70–341.

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Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï., Ðóñòàìîâ À.Ê., Ñïàíãåí-áåðã Å.Ï. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ôàóíå íàçåìíûõ ïîçâîíî÷íûõ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîé Òóðêìåíèè. – Òðóäû Òóðêìåíñêîãî ñ.-õ èíñòèòóòà. Ò. 7. 1955. Ñ. 125–183.

Çàëåòàåâ Â.Ñ. Êàñïèéñêèé ôèëèí (Bubo bubo gladkovi subsp. nov.) – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ. Âûï. 4. Ì., 1962. Ñ. 190–193.

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Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Ôèëèí â Ñà-ìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè

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owl in the aral-caspian region, kazakhstan ФИЛИН В АРАЛО...

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