ovidius - metamorphoses

8/13/2019 OVIDIUS - Metamorphoses

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P. OV1DIUS NASO.


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V

THE

METAMUKPHO SES

P U B LI U S O V ID IU S NA SO ;

EL U CID TED B Y

SVnalnsis anb (Expl anation of tl je fables,

TOGET HER WI TH

ENGLI SH NOTES, HIST ORICAL, M YTH O L OGICAL, A ND CRITICAL

AND IL LUSTRA T ED BY

PI C TO R I L E MB ELLI SHIV iJSNT S:

A D ICT ION AR YO IVING THE M E ANING OF AL L THE W ORDS W ITH C RITICA L EXA CTNESS .

BY

NAT HA N CO V1NGTO N BR OOK S, A.M .

fBO F ESSOB O F THE G REEK A ND LATI N I.ASGU A UKS. L ATE P R INCIPA L OF TH E BALTIM O RE

HIGH SC HO OL, PRESIDE NT OF HF BAL TI MORE FEMAL E COLLE G E.

FI F TH K I TIO N

N E W Y O R K :

A . S. BA E NES & BUK E, 51 & 53 JO HN STREET.BOLD B Y B O OKSF.LLERS GE NE RALL Y THROU GH OUT TH E UN ITE D STATE D


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Ent ere d accordi n g to the A ct of Cong res s, in th e ye ar 1S47, bjr

N ATH AN CO VI NGTON BR OOKS

In th e Clerk's Office of th e Distric t Co urt o f M aryland .

TH E REV. CH ARLE S P. KRA UTH , D.D.

P RESI EN T 0 FEHRSY L V HI C OLLEGE

AS A TESTIMONIAL OF RK GAKD FOB BIS PIET Y AND TA L ENTS, AND FOB TH E

WITH W HICH H E HAS DEVOTED THEM TO T H E CAUSE OF

VIRTUE AND SOUND LEA KK IN6,

Efjla ^ ffi s r f c

I KS CRIBZC, BT HIS IIIEV O

tlE B EDITOR.


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P R E F A C E .

To th e stu dent of th e Cl assics, an earl y acquaintance with My

thology is in dispensable. This is more re adily secured by the

dire c t stu dy o f th e fab les themselves, tha n by any ot h er method.

As t he Metam orph oses of Ovid pre sent the mythological fictions of

Greece and R ome in a con nected and attra ctive form, th ei r stud y

ha s always appeared to me to be of the first imp ortance.

T ha t t heir use may be extensive, I ha ve therefore prep ared an

edition o f the work, in wh ich I have omitted th e fables th at were

gro ss in tlicir chara cter, and have expur gated from others any linestha t were ob jectionable on a ccount of inde licac y. This, how ever,

does not b reak the chain of conne ction between the stories, nor m ar

the narr a tive of the fables introduced .

To re n der the study of th e M etam orpho ses profitable and pl eas

ing , I have prefix ed to each fa ble an an alysis an d explanation ,

which will be found of servi ce to the stu dent. Since m any of the

fa bles are corrupt trad itions of Scri p tura l tru ths, I ha ve trac ed

them back to the g re at fo unt o f purity , the Biblical re cord, an d

have given in the n otes the paralle l pa ssages from the sacred

volume. The ext racts from modern authors, while they i llus tr ate

the text, will give the s tuden t a taste for g ener a l re ading. The

question s which ac comp any eac h fab le, are a summar y of the text

an d the notes thereon , and will insure a thoroug h unde rstan d ing of

the spirit of th e fable.The Meta morphoses a re in tende d to be re ad af te r Caesar's Com

m entaries ; henc e, in many instances, the pa rtia l Or o hi ch I haveA 2 5


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6 P RE FA CE

given o f the te xt, will be found necessary to the yo ung student. It

is tolerably full i n the Firs t Book, an d is grad ually shortened there

after. The Scanning Tab le wi ll aid him in his first efforts to obtain

a know led ge of La tin me tre.The pictorial embellishmen ts of the work contribute to the illus

tra tio n of the fables, an d i mpress them more fully upon the me moryof the student, while th ey tend to excite a taste for draw ing. T hey

reflect much cre dit upon the a rtist s who ex ecu ted them. T hey

were designe d by J. H . Manning, of New Yo rk, and engraved byNeville Johnson, of Baltimore, and Lossing and Ba rr ett, of N ew

Yo rk.

N. C . BROOKS.

B ALT I M OR E HIGH S CH O OL ,Ma y Sth 848

L I FE A ND W RI TI NG S OF OV ID.

P U BL I U SOvimus NASO one of the mo st celebrated poets of the Augustan era,was horn a t Sulmo, a town on the river Pescara, in thp territory of the Peligni,about 90 mi les east from Ro me, and 32 miles from the Gu lf of Venice. Hisbirth occurred during the celebration of the Qninqu atria, games in honor ofMinerva, A. U. C. 711, and B. C. 42, the memorable year in which Cicero wasmurdered, and the v ery day that the two consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, were slainin the battle of Mutina, against Antony:

H ose est nrmiferee de fesiis quinque Minervae,Qu e efieri pugna prima cruento sclent.

Ediins hinc ego su m, nee non in tempora noris,Cum cecidit faio consul uicrque pori. TEIST. L ib . iv.

Ovid was descended from an an cien t and distinguished family of the equestrian order, and enjoyed all the advantages of mental cultivation which rank andwealth could afford. At an early age, he was brought to Rome with an elderbrother, for the purpose of being instructed in the arts, learning, and accomplishme nts of the capital, and was for some time under the care of Plotius Grippus.HP soon discovered a fondness for poetry, and through love of the Muses, oftenrelaxed his application to other literary studies in which he was engaged. Buthis father, who appears to have had but little relish for belles-lettres, and was anxious that his son should become an accomp lished orator and patron, and byeminence in judicial affairs, arrive at civic distinction, induced him to devotehimself for a time to the study of eloquence and Roman law.

T he masters of Ov id in oratory were Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro, w howere the most eminent teachers of their time; and under their instructions, vriththe readiness of conception wh ich was natural to him, and his felicity and fluencyof expression, he was fitted for distinction as an accomplished advocate. Hisdeclamations were distinguished for their ingenuity and enthusiasm, tlieir exuberance of f.mcy, and richness of language, but were some what deficient in solidity and me thod, and abounded in digressions, which, however beautiful in themselves, were but little in accordance with the si:iiple and severe laws of unity.In his rhetoric:il exercises he generally chose etliical subjects, and preferred those persuasive hann gu es wh ich are called S uas oriaz s they were p articularly suited to his ardent and enthusiastic temperame nt.

At seventeen ye.irs of age, Ovid put on the tu^a viri lis nd sho rtly after was

honored by Augustus with the lalus clavus n ornament worn only by persons

of quality. On the occasion of reviewing as censor the whole body o f Roma n knights, the emperor further distinguished the young poet by the present of a magnificent steed. When he had completed his rhetorical studies a t Rom e, heaccompanied Varro in his military expedition to Asia ; but without remaining with him long enough to see any service, ho dejnrtcd for Athens, with the viewof co mpleting his studie s. Here he devoted himself for some time to the studyof philosophy, especially physics and ethics, and in the latter, adopted the tenetsof Epicurus. Leaving Athens in company with the poet jSmil ius Macer, he


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L I FE A ND W R I TI N G S O F O V ID .

vi si ted som e of the c iti e s o f A sia an d on his w ay to R o me pas sed into Si c ily .

H e and h is com pan ion spe nt near ly a y e ar in the isl an d d u rin g w h ich ti m e the y

v is it ed a lm o st eve ry p a rt tha t pro mis ed e it he r a m us eme nt or ple asur e.

On h is ret u rn to R om e Ov id b eca m e a pro fess ed advo cate and of ten h ara ngu e d

w ith g re at fo rc e an d ele ga n ce i n th e c e ntu mv ir's cou rt. He wa s ap poi n ted to

seve ral m in o r ju d ici a l offices o f th e st at e w h ich he fi lle d w ith s ucc e ss; and of te n

ac te d a s ar b ite r in p riva te c a us es in wh ich his d ec is io ns w ere jud icio u s an d

m ade in s o co nc il iat in g a m anne r th a t th ey w ere sat isfa c tor y to the l iti ga n ts. He

w as a t len g th ma de one o f th e tri um v irs who w ere m a gi st ra te s o f gr e at au th o rit y

intru ste d w ith th e a dm ini str at io n o f jus tice in cri m in al ca use s . In th is p osit ion

also he di scha rge d the fu n cti o ns o f hi s office w ith ab il ity a n d to the sa ti sfa c tio n o f th e s tate :

Ne e male c ommissa est nobis fortuna reorum,Usque decem decies inspicicnda viris.

R es quoque privates sta tui sine c rimine jud ex .Deque viris qu ondam pars tr ib us unr. m i. TR IST . L ib i

B ut a ll thes e eff o rts , h o w ev er su cc e ss fu l w er e b u t a str u gg le a g ain st h is

na tura l in cli na ti on to lite ratu re: an d as H o ra ce an d V ir gi l ha d now rise n to

court -favo r an d o pul ence th ro ug h p oetr y he ent erta ined th e ide a of re li nq u is hin g

th e en gage m ent s o f t h e forum for p urs u its mo re c ong eni a l to h is ta st e and F ti ll

affo rdin g cons ider able ch a nc es of di st inc t ion . T he death of h is br o the r a t this

ti m e lef t h im sole lic ir to a n amp le f o rtu ne, so th at he co uld be stow his tim e an d

a tten t ion in a m an n er perf e ctly agr eeab le to hi s li te ra ry p red ilec ti on s . H e be

cam e, th eref o re, a p rofe sse d vo tary o f th e Mu ses; h u t m ing led w ith t he ir jj u re

wo rsh ip t he g ro ss er pl easu res o f se ns u al ity by ind u lg in g in th e f a shi o nab le v ices

o f the cap ital . T h oug h n ow po sses sed o f an e x ten s ive fa rm an d v il la at S u lm o

lie pre ferr ed t o re side in R o m e. He had a be au tifu l ho u se on th e C ap ito li ne hil l

and a no ther betw ee n the C laud ian and F lam ini a n W ay s w ith bea utif ul g ard e ns

adj a cen t . H is affe ctio nate d is po s ition br illia nt w it an d e le ga nt m ann ers ren

der ed h im an agre eabl e co mp anio n, a nd h is g eni us w ea lt h and ra n k g ave him

acc e ss to the b e st so c iet y an d s e cu re d to h im a g ratef ul rece p tio n b y the em

p eror . A t th e co ur t of A u gu stus h e w a s tr eate d w it h con s ide ratio n by th e mo st

pol i te a nd in flue ntia l o f the co u rti e rs a m o ng w ho m w er e Me ssal a Se x tu s Po m-

pe ius and Fa b iiis Ma x im u s; w h ile he enjo yed th e fa m il ia r fr ien d sh ip of th e

po ets T ibu llus H or ac e S ab in us Ma cer, Se v eru s an d P rope rtiu s .

Th e v ersa tile g en iu s of th e yo u ng bard se eme d a dapt ed to every ki nd of

poe try; b ut h is lov e of e as e an d p lea sure jo in e d w ith aff lu en ce o f fortu ne and

hi s fon d nes s fo r co m p an y bo th o f hi a ow n and the fai r sex in d isp ose d him to

att em p t an y la bor ed e ff ort s. In com pli a nc e w ith th is temp er h e f ir st c om p ose d

lig ht a rt ic le s el eg ie s ep igra m s and am ator y v e rse s to wh ic h he w as inci te d by

hi s n a tur a l p rop ensi ti es a nd tho fas h ion a ble vic e s in w h ic h he w as en g ag e d.

N on ego, Phcebe, da tas a tc rnuiiiiar ar ies ;N ee nos aeriaj voce moncniur avis.

Nee mibi sunt visae Clio, Clmsque so rore s:V era canarn. Cceptis, m at er ainoris, ad es . A R S A MA TO H . L ib

B esi d es tl iese , he com pos ed s o me oth er p oem s of a m or e ser io us c ha racte r. H is

Jtm oret Jt rs Jtm nlu r ia Rem edi a Jl inar h Heroi dcs Medea Ha Keul ica Gi^ anlo ma-

c hi a P hx n om ena a poem a ga in st bad poe ts, and one on th e tr iu m ph s of A u gu s tu s w er e th e f ru its of t h is ear ly pe riod . The five la s t-na me d p rod uc tio n s a re

lo st. O f h is M edea a nd l ln lieu lica t he for m er o f wh ich w as hi gh ly p rai sed by

Qi iinti l i.in and the la t ter co pie d by O ppi an b ut a fe w frag m en ts r ema in. His

Jtmur es Li b . i ll. have a ll t he f resh n ess o f fee ling and th e ex ube ran t fanc y o f

y o uth an d a bou nd wit h in gen ious th oug h ts and agr e eab le i mag es. Th e J rs

Mmalori a Lib . i l l. and the J t m edi u m Jm n ri ' Lib . i ., Jiav e for th e m ost p ar t the

s pri g htl in us s o f ou r au th o r b ut the sens ual in cu lc atio ns an d the g lo w in g la n

g u ag e drr cal cula ted to in fla m e th e p jssio ns and co rru p t th e heart OvicI, lik e

L I F E A N D W R I T IN G S OF O V ID . 9

th e au th o r of D o n Ju an is sup pos ed in th is p rod u cti o n to ha ve dra w n la rg e ly

u po n h is ow n v ici o us exp erien ce. H is er oides E pi s t. x xi. are am orou s ep is

tles fr om di st in gu is h ed l adi e s o f th e He roic ag e ab o un d in g in pas s ion an d pa thos

an d ar e th e m os t p oli shed o f hi s pro duc ti on s .Th e ne xt w o rk in orde r, a nd o n w h ic h O vid inte nde d to res t h is chan ces of

imm orta lity w as t h e Melmnurphoses Lib. x v. T li es e are a serie s of ag reea ble

tra n sfo rma tion s fou nde d u pon th e fic tion s of th e Gr eeks w ith some few La tin

O rien tal and E tru sca n fa bles . T iie in trod u cto ry |. ir t of th e w ork , d esc ribi n g

Ch aos th e C rea tion th e det e rior atio n o f m ora ls a nd the F loo d, a re in str ik in u

accor d an ce w ith th e B ib li ca l recor d so th at w e can h ard ly persu ade ou rselv es

that the au th or w as una cqu a int ed w ith the sacr ed w riti ngs of the H e br ew s. T he

wor k is of th e cy c lic k ind an d th e di ffer ent p ar ts are co nne c ted to g et he r in th e

m o st ing en io u s m an n er like th e in terf a cin g s o f n e tw o rk so th at th e poet pro

ceeds in u ni n ter rupt ed recita l o f th e suc ces si ve s to ri es lift in g li n k-b y l in k in the

g old en ch a in o f f ictio n. In some, fe w c ase s w h ere no ima g ina t ion cou ld c on ne c t

the fable s in a re g ul ar o rder , he gi ves the p oem a dra mat ic fo rm, a nd the. in te r

loc u to rs na rrate the m as se par a te stor ie s.In th e fa bles of th e Me tam orph oses ', th er e is an en dl es s va ri ety of c ha rac te r

an d in cid e nt the gay and th e gr ave th e a m u sin g and the p at hetic the fa m ili a r

an d t he w on d erf u l th e s im p le and the su blim e th e hu ma n an d th d ivin e ov er

w h ic h th e po et, w ith a v er s atil it y o f sty le s ui te d to eve ry ch ar ac te r an d p as sio n

in a ll t he e x ub e ran ce o f tho u gh t an d exp re ss io n h as sup crfu sed th e g lory o f his

o wn im mo rtal ge ni us . N o p oetic wo rk o f a nci e nt ti m es w a s so v arie d in t he

ch a ra ct er o f it s su b je ct s as th e M et amo rpho ses an d no G re ek or L a tin po e t o f

w ho m w e ha ve any kn o wl e dg e co u ld in t re at ing of t he m hav e succ eed ed so

w e ll. T he id ea o f the w o rk w a s pro b ab ly su g ge st ed to th e p o et by th e m yt h ic

poe m o f P a rtl ie nin s th e Gr e ek w hi ch is n ow lost . T he M etam orp h ose sof

Ov id w er e hig hly est eem ed b y th e G ree ks an d w er e t ra ns la te d in to th eir la ng u ag e

by th ei r co un tr y ma n Pla nud cs. T h e Me tamo rph o ses m ay be re gard ed as the

p ro p ijl xu m t o th e gr e at te m pl e of Gr ec ia n my tho logy ; and th ou g h t hat te m p le

is now in rui ns from i ts m aje stic ga te w ay we m ay for m so m e ide a of the m a gnif icen ce o f th e m igh ty s tr uc tu re to w hic h it le d a n d o f th e su b lim e sp le nd o rs

o f its cer emo nial pom p.In e xp lain in g the Fa b les of the M etam orp hos e s o f O vid dif fere n t th e ori e s

h av e be en a dop ted. So me per s on s h av in g dis cove red that al le go ry is so m et im es

em plo y ed by the poet, hav e a ttem pted to red u ce eve ry th ing to a mo ral a lleg ory;

so m e wh o ha ve f ound his tory ob scu red und er th e veil of fictio n, have ref erre d

al l th e fa b les to o ccu rren ces in a n cie n t h is to ry ; wh ile oth e rs f ind ing occ asio n al

coin c ide nce s wi th th e S c rip tu re s p rofe ss to see in every thi n g mu tila te d and

c orr u pt tr ad it io ns o f e ve n ts th at are. co n tain ed in th e B ib li ca l rec o rd. T h us

wh ilo each in terp rete r h as bl in dl y fo llow ed h is favo rite th e ory an d so u gh t to

ac com mod ate eve ry th ing to th at th eor y th o ug h co rr ec t in p ar tic u lar i n sta n ce s

he ha s err ed in th e g en er al ity of his in terp reta tion s. In th e e luc idat ion of t he

M eta mo rph o ses th e p ri nc ip le s of i nt er pr et at io n m u st ever var y ac c or di ng to the

cha ract e r of the fab le. A s the G ree ks w e re d isti ng ui she d by the ir fond nes s for

all ego ry m oral an d p h ys ic al t ruth s and e ty m o lo gi ca l re se m bl an ce s oft en sup

pli ed sub je ct s fo r in ge n io us a lleg ori cal narr a tiv e . H iero g ly ph ic s w hi c h by pic

to r ial rep res en ta ti on s reco rde d oc cur renc es an d th o ug h ts ant erio r to the inv e nti o n

o f le tte rs w ere also fr u itf u l s our ces o f fabu lous im a g in in g and a s th ey w ere

l iable to div ersi fied in terp reta tion s ha ve caus ed m uch co nfus ion in m y th ol o gy .

Ev ent s of a n cie n t h isto ry too, ha v e fu rn is he d am ple m at er ia ls fo r fi c titi o us na rrati ve; \ \hi le m an y tra di ti on s of th e ev ents and pe rson age s an d im it a tion s of

ce rem onie s, m enti one d in the Bi b le obsc ure d an d co nfu sed by the lap se of tim e

an d a ltere d a brid ged or amp lifie d b y c ir cu m st an ce s ar e pr esen ted to u s cl othe d

in th e pa rt ic ol or rd and oft enti m es f. mt is tic g a rb o f m yt hi c sto ry .

VVhi lr en gag ed in th e re visio n o f the M etam orp hos es and w h il e sti l l e njo y in g

the con fiden ce a nd fvivor of t he em per or, O vi d co mm itted so m e fault , or bec ame

w il n ess o f som e tr jnsa c tio n w hic h de eply w ound ed the h on o r of A u gu st us who

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10 L I FE A ND W RI TI N G S OF O VI D .

bani shed him , in consequence, to a wild and d is ta n t p ar t o f the e mpire. C ircu mstan ces render the conjecture p robable, th a t O vid, wi th profane eyes , ma y have

invaded th e pr ivac ies o f the emp ress wh ile bath ing, or m ay have w itne ssed an d di sclo sed some great mor al t u rpi tude , ei ther o f A ug ustu s or one of the im peri al

family, possi b ly Julia th e g rand -dau ght er o f the emperor.

Cu r aliquid v idi, cur conscia lum ina fe d ?C ur imprudent cognita culpa mi hi EPIST. E PONTO

H erei n li es a g re a t m yste ry o f th e co urt of A ug ustu s . T he fau lt of the po et,w ha teve r it wa s, t houg h d oub tless kn ow n to many at the time, ha s not been

stated by any wri ter, and st ill rem ain s a gre at l itera ry probl em, li ke the im pri

so n me nt o f T asso . U nde r the pre text of the lice n tio u sn ess o f hi s amatory w ork s ,w hi ch , h owe ver, had be en freely c ircu late d and read for years , the em pero r,

under a sen tenc e o f re lega tion , so mew hat mi lder than ba nish me nt, as it did not

involve confiscation of h is esta te, rem ove d h im to T om i, now T em isw ar, a to wn

in Po n tu s, in a gloomy an d in hos pitab le region ly ing on the Eu xin e sea. W h enthe p oet received the order to de part , in a trans por t of g rie f he bu rned the co pyof th e Metamorphoses wh ich he was eng a ged in co rrec ting , so that this ini mitab le w ork wo uld have been los t to the w oild , had it no t bee n preserved by

means of a copy wh ich he had given to a friend some tim e before. W hil e in h is exile , th e p oet lear ned its pr ese rv at io n; b ut as he nev er h ad a cha nce of

re vi sin g it, we mu st regard it wit h the a llow anc e due to a w ork w h ich has no t

received th e f inish ing tou ches o f i ts au tho r. As an apo lo gy for its im pe rfec tion s.

Ovid proposed the fo llow ing lin es a s a prefix to the M etam orp hos es:

Orba parente suo quicumque volumina tang is;His saltern vestra de tur in urbe l ocus:

Quoque magis faveas, non heec sunt edi ta ab ipso,Sed quasi de do mini funere rapta sui.

Quicquid in his ig iiur yitii rude carmen habebit,Emendaturus , si licuisset, erat.

Rec om m en ding his wife to the pr otec tion of hi s frie nd F ab iu s Maxim us, h e bade adie u to R ome , and th e scenes an d a ssoc iate s of his former ple asur es, and

w en t into h is lo nely and m elan cho ly exile. Some time before th is c ala m ity , he had commenced h is F n. w hi ch m ay be regarded as a s upp le m ent to the Metamorphoses. T h e Fa s ti give an accouu 't of the origin and observance o f

the different festi vals , de dica tion s, and other c eremonies of the Rom an Ca lend ar,arranged in chronological order. A bo ok is devoted to each m onth , and the ho ly-day s are associated w ith the s un' s p lace in the zodiac, and wi th th e r isin g and set tin g of the sta rs. Th e work eud s w ith Jun e ; the six latt e r books havi n g

been los t. C . H em ina and Cl audi us Q uad riga rius had at temp ted this wo rk before in prose, w ith indifferent su cce ss.

O n h is vo yag e to Po n tus Ovid commenced his T . o f w hic h he

wrote the first book, conta inin g ten elegi es w hil e at sea. T he T nd the v ., w h ic h he w ro te in hi s lon e ly e xi le , are the m elan chol y

ou tpo urin gs of a bre akin g heart . T hey a re filled wi th c omp lain ts of the ha rdne ssof his lo t, the m ise ries of h is old ag e and the mortifications and sor row s towhi ch he was exposed. In these productions he soug ht, a lik e by flattery and

the m ost moving app eals , to m it iga te th e se ver ity o f the emperor, and in duc e

him to recal him from exile , or remove him to a m ilde r residence. T h e tran si

tion in the circu m sta nce s of

the poe t from h is former co ndi tion , were d is tr es si ng

to one of his se nsi tive feel ings . Around him a bleak a nd barren region, sn ow sand fogs al tern atel y deforming the sk y and th e sto rms ever chafing the b lack

Kuxine into fu r y w ith no compan ions but barb aria ns clad in ski ns, he si ghe d

for the vine-clad hil ls , the sun and sky of I tal y fo r th e fragrance of th e Co llis

H ort ulor um, and the flowers of hi s own fair garden by the F la mi n ian Wa y f o rthe gay companions, the ba ths , the the atre s, and the g us h in g fountains of imperial Koine. L ike ihe u nha ppy .Byron in h is selt-imnosed exi le, he could exclaim wit h hi m:

LI FE A N D W RI T IN G S OF OV ID .

M y days a re in the yellow leaf,The fruits and flowers of love are gone;

The worm, the canker, and the grief Are mine alone."

B ut no th in g could mo ve the obduracy of Au g ust u s; and al thou gh O vid re ga rded h is m emo ry w ith ido latr y and cons ecra ted a chap e l to hi m af ter dea th,ne ithe r th is, nor lik e flatteries lavis hed upon his suc cess or T ib er iu s, ever procure d the recal l of the unf ortu nate po et. W hile in exil e, the f eeli ngs o f O vid

were deeply wo und ed by the cond uct of a former friend, supp ose d to be the poe t

Co rnif iciu s b y some, but wi th more reaso n, the m yt hog raph Hy gin u s w ho so li

cit ed h is wife P er illa whom O vid tend erly loved, to fo rget her exiled hu sba ndan d acce p t of an o th er. He endeavored al so to in duc e th e em pe ror to best owupon him th e pa trim ony of O vid. Ful l of ind igna tion , th e un hap py p oet dip ped

his pen in gal l, and wr ote a pcem call ed I nscribed to the fictitious name of

h is ungrateful friend. It is in the st y le o f the Dira; of V aler ius Cato , and is fu llof imp reca tion s in comparison of w hich ordi nary cu rses app ear as b ene d ict ions .

After th is Ov id composed a poem in praise of the imp e rial fam ily at R om e.

It was in th e barbarous la ngua ge of the people where he dwe lt, a nd w ar m ly

a ttac h ed them to him e ver after. T his poem has not come d own to ug. Afterliv in g more tha n ni ne year s in exi le, Ovid closed hi s life a t T om i, in the si xt ie th

ye ar of his age, a nd was mourned p ubl icl y by the inh abi tant s , wh o erected a s ta te ly m onu m en t to h is m em ory, before the g ate s of the c ity . H is death o ccurredA. U. C . 771 in the fourth ye ar of the reig n of T ib er iu s.

O v id 's person wa s of a m iddl e st atur e, and slend er, bu t grac eful , and hi s b odystr ong and nerv ous th oug h no t l a rge -lim bed . H e w as of a pa le com ple x ion ,

wit h fea tures re gula r a nd ag reea ble , and p osse ssed of an op en and eng agi ngcoun tena nce. H e w as thr ic e m arr ied. H is first w ife , w hom h e took in ear ly

life, wa s no t w orth y of h is affe ctio ns, and w as soon rep ud ia te d:

Peene mihi puero nee d igna nee utilis uxorEst data, quee tempus p er b reve nup ta fuit. TRIST. L i

H e married a second wife, whom he a lso d ivo rced sh ort ly aft er, alth oug h s hew as v irtu ous an d pru den t:

Illi successit, quamvis sine cr imine, conjux;Non tamen in nostro firma futura toro. TRIST. L i

H is la st w if e, Pe rilla w as celebrated for her b eau ty a nd v irtu e , an d a s she w aso f c ong enia l ta ste, ha v ing con sid e rab le g en ius for p oet ry, wa s m o st tend erly

loved by hi m . Sh e rem ain ed faith ful to h im to th e l a st, and live d lik e a sor row ful wi d ow , du ring th e re lega tion of h er h usb and .

Ultima, qua? mccum seros permansit in annos, Sustinuit conjux exulis e sse viri. TRIST. L i

In co nclu sio n, it m ust be adm itted th a t Ovid p oss esse d a mo st ex ten sive w it su ppo rted by ju st co ncep tion s, a liv el y fanc y, a nd gr eat f e lic ity o f expre ssio n.

T he natu ral i ndo lenc e of his temper an d hi s ga yet y o f life prevented h is es sa y ing tho se nobler efforts of w hic h he wa s cap abl e w hile the mis fort une s w hic h clouded

his latt e r ye ars prevented h is po li sh in g w ha t he had w ritt en. I f he had em plo yed

the same laborious c are in com po sitio n an d p atie n ce in revis ion for wh ich V irg il

was d isti ngu is he d , he would h ave su rpas sed in corr ectn ess, as he does in ge ni us,al l the oth er L at in po ets. As it is, h is w rit in gs ge nera lly are of th e m ost agr eeable and ins truc tive cha ract er, so th at every reader, in adm irat ion of h is produc

tions , an d in s ymp ath y for his mi sfor tune s, w ill rea d ily j oi n in the peti tion forres t to h is a sh es, e xpre ssed in the epi taph o f the p oet , composed by h im self :

Hie e go quijaceo, tenerorum lusor amorum,Ingenio perii Na so p oeta m eo :

At tibi, qui transis, ne sit grave, quisquis amasti,Dicere Nasonia molliier ossa cub ent.


9/199

TESTIMONIA

VE TERU M S RIPT ORUM

DE

O VIDI O.

MARCUS ANXJEUS SENECA.K asohad a c onstant, becoming,and amiab le wit. Ills

p rose appeared no other than diss olved verses. Of hiswords no prodigal e xcept In his verue, wherein h e w asnot Ignoran t of the fault, but affected It, and ofienwou ld Bay, that a mole did not misbecom e a beautifulfece. b ut made It m ore lo vely. CosTaov. x.

VELLE IU8 PATERCULTJS.It s a lmost a folly to number tiie wits tha t are evrr

In our eyes. Amoris t these, the most em inent of our g e are Virgil, the prince of verse, Rabtriu s, LIvy, imitating Sallu>t, Tlbiil lns and Nauo, In the form of hisabsolute p oem. HIST . Lib. 11.

LVCIUS ANN.EUS SEXECA."Exlstunt monies, et spnrsas Cyrladas angent," a*

salth the wittie st of all poets. NAT . QDJEST. Lib.lil.

QUINTI LIANUS.Ovid's Med ea eee meth to me to expre ss ho w much

that man could have perfor me d. If he had re strained,rather th an cherishe d, h is Inv ention. LID. x.

CORNELIUS TACITUS.Neither Is there any co mposition of Aslnus, o r Mes-

ala, so Ill us trious as Ovlit's Medea. DI ALOG. DE OBAT .

MARTIALIS.

Thou*rtmore than rand I tliu se whom thoa seest so ha re,Wltli Ovids a r Virgil may compare,LIB. 111 .Eno. 38.

BTATIUS PAMPINIUS.T hat honore d day, the old Cnllimnchus,Pliiletas , Unibriiiu Projierti us ,Prepa re to celebra te w ith one con sent;And NRSO,clieerful though In banis hme nt,With ricUTlbullua.-STi.vA it. Lib. U

LACTAXTIUS.Ovid, In the b egin ning of hla excellent poem, confess*

e th that God, (not disguising his name ,) ordained theworld, who calls him the Creator thereof; and maker o fall tilings. INITIT . Div. Lib. I.

8. HIEROXTMUS.Semlramls, o f whom they report man y wonders,

er ected the walis of Babylon, as testif ies tiiat renow nedpoet, in tiie Fourth Book of hla Met amorphoses . IN.OIK.Cap. 11 .

S. AUGUSITNUS.And Naao, that ex celle nt poet, DE C I V I TAT EI.

ANGELUS P OLITIANUS.*TIs doubtful, whethe r he. who m Sulmo bore,The world-co mman ling Tiber honored m oreThan hla foul exile tlice d fumed, O Home IWhom Getlc sands, alas I but half Intonib.Per haps ob served by Augustus' spies.To lo ok on Julia with too fr icud ly eyes Is NUTHICIA.

M A H C U S AKTONIUS TIUTONIUS.Tills divine work t* necessary, and to be desired of all

that are addicted to po etry, both for the gracefu lne ss ofspeech, the a dmirable art of tbe poet, and del ightfulvariety of *he subject. Neit her w as there any tl iat diligently collected, or learnedly, elegantly, and o rderlyexp ressed t iie fables, but Ovid, who composed out ofO rpheus, Heslod,Homer, and other most anci ent poets, BO excellent and noble a work, that there in the learningof the l8, tiiis may worthily glory. DISPUTAT. DE FAD.

12

RAPH AEL REGIUS.

Th ere Is nothing app ertaining to the knowledge andglory of wars, w hereofw e hav e i ot f unous example* Inth e Metam orpi o s of Ovid desc r b d with such effica cy and eloquence, that o fte n In reading, you willImag ine yourself embr oiled In their conflicts. Pn^ * AT .

JACOBUS MICTLLUS.Hardly shall yon find a poem, which Hows wlih g reater

facility. For what should I say of learning t herein sogreat, so various and ab str use, that many pinees h aveneith er been e xp lained, nor yet under stood no, not bythe m ost knowing, requiri ng rath er a resolution fthe Delian oracle. RIN CIP. Algernon .

STEPHANUS.Na so, In his Metamorphoses, m ay w ell be called the

poet of painters , In that those witty descriptions aff ordsuch lively pa tterns for thei r pencils to Imitate.PKjepA T 1W HORATIUM

ANTOM US MURETUS.The Metamorphose , a divine po em, shi ning throu gh

out, with all the lu stres of conceit and elo qu ence.OKAT.ill.

JULIUS OffiSAR SCAL1GER.But now we arrive w i ere the height of wit, and the

Sharpness of ju dgment ar e belli to be ex e rcised. Forwho c;tn coiiimeiid Ov I sufficien t ly muc h less, whodares reprehen d him Not w th anding, I wiitsay tome-thing, not In way of detraction, but that w e also may beabie to grow with his gre atness is Metamorphoses ooks deserving a more fortunate author,that from h is last hand they might have had their per fec tion, w hich he himself lam ents in lucuk-nt verses.Y et are there In tiiesr, w eli-ni^h an infinite number,which th e wit of another, I believe, coul d nev er haveequal led. OETIC.Lib. v.

BE RXARDUS MARTINUS.I conc eive the poet of Sulmo did follow the industry

and advice of Zcnxls, In the co mposure of that adm irable work of hi s Me tamorphoses. For au th at excellentpainte r, about to draw tiie picture of Hele n, had assembled together th e most rare and beautiful vir gins o fGre ece that by e xamining their sever al perfe ctions andgrace s, he migh t express all In one wiLh his curiouspencil ; so he out of tbe innumerable voiumes of theGrecian poets flrt>t gathered these multipl icities of lbleu, com posing the diffused and variously dispersedInto one body, and th en diligently noting what n everyauthor was e legant and beautiful, transfe rred the sameto h is own, that notiiing m ight be wanting to the enriching and adorning o f his divine poem. AHJAR.Lacx. Lib. lii. Cap. 18.

HERCULES CIOF4.NUS.A witty work, repute with solid an d manifo ld learn

ing. T hose who per use it di ligently, bhnll find. ouchadmirable Ihieucy, s uch fulness, such gravity of words

and se ntences, tlmt tew or nouu am ong the Lutin poolscan be said to traiiscerd h im. Wbat shall I say of that uiiigular and weli- ni^h di\ine coutextu ru of fa ble withfabie t o surpassing that nothing can be spoken or donem or e art ificially, more exce ll ently, or more gracefully.\Vho, handling such diversity of matter, so cunninglywe aves them together, that ali ninear hut one seriesPlanudcs, well kn owin g that Grn.ve had not a poem scaboundin g w ith delight and beauty, tr.in sLittd It tntcthat languag e. What should I say mure f All arts whichantiquity kne w art; here >o fully dehiK-atcd, that a number, expert in both tongues, of prime underbuildingand judgment, ndimrc it be y ond all expression .PKJEFAT. OBS. INM E TAM .

IN DE XMETAM ORPHOS E ON

P O V I II N ASONIS.

LIB ER L

FABCUL Chaos cha nge d in to four elemen ts;

the C reation or the world 2

II. Formation of animals; the creation

of ma n 3

in. The Go lden Age, in which inn ocen c e and hnppiness prevail . . 38

IV. The Silver Age, in wh ich there i

a deterioration of m or als 4

V. TheBrazenandlro nA ges.inwhichwickedness reach es its h eight . 48

VI. The Battl e of the Gian ls; their

blood changed into m en . . . ffi

Vn. Council of the Gods ca lle d to del i

be rate on the prevailing wi cked

ness of m ank ind . 8VITI. Lycao n cha nged into a wolf 4

IX . T he world de stroyed b y a flood,

on accou nt of the ungodliness of

men . . 8X. Resto ration of the world; st ones

changed into men 8

. X L The earth changed into animals;Python slain by Apollo 8

XII. Daphne change d into a laurel . . 94

XIIL Vale ofTempe; lo changed into aheifer, and placed un der Argus . 10 4

XIV. Syrinx changed into a r eed; death

of Argus 14'XV Io the heifer, chan g ed into the hu

man form 18

LIBER II.

FA B U L A .

L T he Palace of the Sun; a descrip

tion of the solar chari ot . . . . 12 *

II. The conf lagra tion of he wor ld; th e

fallofFh aelhon. 38

in The sisters of Fhaelhon changed

into po pla rs, and Cycnus, his cou

sin, into a sw an 48

IV Jupiter cha nge d inlo the form of

Diana, that he may dec eive Cal-listo, the daughter of Ly c aon . . 15 4

V. CallUto changed into a bear by

Juno 58

VI. Callis to and her son Ar eas changed

into constellations 01

VII . Coron is of Fhocis ch ang ed inlo acrow; the raven ch ang ed fromwhite to black 66

VIII . Nyclimene changed to a night-

o wl; the death of Coro nis of

La rissa . IT S

IX . Oc yrr hoe, the daughter of Cniron,c hanged into a mare 70

X. Apollo beco mes a shepher d; B att us

changed by Mercury into a touch

stone 89XI. The loves of Mercury and Ilerse;

Agraulo s ch anged lo stone . . 18 4

XII. Jupi ter, tran sformed to a bull, car

r ies Eu ropa across the sea into

Crete 191

13


10/199

14 INDEX METAMORPHOSEON.

LIBERm.

I. Cadmus, in search of his sisterEurope, comes to Bccotia,where

he slays the dragon 98IL The teeth of the dragon, sown in

the earth by the command of Minerva, are changed to armed men 206

III. ActaKm changed to a stag by Diana,in consequence of surprising herwhen bathing, is eaten up by hiftown dogs 10

IV. Juno changed into an old woman,procures the death of Semele . . 218

V. Echo, in love with Narcissus pinesaway and is changed to a voice. 224

VI. Narcissus in love with himself,

pines away and is changed to adaffodil 30

VH. The triumphs of Bacchus,and rageofFentheus 33

VHI. The Tyrrhene sailor* attempt to

carry off Bacchus, and arechanged to dolphins 44

IX. The death of Fentheus, who is tornin pieces by Bacchanals. Hismother Agave, and his aunt An10008,are the principal actors . 252

LIBER IV.

F A B U L AI. The M inyeides despise the festival

of Bacchus, and continue their

labors, which they lighten by therecital of stories. Transforma

tion of Dercetit into a fish; thatof Semiramis Into a ove . . . 25 3

H. The story of Fyramua and Thisbe;mulberries changed from whiteto black; the Minyeides changed

to bats 66HI. Juno descends to the infernal re

gions, and employs a ury to destroy the house of Athamas . . 74

IV. Ino and her son Melicerta changedto marine deities; their companions to rocks and brds 260

V. Cadmus and Hermione changed to

serpents in Illyria 86VI. Atlas changed to a mountain . . . 291

VII. Perseus slays the sea-monster to

which Andromeda was exposed,and marr ies her O S

VIIL Medusa slain by Ferseus; thewinged horse Fegasus and hisbrother Chrysaor spring from her

blood 01

SCANNING TABLE.

H E X A M E T E Rverse contains dactyls and spondees, and consists of sixfeet. When regular, the fifth foot is always a dactyl, and the sixth aspondee. An irregular line sometimes admits a spondee, instead of adactyl, in the fifth foot, and is therefore called spondaic.

Of regular hexameter lines, then. are sixteen varieties, owing to thedifferent arrangement of the dactyls and spondees. ,"

In the references to the Scanning Table, the number oppositeto eachline shows the variety to which each verse belongs. Thus, Verse 1,marked II, must be scanned according to the llth variety in the table.

Dacl.

In nova

Diet I Spend.

fert am I mus mu

Spond.

tatas

Out

dicere

Spend.

formas.

An asterisk fj * ~ ]in the references, denotes a poetic license in the verse,as when a long syllable is made short, or a short syllable long, a syllablepreserved from elision, or twosyllables contracted into one.

An obelisk [ t ] denotesa spondaic verse.A consonant is often doubled to lengthen a preceding syllable; as

re/ligio for religio; re/tulit for retulit.

I.II .

III.IV .

V.VI.

VII.VIII.

IX .

X.- XI .

XII.XIII.XIV.XV .

XVI.

IS


11/199I

R E F E R E N C E ST O T H E SCANNINGTA B L E .

FROCEMIUM

1 11

2 . . . 1 23. . . 84 . . . 1 6

FAB I.

1 . . . 132 . . . 1 23. . . 54 . . . 55 . . . 1 36 . . . 1 27 . . . 1 58. . . 29 . . . 1 5

l O t . . 1311 . . . 1 21 2 . . . 1 11 3 . . . 1 31 4 . . . 41 5 . . . 1 51 0 . . . 1 41 7 . . . 111 6 . . . 11 9 . . 1 320 . . . 12 1 . . . 1122 . . . 1 323 . . . 1 424 . . . 1 325 . . . 1 426 . . . 527 . . . 1 428 . . . 1 629 . . . 1130 . . . 1 23 1 . . . 1 432 . . . 1 433 . . . 1 334 . . . 1 335 . . . 1 236 . . . 637 . . . 1 1

38 . . . 1139 . . . 1 240 . . . 1 54 1 . . . 1 342 . . . 1 243 . . . 1 544 . . . 1 045 . . . 846 . . . 947 . . . 1 148 . . . 1 249 . . . 1 650. . . 65 1 . . . 1 352 . . . 55 3 . . . 1 35 4 .. . 1 255 . . 1 15 0 . . . 1 257 . . . 1 45 8 . . . t ' J5 9 . . . 1 0CO . . . 1 06 1 . . . 1 562 . . . 963 . . . 964 . . . 1 205 . . . 16C6 . . 867 . . . 1 2

FAB II .

1 9

2 . . . 1 53 . . . 54 . . . 1 45 . . . 1 06 * . . 1 57 . . . 1 28 . . . 1 39 . . . 1 3

1 0 . . . 1 511 . . . 1 61 2 . . . 1 01 3 . . . 1 4

1 4 . . . 1 51 5 . . . 1 31 0 . . . 91 7 . . . 1 5

FAB I I I .

1 11

2 in1U k I f, 5 . . . H i4 . . . 1 2

5. . . 9C

P*. . . 5

7 . . . 118 10. . lo VI L 1

22 . . . 1 02 3 . . 1 324 . . . 11

FAB. IV.

1 . . . 1 52 . . . 1 03. . . 84 . . . 1 25. . t l o6 * . . 1 17. . . 18 . . . 1 59 . . . 4

1 0 . . . 611 . . . 1 31 2 . . . 1 4

FAB V.

1 . . . 1 32 . . . 93 . . . 114 . . . 1 25 . . . 1 56. . . 57 . . . 1 48 . . . 1 49 . . . 1 0

1 0 . . . 1 211 . . . 81 2 . . . 1 21 3 . . . 41 4 . . . 51 5 . . . 1 01 6 . . . 1 11 7 . . . 1 31 8 . . . 1 219 . . . 920 . . . 1 32 1 . . . 1 622 . . . 1 023 . . . 1 624 . . . 1 025 . . . 1126 . . . 1 2

FA B. VI.

1 . . . 1 32 . . . 1 23 . . . 1 24 . .1 15 * . . 1 20 . . . 1 67 . . . 18 . . . 99 . . . 8

1 0 . . . 1 41 1 . . . 81 2 . . . 11

FAB VII.

1 . . . 1 2

2 . . . 1 23 . . . 1 04 . . . 85. . . 96 .. . 1 37 . . . 1 08. . . 119 . . . 6

1 0 . . . 1 611 . . . 1 51 2 . . . 1 41 3 . . . 1 21 4 . . . 1 31 5 . . . 1 010 . . . 1 117 . . . 111 8 . . . 1 319 . . . 112 0 . . . 1 32 1 . . . 622 . . . 1123 . . . 424 . . . 1 325 . . . 1 226 . . . 72 7 . . . 1 528 . . . 1 42 9 . . . 1 230 . . . 1 63 1 . . . t 832 . . . 1 233 . . . 1 334 . . . 1 035 . . . 1 33 6 . . . 1 037 . . . 1 538 . . . 1 339 . . . 1 14 0 . . . 1 54 1 . . . 1 64 2 . . . 1 043 . . . 1 14 4 . . . 1 445 . . . 1 346 . . . 1 C

47 . . . 1 248 . . . 1 2

FAB VIII.

1 . . . 1 32 . . . 1 23 . . . 1 34 . . . 1 35 . . . 1 06 . . . 1 07. . . 78 . . . 1 49 . . . 1 6

1 0 . . . 1 511 . . . 1 31 2 . . . 1 01 3 . . . 31 4 . . . 1 51 5 . . . 1 41 0 . .. 61 7 . . . 1 51 8 . . . 111 9 . . . 1 22 0 . . . 1 62 1 . . . 1 22 2 . . . 1 623 . . . 1 52 4 . . . 92 5 . . . 1 626 . . . 627 . . . 1 128 . . . 929 . . . 1 4

FAB IX.

1 . . . 1 62 . . . 1 43. . . 1 54 . . . 115 . . . 1 46. . . 117 . . . 1 58 . . . 1 29. . . 11

1 0 . . . 1 01G

REFERENCES TO THE SCANNING TABLE 17

11 . . . 1 41 2 . . . 91 3 . . . 1 61 4 . . . 1 21 5 . . . 1 41 0 . . . 1 21 7 . . 1 41 8 . . . 1 31 9 . . . 1 320 . . . 1 42 1 . . . 1 52 2 . . . 1 223 . . . 1 02 4 . . . 02 5 . . . 42 6 . . . 1 12 7 . . . 1 32 8 . . . 1129 . . . 1 330 . . . 1 33 1 . . . I f ,32 . . . 983 . . . 631 . . . 1 435 . . . 336 . . . 1 437 . . . 1 238 . . . 639 . . . 1 240 . . . 1 04 1 .. . 1 242 . . . 1 043 . . . 244 . . . 1145 . . . 1 44 6 . . . 1 047 . . . 1 448 . .. 94 9 . . . 1 450 . . . 85 1 . . . 1 55 2 . . . 1 253. . . 9

5 4 . . . 1 355 . . . 156 . . 1 157 . . . 1 25 8 .. . 1 659 . . . 660 . . . 116 1 . . . 1 3

62 . . 663 . . 1 564 . . 365 . . 1 666 . . 1 267 . . 1 26 8 . . 869 . . 1 470 . . 1 67 1 . . 87 2 . . 1 473 .. 574 . . 1175 . 1 576 . . 1 577 . . 978 . . 1 479 . . 1 080 . . 88 1 . . 1 382 . . 1183 . . 884 . . 1 485 . . 1 086 . . 1 687 . . 1 688 . . 1 289 . . 1 39 0 . . 29 1 . . 99 2 . . 1 59 3 . . i94 . . 1 595 . . 696 . . 997 . . 1 398 . . 1 C99 . . 9

1 0 0 . . 1 01 0 1 . . 1 11 0 2 . . 131 0 3 . . 1 31 0 1 . . 1 6

1 0 5 . . 1 21 0 , ' i. . 1 51 0 7 . . 1 31 0 8 .. 71 0 9 . . 1 11 1 0 . . 31 1 1 . . 1 01 1 2 . . 1 3

1 1 3 .. 41 1 4 . . 1 31 1 5 . . 1 51 1 6 . . 111 1 7 . . 1 21 1 8 . . 1 51 1 9 . . 111 2 0 . . 1 01 2 1 . . 1 21 2 2 . . 1 01 2 3 . . 1 31 2 1 . . 1 41 2 5 . . 1 11 2 f i . . 1 21 2 7 . . 51 2 3 . . 1 51 2 9 . . 11

FAB X.

1 . . 10

2 . . 83 . . 1 24 . . 115 . . 66 . . 27 . . 58 . . 99 . . 11

1 0 . . 1 311 . . 1 01 2 . . 1 51 3 . . 1 51 1 . . 81 5 . . 1 21 6 . . H i1 7 . . 1 51 8 . . 91 9 . . 1 22 0 . . 1 12 1 . . 1 223 . . 1 423 . . 1 524 . . 1 5

25 . . 1 526 . . 1 527 . . 1128 . . 1 02 9 .. 630 . . 33 1 . . 532 . . 1 5

33 . . . 1 634 . . . 835 . . . 1 336 . . . 1 337 . . . 1 038 . . . 43 9 .. . 1 540 . . . 64 1 . . . 1 542 . . . 1 043 . . . 1 044 . . . 1 04 5 . .. 546 . . . 1 447 . . . 1 6

FAB. XI.

1 . . . 1 32 . . . 1 03 . . . 124 . . . 1 35. . . 70. . . 57 . . . 1 08 . . 1 49 . . . 11

1 0 . . . 1311 . . . 1 01 2 . . . 61 3 . . . 1 014 . . . 1 515 . . . 111 0 . . . 1 017 . . . 1 01 8 . . . 1 319 . . . 1 620 . . . 1 02 1 . . . 1 022 . . . 1323 . . . 1 324 . . . 1 025 . . . 1 526 . . . 11

27 . . . 1 42 . . 1 22 9 . . . 1 330 . . . 1 23 1 . . . 1 532 . . 1 133 . . . 1 434 . . . 1 0

35 . . . 836 . . . 1 3

FAB XII.

1 . . . 1 22 . . . 83 . . . 1 24 .. . 1 25 . . . 1 56 . . . 1 07 . . . 98 . . . 1 69 . . . 1 0

1 0 . . . . 1 11 1 . . . 61 2 . . . 1 61 3 . . . 1 01 4 . . . 1 41 5 . . . 1 21 0 . . . 1 21 7 . . . 1 61 8 . . . 41 9 . . . 1 320 . . . 1 42 1 . . . 1 322 . . .1 02 3 . . . 924 . . . 625 . . . 1 226 . . . 1 42 7 . . . 628 . . . 1 42 9 . . . 1 130 . . . 1 43 1 . . . 1 332 . . . 1 233 . . . 1 334 . . . 1 235 . . . 1 036 . . . 937 . . . 1 038 . . . 1 439 . . . 1 540 . . . 1 54 1 . . . 1 642 . . . 1 243 . . . 1 244 . . . 1 545 . . . 1146 . . . 1 247 . . . 3

48 . . . 949 . . . 850 . . . 1 55 1 . . . 1 052 . . . 1 55 3 . . . 1 55 4 . . . 1 45 5 . . . 45 6 . . . 1 557 . . . 1 358 . . . 959 . . . 960 . . . 1 56 1 . . . 1 262 . . . 1 30 3 . . . 964 . . . 965 . . . 1 666 . . . 1 267 . . . 1 368 . . . 1 609 . . . 470 . . . 1 37 1 . . . 1 472 . . . 673 . . . 1 574 . . . 175 . . . 1 170 . . . 1 277 . . . 1 378 . . . 1 079 . . . 98 0 ' . . .1 58 1 . . . 1 082 . . . 1 483 . . . 1 584 . . 1 285 . . . 1 186 .. 1 687 . . 1 388. . . 1 189 . . . 1 090 . . . 1 2

9 1 . . . 1 39 2 . . . 1 19 3 . . . 1 69 4 . . . 1 395 . . . 1 590 . . . 197 . . . 1 298 . . . 9

3 B2


12/199

18 R EFERENC E S TO THE SCANNIN G TABLE.99 l u

1 0 0 1 01 0 1 . . 6

1 0 2 1 4

1 0 3 1 4

1 0 4 1 31 0 5

1 0 0 1 0

1 0 7 1 3

1 0 8 1 51 0 9 1 4

1 1 0 1 4

1 1 1 10

1 1 2 1 31 1 3 1C

F AB X I I I .

1 6

2 1 23 14 45 1 26

7 1 389 8

1 0 1 411 1 2

1 2 4

1 3 11

1 4 8

1 5 1 2

16 1 0

1 7 16

1 8 1 2

1 9 1 1

20 1 52 1 1 0

2 2 1 4

2 3 1 42 4 525 2 6 527 1 028 62 9 1 63 0 1 03 1 16

32 1 23 3 9

3 4 1 13 5 53 6 1 53 7 123 8 1 53 9 64 0 24 1 16

4 2 1 44 3 1 344 1 34 5 1 54 6 0

4 7 1 34 8 1 5

4 9 1 55 0 1 55 1 155 2 85 3 1 45 4 1 55 5 1 35 6

5 7 . .

5 8 85 9 1 06 0 1 30 1 1 5

6 2 126 3 1 26 4 1 2

6 5 1 06 6 1 26 7 1 36 8 . 1 26 9 1 67 0 6

7 1 1 0

7 2 1 47 3 1 57 4 1175 1 370 9

77 . 1 27 8 87 9 1 48 0 1 08 1 . 1 58 2 1 28 3 118 4 1 4

8 5 1 18 6 1 18 7 1 2

8 8 1 08 9 1 29 0 1 49 1 1 59 2 99 3 1 694 89 5 1 69 6 . . 19 7 1 29 8 69 9

1 0 0 1 6

1 0 1 1 4

1 0 2 1 5

1 0 3 1 31 0 4 1 5

1 0 5 1 4

1 0 6 9

1 0 7 131 0 8 1 31 0 9 1 3

1 1 0 1 21 1 1 1 2

1 1 2

1 1 3 1 0

1 1 4 1 5

1 1 5 1 0

1 1 6 1 51 1 7 161 1 8 1 2

1 1 9 5

1 2 0 1 6

1 2 1 1 0

FAB X I V

1

2 t 93 11

4 1 65 8C 1 0

7 1 68 1 29 1 3

1 0 1 5 1 5

1 2 11

1 3 1 3

1 4 1 5

1 5 1 3

1 6 7

1 7 1 5

1 8 1 4

1 9 1 3

2 0 4

2 1 1 5

2 2 2 3 1 0

2 4 22 5 1 226 927 1 22 8 1 52 9 1 23 0 73 1 113 2 1 33 3 73 4 1 035 1 2

FAB XV

1

2 1 03 104 115 1 2

6 1 07 1 08 1 29 t 1 0

1 0 .1 1 1 1

1 2 131 3 1 3

1 4 1 0

1 5 81 0 1 0

1 7 . . . . 1 3

1 8 1 4

19 122 0 1 62 1 1 1

2 2 1 0232 425 1 52 62 7 1 0

2 82 9 1 33 0 1 63 1 93 2 1 6

3 3 1 03 4 93 5 1 03 6 83 7 63 8 1 53 9 1 14 0 1 04 1 1 3

4 2 . . . 9

43 1 44 4 1 2

4 5 1 54 0 1 24 7 148 1 44 9 1 650 45 1 1 55 2 1 05 3 1 25 4 1 65 5 95 6 14

P O YIDI I N ASONIS

ME T AM O KPH O SEO N

LIB RI IY .


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AK GUM ENTUM .

AF TER a concise and elegant annunciation of his subject, the poet in

vokes the inspiration of the gods in the composition of acontinuous poem, from the first or igin of the world to his own tim es. Chaos, which was arude and confused mass, is reduced to order, and separated into the fourelement s, fire, air, earth and water, with distinct localities. F orm andregul ari ty are given to the universe. To the several divisions of nature,proper inhabitants are assigned, and lastly, man is forme d ./Four agesof the world follow. In the go lden age, innocence and tranq uillity pr e vail, and men live upon the spontaneous productions of the earth . In the silver age, the year is divided into four seasons. The earth is now cultivated, and houses are built. In tfie brazen age, the corruption of moralsbegins, which is cons ummated in the iron age. Ra p ine and violence now.predominate, and Astrcea, the last of the gods, leaves the ear th reekingwith slaug ht er. Th e giants m ake war upon He aven, and are destroyedby Jupiter . F rom th eir blood springs a race of men give n to violenceand lust. Ju pite r calls a council of the Celestials, to deliberate upon thege neral depravityja n d relates the impiety of Ly caon, and his transformation into a wolf. A general deluge destroys all animate existence, except Deucalion and P yrrha. By the admonition of Them is, th ey re pair thehum an race. The other animals are produced from th e moist earth,he ated by the sun : among them, the serp ent Pyth o n, which is slain by Apollo. In commemoration of the deed, he ins titutes the Py thian games.Daphne, the daug hter of the river Pe neus, pu rs ued by Apollo, is ch angedinto a laurel. lo, the daught er of Inach us, is abused by Jupiter, an dchange d into a heifer, to prevent th e- suspicion of Jn no. She is assigned to the care of Ar g us, who has a hund red eyes. Mercury, sent by Ju piterfor the destruction of Argus, ent ertains him with music and the story ofthe transformation of Syrinx into a reed, and having lulled him to sleep,

slays him. Juno adorns the tails of her peacocks with

his ey es.lo,

restored, with Juno 's consent, to the h uman form, gives bir th to Epap hus and is wo rshipped as a goddess. Pha eton, re proached by Epaph uswith believing in a supposititious father, visits the palace of the sun.

P O VI II N ASO N IS

ME T AM O E PH O SE O N.

LIB EK I.

PRO CEMIUM .

f(N nova fert an imus mutatas dicere formasCorpora. DT, cosptis (nam vos mutastis et illas) Adsp irate m eis: primaqu e ab origine m undiAd mea perpetu um de ducite tempora carmen .

NOTjE.ME TA MO H P H OS E O N. From

p c r t y i t y )0D > c r i ,which signifies the change of one th ingfor another .

1. I si a customary, th e po et beg ins bydeclaring his. sub ject, and after invoking the aid ofthe gods, enters upon thenarration. T he exordiumis brief, but comprehen-

N sive.1. y mind inclines me: I

design.-1 . M y hypal lage for,

odies changed into new forms. See Brooks's Gramm ar, p. 144. T he use o f this figure,by which the order of cons truct ion is inverted , is singularly beautiful in treati ngof the transformation of bo dies.

2. D t the comme ncement ofany labour, the invocation of the supre mepo wer and goodness is ju st and proper.VV ith especial appropriateness, the poet , onthis occasion, invokes th e gods whose

agency had effected the different creations and transformations which he ia about tode scribe. In sublimity, however, the follow ing, from Milton, 13 gre atly superi o r:And chiefly thou, O S pirit, that d ost pre ferBefore all te mples the upright heart and pu re,Ins truct me, for thou knowest: tliou from the firs tWast pres e nt, and wilh mighty winga outspread,D >ve-iike, aa t'st brooding on the vast aby ss,Ami mad'st it pregn aiil: w lm l in me i ark.Illu mine wh at is low, ra ise an d support.

2. N or you hav e alsotransformed them. Th e emphatic force ofthe conjunction c vidently refers to theircreation by the gods.

3. A avor, l reatheupon, my designs. A met aphor commonw ith the poe ts, deri ved from winds i mpelling a ship.

4. D raw like a chain, ext end.4. P continuo us, un

br oken poem. Th e a rt o f the poet is partic ularly shown in th e happy m anner inw hich each fable ia con nected wi th the onesucceeding it, in a re gul ar series , like toolinks of a chain.

21


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FABULA I.

CHAOS ET MUND1 CREATIO.

3od redtces Chaos into order, and s eparates the Four Elements. He assignsstations to the sev eral divisions of the universe and gives form and regularityto the whole. The zones of the earth. The principal winds. The stars.

EXPLIC TIO

Howev er they may be involved in allegory, or disfigured by err or, thereis in al l the ancient cosmogonies, C hald ee, Phenician, Egyptian, Persian,In dian, and Gothic, sufficient coincidence with that of Moses to attest t hetruth and universalit y of the Scriptural account of an event which hasbeen carried, by tradition , into every part of the ha bitable world. Sancho-niatho, the Ph enician, who compiled his antiquities from civic records andannals kept in the temp les of the gods, in so many respects coincideswith Moses, that he is supposed by some to have had access to the Pentateuch. Hesiod appea rs

tohave copied him i

n hisTheogony, and

tohave furnished, in his turn, the material of which, in part, Lu cretius,Diodo rus Siculus, and our poet, have constru cted their systems of thecreation of the world.

In the first place, the poet describes Chaos, dark and without form, asconta ining in itself all the el ements of the universe in a state of commotion. This agrees wit h the Biblical account: " A nd the earth was withoutform and void, and darkness was upon the face of the ab yss. And theSpirit of God moved [brooded] upon the face of the waters;" and is in beauti ful accordanc e too, with tha t Orphic allegory which represents a dove asbrooding upon an im mense egg, from which the universe is produced.

The Architect of the world begins to reduce Cha os to order, and firstmakes two ge n eral divisions, Earth and Heaven. He then separate s theeart h into land and waier; and divides the heaven into two portions, theupper and the lower, arranging the whole according to the grav ity of theseveral parts. He now cfivesrotundity to the earth, pours out the seas, andencircles them wi th shores, and forms the dif ferent smaller bodies of water.He sp reads out the plains, and depresses the valleys, elevates the mountains, a nd clothes the forests with tr ees. He distinguishes the earth byzones, assigns places to the fogs, the clouds, the lightning and th e thunder, and determ ines the sever al regions of the winds. When thes e thingsare arranged, as if to crown the exce llence of th e whole, and to contemplate th e new creation, the stars which had lain obscured under Chaos,begin now to glow th roughout all the hea vens, in happy coincidence withth e close of the Scriptural creation, " when the morning stars sang to gether, and all the sons of God shouted for joy."

22

NTE mare et tellus, et, quod tegit omnia, cesium,Unus era t toto Naturae vultus in orbeQuern dixere Cha os; rudis indiges-

taque moles;Nee quicquam nisi pondus iners, con-

gestaque eodem

NOT.E.1. A ormerly;at the first. The ac

count whichOvid givesof the creation, de-rived fromtradition and the writingsof theearlierpoets, agreesin manyrespects withthe Mosaic account. He beginshis narration with a word similarin meaning tothecommencementof Genesis, " I

odcreated the heavensand theearth.In the beginning of the crea tion o f all things

the heavens and the earth had lire ?:iine lonn nndappea rance, their nnlures being mixed together DlODO LS SlCULUS.

1. he earth, in all the Cosmogonies of the ancients, is produced from chaos. ToCXdou{iiSujoTr;pi(rrnco I fi. 1'ilouMTltIB

1 . C eaven; so calledfrom< ro i X o fc2. U t was a generalidea of the ancients,

that all the elements wereat first united.Thus Euripides,fO i ' ifa.

A nd Dionysius Longinus,Tft jrprjra rpia (rcj/iara, yij, d> l p rfp.

3. C haos; so called from Xou, t


15/199

P. OVIDII NASO NIS

Non be ne junctarurn disco rdia semina re rum.Nullus adhuc mundo prsebebat lumin a Titan ;Nee nova crescend o reparabat cor nua Phcebe ;Nt-c cir cumfuso p endebat in aere tellus,Ponderibus lib rata suis ; nee brachia longoMargine terrar utn porrexerat Amphitrite.Quaqu e fuit tellus, illic et pontus, et aer:Sic erat instabilis tellus, innab ilis und a,Lucis egens aer; null sua forma manebat.Obstabatque a liis aliud: quia corpo re in unoFrigida pugnaba nt calidis, humentia siccis,Mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pon dus.

LIBESI

6. NullunTimn ad-huc prrebe bat luminamundo; nee rhffibereparabat nova cornua crescendo neetellus pendebat inafire circum fuso, li-bral asu isponderibuB.

11 . Q uaque fuit tellus, illic fuit ctpo ntuset afir : sic tellus e ratinstabilis , unda inna

bilis, afir egens lucis;eua ib rma manebatIS. Fripida pugna

bant calldis, hu mentia siccis, mollia cum

F A B B L AI. METAMO RPHO SE ON

The foundation was a confused chaos, fromwhence the lour elements were separated, andliving cr eatures made. LAKRTIUS.

In lhat e ie great pow er sat inactive awhole year of he cr-aron , at he close o f whichhe caused the e o d vide itself. And from itstwo divisions he framed the heaven above audIhe eur lh beneath. INSTITUTESO FME NU.

Where eldest NghtAnd Chaos, a ncestor s of Nature, holdEternal anarchy. MILTONFrom Chaos both Erebus and black N ght

were born. HESIOD.It is remarkable, that Moses, speaking

of the divisionof time before the creationof the sun, "The e nd the morning were the first day, uses the word

orevenin

g, f romwhich evidently isderived the E csiod.

he seeds; the first principlesof things. This is an elegant andforciblemetaphor.

he sun. Titan was the sonof Ccelusand Terra, an d the eldest of theTitans. As light was first created, it is possiblethe ancients intended, by makinghim the eldest son of Heaven and Ea rth,to signify this.

he sun knew not his place, themoon was ignorant of its p owers, an d the starsknew not the stations they were to occu py.VOUISPAiv T U BE D D A .

7. C he extrem ities of the waxing and waning moo n are called horns.The mo on is said to fill her horns in passing from conjunction w ith the sun to opposition, from the new m oon to the full;and to blunt her ho rns wh en passing fromo pposition to her HThe moonlhat rose last nighl,roundas my shield,Had not yet filledher h D O C G L A S S .

The moonWea rs a w on circle round her blunted h

T H O M S O N .7. P name given to Diana, or

th e moon, on account of her brightness.It is the feminine of Phcebus, as Diana isthe sister of Phoebus, the sun.

8. C he atmosphere isa thin e lastic fluid which encompasses the earth, on all Bides, to the exten t of aboutforty-f ive miles.

Earth with her nether oceancTheir pleasantdwell ing-home. MILTO N.9. P alanced by its

own gra vity. Pythagoras had long bef oredemonstrated the true natu re of the solarsystem, and of the gravita tion of the heavenl y bodies.

The rest to several place Dispar ted, and between, spun out the air,And ear th self-ba lanced on her centre h ung.

MILTON.Terra piko similis nullo fulcimine nixa.

OVID'S FASTI .He utretchet h the north over the empty space,

and hang eth the earth upon nothing . JOBxxvi. 7.

9. S he waters of the ocean,with which it embraces the earth, arecalledarms.

Let others stretch th eir a ike sens,And clasp ia all the shore. WA TTS.10. M long the b orde rs

of the earth.10. A he daughter of O cean-

us and Tethys, and the wife of Neptune.She is h ere p ut fo r the sea, by metonym y.The etymology of the w ord is d

ecause the motion of thesea wears away the earth.When not a wave appears at eventide,

Save from the pawing of lliy coursers' feet,AVith queenly Amph itrite by thy side.

Oer the still waters glides thy chariot fleet.PA N T H E O N

11. P ut for waier, by metonymy. gee Brooks' s Grammar, p. 208.

13 . l estitute of light.T he earth was at first without form and void;

and darkn ess was upon the face of the deep.U E N E S I Si. 2.

14. O he strife a rose from the

commotion of the different elements commingled in the same body.15. P hus, Milton, in de

scribing the Chaos that borders upon Hell.For hot, cold, moist, and dry, four champion

fierce,Strive here for mastery, and to battle br ingTheir cmbryo atoms. PARADISEL O S T.

16. S hings withoutweight. The impondera ble agents arali ght, heat, and electricity.

Hanc Deus et mel ior litem Natura diremit:Nam ca'lo terras, et tern's abscidit undas;Et liquidum spisso sec revitab aere ccelum.Qu a postquam evolvit, csecoque exemit acervo ,D issociata locis concordi pac e ligavit.

20

25duris, habemia pondus cum iis nine pondere. Deus et meliorNntura diremit hanclitcm : nam absciditterras ccelo,ct undaslerris t secrevit liquidum cffilum ab

17. D od. Deus is ilie same asthe Greek 6 hic h conie s from Sew, t

he ancients regarding matter as eternal, did not consider Godas the Creator of the Universe, b ut th eArchiiect. They believed in two eternalprinciples, the one a he other pmind and matter. This do clrine, firsttaught by Hermes Trism egistu s, " Theb eginning of all things wh ich exist is God,or mind, and nalure, or matter," wasadopted by the Stoics and some other sectsof philosophers . How m uch more sublim eis the idea of God presen te d in the Bible,who by the word of his pow er spoke intoexistence the m ut of which heformed the unive rse. Some of the Orp hichymns des cribe Jupiter as omni potent, omnipr esent, and the architect of the universe. In the fragment from Proclus, onthe Alc ibiades of Plato, he is designate d

Jupiter, the foundation of the ear th andstarry heavens; Jupiter, the fount ain ofthe sea; Jupit er, the first p rogenitor ofall."

17. I h is refers to thetwo principles, mind and matter. We mayconsider the force ot th e particle e s expositive ; God a nd Nature eve n Nature;or by the figure hcndiadys ihe God ofNature. T he intelli gent hcalhens considere d God and Nature synonymous.Thus Strabo:

Nhil autem aliud est natuia quam Deus etdivina qu.tdam ratio toti inun do et partibus cjusinserta. STRABO.

The p ower which fashioned th e universeA ristotle denominates Nature; Anax-agorns cells it Min d; so also Plato inhi s Phasdon. Thnlcs says, God was thatMind w hich form ed all things out of wa ter." Amelius, the Platonic, in perfectaccordance with what St. John says of the

emarks, "And this is that Rea sonor Word, by which all things that eve rwere, were made." Chalcidius d eclares,

The Reason o f God is G od himself,"just as St. Joh n says, The Word was

God." Plato says, J upiter is a spiritwhich perv ades all things."All Nature is but nrt unknown o thee. POPS.

17. M his ep ithet reminds us ofthe complacency of Deity in Gen esis, onreviewing his work, he saw that it wangood." Sen eca, in his Ixvlh Epistle, hn?the sam e idea, "l ionus est: bona feci t. 'Plato also says, i t a X o j xfeuoj, t

Nam numen divinum est fous lummis, sicut et bonitatis. JAMBLICIIIS.

18. N e divided theearth from heaven. Ccelohere evidentlyincludes the a nd a he description corresponds wilhthe first act of Deityin Genesis; for, doubtless, whenhe formedtho light, it was by separating the atmospheref romthe heavier bodies, andcausingthe gaseous vapors toignite, fo r a s yet thesun was not formed.

Earth first produced the Heavens. HESIOD

18. A e divided the waters from the earth. We are again reminded of the order of the Scripturalaccount:

And Cod said,let the waters under the hea ve n be g athered together into one place, and lettlie d ryla nd appear. GENESIS.

Hesiod says, after the formation of Heaven

Then with HeavenConsorting, Ocean from her bosom bu rst ,AVith its deep eddying waters. THEOGONY.19. L ho clear heaven.

Ccelum is here restricted to the aether, asstated in the 10th line of the n ext fable.

20. Q hich afte rhe extricated.

20. C confuse d mass. Literally, a blind mass. C s used pn -sively by the poet, becau se the chaos 3dark, and could not be see n distinctly .

The Chaos was dark as night, in whi ch darkness all things under the sky were involved.ORPHKUS.

21. D he elemen ts w erenow disunited in plac e, but concordant inspirit. The antithesis of the words d

nd c risi ng from the inseparable particles d nd c s verybeautiful.

21. C his state of concord is an agreeab le change from the strife- f the pristi ne chaos. In some of the ancient cosmogo nies, the birth of Love, orHarmony, is rep rese nted as one of the firstoc currences.

Kind C eavenly born whose blissfulreign

Holds this vast globe in one surroundi ng chain.T I C K B L .

AVhere order in variety we see.And where, though all things diner,tney agree.

rt


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26 P. OVIDII N ASONIS

Ignea convexi vis et sine, pondere cceliEmicuit, summaque locum sibi legit in arce.Proximus est aer illi levitate, locoque:Densior his tellus, elementaque grandia traxit,Et pressa est gravitate sui. Circumfluus humorUltima posscdit,solidumquecoercuil orbem. .Sic ubi dispositamquisquis fuit ille Deorum,

L I B E R1.

sprsso aSre. Qua-postquam evolvit, queexernil creco acervo,ligavil dissociate lo-cis concord pace. Ig-

25 nea vis creli convex,et sine pondere emi-cuit, que legit % l b llocum in surrjnwarce.

28.Ubi quisquis Dd

22. I he fiery force of theheaven. This means the aether, to whichHesiod, in like manner, assigns the highestplace. The poet probably includes thesun, regarding it as a body of liquid flame,immense and imponderable.Hail, holy Light1, offspringofheaven's first bornWhose fountainwho eliall tell? hefore the sun,Beforethe heavens ihou IAert; and atthe voiceOf Gqdj nswith a mantle,didst investThe rising world of water6,dark and deep.

MILTON.23. E prung forth or shone forth.

This expression conveysthe idea of greatcelerity, and is somewhat similarto theaccount of the creation of light given inthe Bible: " Let there be light, andtherewas light."

And forthwith lightEthereal first of things quintessence pure,Sprung from the deep. MILT ON.23. S t is a law in phi

losophy, that the heavier bodies descend,while the lighter bodies ascendtill theyreach a region of their own density. Theeethcr being lightest, will ascend to thehighest place.

NOT E.

leavier elements. There is much exiressiveness in the word i

The muddy and grosser parts, together with.ie fluid, sunk down, by reason of their heaviness. DIODORTJSS I C U L U S .

26. P as pressed together,.'he earth is kept together by the power)f attraction.

26. C he water flowing around possessedthe last place, orlowest place,for the surfaceof the wateris lower than the surfaceof the eanh.

The fiery part ascended highest,because thelightness of its nature caused it to tend upwards. DIOD ORUSS I C U L U S .

. .aw of gravity, drew down with it th

Providence has caused many eminences and-Rviliesiu the earth, thut in these, the water, orthe greatest part of it, might be received.S T R A B O .

He the worldBuilt on c aters calm, in wideCrystalline oc ean . PA RA DISELOST.

And, poured round all,Old Ocean's gray and melancholy waste.

BEYANT

27. S he ancientphiloso-

)hcra generally considered the earth as a;lobe.The cone, you say, the cylinder, and the pyr

amid, are more beautiful to you than the sphere.

higher than the earth, the air is above the wa- *" -1 '~~ " *.,v -=> - - - ~. .tef, and fire has the highest situation. DE NA- e,Bn be.more illiternle than to assert, as you do,- .TT,. Ti .ftT.TrM that it is doubtfulwhether the world is round oc

It is he that sitteth upon the c he earth,..nil the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers.ISAIAHxl. 42.

24. L he air is next to theether in lightness, and necessarilyeo in location. It is proper to say lightness hereinstead of weight, for the ether has jus'bcrn spoken ot as a light body.

25. D ore dense, and consequently heavier.

25. E lements are the firstprinciplesof which bodies areformed. Theancientsrecognisedfourelcmenis, fire, air, The whol; worU a?ree in ,h19one ,,onstBI,tearlli, and water, f re is enll regarded as iaw ond opinion,that C J o dis ihe suk- King amia simple, but the others are known to he Father ofall. MAXIMUST Y R I U S .compounds. Air consists of oxygen and 'nitrogen, in the proportion of 21 parts otllie former to7U of tun latter, or, as Romethink, of 20 and PO.iu accordance with thtatomic theory. The compositionsot caril.are varied. Water consists of hydrogenand oxygen, in the proportions,by weightof 1 to 8, or by volume, of2 to 1.

25. T he eanh, agreeably to th.. _. .,.:.,,.. .v.

How heaven on high was formed.The earth established, R

ORPHEU*.28. Q he Architect

of the Universe appears tobe rather an" unknowngod" to the poet. He evidentlyconsiders himof a more exalted crmrncterthan the others. The heathens in generalacknowledgedo upreme god.

The g

.There are mnny vulgar gods, but there is but

one natural god. J.TISTHENES,There is really but one God,The maker of heaven nnd ertrth,And sea nnd winds O P H O C L E S .

In the fragment of Orpheus, quoted byJustin Martyr, nnd by Clemcns Alexandn-nus, on the Unity of God, it is said :

FABTJLA . MET AMORPHOSE O N.

Congeriem secuit, sectamque in membra redegit.Principle terram, ne non eequalis ab omniParte foret,magni speciem glomeravit in orbis.Turn freta diffundi, rapidisque tumescere ventisJussit, et ambitce circumdare littora terras.Addidit et fontes, immensaque stagna, lacusque;Fluminaque obliquiscinxit declivia ripis :Q . U I Bdiversa locis partim sorbentur ab ipsa;

7

orum file fiii', secuito congeriem ic dispo-O U sitam que redegit

seclam in membra.Prmcipio glomeravitterrara in speciemmagni orbis, ne foretnon eequalis abonini

34.Etaddidit fontes,QK queimmensa stagna,

que lacus ; que cinxitdeciivia flumina ob -

NOTjE.

,He is one,self-begotten; by him aloneare all

things thut have been made

29 C ut the mass, viz.chaos. Thus a similar term, isemployed in the 17th line to express greatviolence in the separation of the bodies.

29. I nto members or parts;that is, into separate elements.

30. P n the beginning. Havingstated the fact of the formation of the universe, the poet enters more particularlyinto the specifications of the several acts.In doing this, he uses the identical expression which occurs in the first verse ofGenesis.

30. J i o he earth is notexactly equal in every part, as the elevations and depressions show. The equatorial diameter, too, is 26 miles greaterthan the polar. Owing to this spheroidalfigure, the eanh may be considered as containing a sphere, the radius of which is

half the polar axis, and a quantity of redundant matter distributed over it, so as to swellout the equatorial regions. The precessionof the equinoxes, and the nutation of theearth's axis, is occasioned by the attractionof the sun and moon on this redundantmatter.

31. G e rounded the earth.ignifies to wind into a ball like

thread The expression is not inapt, especially when we consider that the earthconsists of successive layers.

31. M great globe.A glorious orb from its Creator's liondsIt came, in light and loveliness arrayed,Crowned with green emerald mounts tinted w ith

gold. SCRIPTURA LA N T H O L O G Y.

32. F arrow seas between twoportions of land, so called from fhere put by syncchdcche for seas in general,dc ordered the seas to be poured forth.

And from the hollowof his handToured out the immeasurable sea.

BOWEROF PAPIIOS32. T o swell; to be puffedup.Have I not seen the sens yt/^rc? upwith winds,Rage like an angr} boar chafed with sweat.

SHAKSPEARE.33. J e commanded. This con

veys the idcn of great power, and is similarto the " D f Moses.

He spoke,and it was done ; he commanded,uid it stood fas:PSALM xxxiii. 9.

33. A ot on all sides surrounded as the earth is by the air, but encompassed or encircled by it.

Andwearing as a robe the silver sea,Seeded with jewels of resplendent is ea.

SCRIPTURALA N T H O L O G Y,33. C n the use of c

ith a here is a pleonasm. Thisfigure is of frequent occurrence in Ovid.

34. F n theenumeration of the different bodies of water, there is an agreeable variety.Dim grottoes, gleaming lakes, and fountain

clear. THOMSON.34. F ountains or springs arc

formed by water that issues from crevicesin the earth. The water falls on higherground, and descending into the earth, isreceived in subterranean cavities, and filtrates towards the springs. Springs aredistinguished as perennial, periodical, intermitting, and spouting. An intermittingfountain at Como, in Italy, rises and fallaevery hour; one at Colmaris, in Provence,eight times in an hour.

34. S ools are bodies of waterthat receive no running water, and have novisible outlet. They are situated in lowmarshy ground.

34. L akes are large bodiesof water that do not communicate with theocean. They are distinguished as follows:those that receive streams of water, andhave a visible outlet; those that receivestreams of water, and have no visible outlet; and those that are supplied, not byrunning streams, but internal springs, andhave a visible outlet. The first class oflakes is frceh, the second salt, and thflthird saline, or alkaline, or both.

35. F ivers alwaysoccupy the lowest portions of the districtsfrom which they derive their waters.These districts are called basins.

Ilivers will not flow, except on d ndtheir sources be raised above the earth's ordinary surface, so that they may run upon adescent . WOOD WA RD.

36. C e bound therivers with winding banks.

He hath compassed the waters with boundiuntil day and night come to an end. JOB xxv10.


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28 P . OV1 DII NA SO NIS

In m are p erve niunt p artim, cam poq ue re cepta Li b crioris aquse, p ro ripis litto ra pulsa n t.Juss it et extend cam pos, subsidere val les,Fron de tegi s yl vas, lapidosos su rgere mo nies. U tqiie du a; dextra ccelum, totide mque sinistr a Parte secant Zonas, quint a es t arde n tior illi s;Sic on us inc lusmn nu mero dis tinxit eo demCu ra De i: totide mq ue plagas tellur e pre mun tur :

Qua rum quas media est, non est habitabilis sestu;N ix tegit a lia duas ; toti dem inter ut ramque locavi:

. NO T^E .

LIBER 1.

liquifl ripis: qu ffi ^i-ve rsa locis partira sorb entur ab terraipsa; p artim perv e-niuut in m are, que

4 rec epla cam p o liberi-or is aqur e pul santUt que dune zo nal secant coalum de xtrQ p arte , q ue totidem si-nislra, q uinla e st a r-dcnlior i llis; sic cur a Pel disl inx it inclusum

45 onus eodem numero :q ue lotidem pl ag aepre-inu n lur teliur e.

H ow many sp acious coun lries does th e Rhine,In w n d ma zes serp enti neTrave rse. BL ACK MORE .

36 . S ome rivers disappear, and continue their course for a distance,under the earth. Such are the Alpheus, inPeloponnesus, the Anas, in Spain, theR hone, inFra nce, the Lycus, theErasmus,and Mysua.

37. om e anc ientphiloso ph ers reg arde d t he eart h as a grea tanim al, a nd the oc e an as the g reat founta ina nd rec eptacle of a ll the oth er wate rs. Itwas thu s the hear t of the w o rld.

Th e deep pul sa tions o f hi s m ighty hear t,Tha t bids ihe blood -like flui d circul ateThr ou gh every fib re of tl )e ea rth, shnll ce ase.

SCRIPTURAL ANTHOLOGY.T he rivers ru n into the s ea . CAREW .Al the riv ers run into the sea; yet the sea is

not full : int o th e p lace w hence the riv ers come, thither th ey retu rn again. ECCLESIASTES i. 7.

37. C naplain o f freer wat er. T heBea or o cean .

38. L he exp ans e being g reater, the waters ar e lees con fined.

38. P dist inction ism ade betw een bank s an d sho res. The fo rmer b elo ng to rivers, the latte r to th eeea.

39. S he plai ns to b eextended , the valle y s to sSo high as heaved Ihe tumid h ills, so low

hollow bottom,broad and deep.M I LT ON.

40. he woods to b e c lothedw ith leave s.

Last,Rose, as in dance, t he stately tre es , and Bpr ead T heir branch es hung wit h copious fr uit .

MILTON.

40. L he stony mountains t o rise.

S he brou ghtThe lo fty mountains forth, the ple asant hau nts Of nymphs, who dwell m idst thick et s of he hills.

HZSIOD.He ga ve being to time, and the divisions of

time , to th e stars a lso , and to th e planets, to riv ers, o cea ns, and mo untains ; to level pl ains an d uneve n va lleys. INS TIT UTES OF MENU.

41. D he northern portion was considered, by the R omans the right, the southern the left.

42. S he noun z s derived from the Greek 5< on , a hereare fiveparallel circles in the heavens; theequator or equinoctial, equidistant fromth enorth and south poles; the two tropics, at a distance o f 23 28' from the equator oneitherside; and the two polar circles, at adistance of 23 28' from the poles. Th esecircles divide the heavens into five zo nes;the two frigid zones enclosed between thepolar circles and the poles; the two tem perate zones lying betweenthe tropics a nd polar circles, and the torrid zone lying between the tropics.

43. I he included mass ofearth.

44 . T s many regions areimpressed upon the earth. As the planes

of the five celestial circles, described in aformer note, produced till they reach theear th, impress similar parallels upon i t, astronomers with propriety divide the earth into zones, in the same manner as theydi stinguish the heavens.

45. N he su n i n thetorrid zone being twice vertical, and oftennearly perpendicular, darts down his rayswith great power. U nacquainted with the situation ofthe earth, the course of thewinds, and the effect of frequent rains, andof the ocean, in tempering the solar heat,the ancients generally considered the torrid zone uninhabitable. Lucan, how ever, in the army of Pompey, speaks of Ethiopiansfrom the torrid zone. Eratosthenes de scribes Taprobana under the line, and Ptolemy, in his Geography, speaks ofAgisymban Ethiopians south of the equinoctial.

Columb us firstF ouud a tem perate in a t one;Th e feverish a ir faulted by a cooling breeze.

D RV D B N

46. N he two frigidzones, lying between latitude 66 32' and the poles,are covered with ice and snow, a great partof the yeor.

H e giveth m ow like wo ol: he scatt ereth meiioar - lrost like as hes. He c. is teth forth hii iclike m o rseip: wh o can stand be fore his co ld? PSALM cx lui.

FABU L AI. M ET AMO R PIIOS E ON.

Te m periem q ne dedit , mi sta cu m frigore flam ma .Imminet hi s aer; qu i, qua nt o est pon dere terrasP on dus aquse levius tanto est onerosior ign i.Illic et ne bul as, il lic consist ere nubesfussit, et hum an as mot ura tonitr u a mente s ,E t cum fu lm inibus faci entes frigora ventos.H is qu oq ue non passim m undi fa brica tor habendumA era perm isit. V ix nunc ob sis titur illis,Cum su a quisqu e regan t dive rse flamina tra ctu,

Q.uin lan ient mundum ; tanta est di scord ia fratrum .

29

48. A6r im m inct his,cjui, qu anlo pondu s aquse esi levius pon-

5 Jer e terrro, tanto e st60. Et jus si t nebula s

c onsistere ill ic, nubesillic, et ton itrua motura human as m entes,et ventos fac icuteifrig ora cum lulm inibus. Q uoque fab ri

g fj cat or mu ndi non per- misi l ae*ra habendum pussim his. N unc

NOT.E .Qu am circum exlremre d ex tra Uevfique tra-

hiinlurCrern le a glacie c o ncrete, at que imbribu * arris.

VI RG I L .

46. T he two t e mperate zones, betw een the to rrid and th e frigid zon es, nrefree from the sever e extr emes of he a t andcol d, an d are m ore agreea ble and sal ub rioustha n any othe r po rtions o f the ear th .

Has inter mcdidumque duicmnrlalibus rrgrisMuiiere concesscedivum. VIRGIL .47. T empcra teness th e heat

bein g blended wi th cold .48. A he a ir r ests up on

these.48. Q h e po et a r-

ra ngaa th e diffe rent elements accord ing totheir gra vity: first , fire; th e n air; the nwater, and lastly, e arth. His prop ortion s,howev er , do not acco rd wit h mo dern philosop hy, for hea t is consid ered impo nderable; at mospher ic air is '00121; wa ter 1,and earthy ma tter varies in w eight according to its co mpo nent partic les .

50. U og s con sist of de nseva pors near the su rface of the lan d or water . D uring th e night, th e air, by coolingra pid ly, beco mes surcha rged wit h mo isture.A part of thi s moisture , pr ecipitat ed in the form of clo ud, gives rise to the o rdinaryfog. The heat of the sun di sp erses the fogs by el ev ating th e tempera ture of the air, and ena bling it to re ubsorb and hold insolution the moistu re.

50. l lou ds are vapo rs,which, on ascen ding to th e higher andco lder r egio ns, are conde nsed and rende re dvisible . The y are less dense th an fog s, and cons equ ently m or e elevat ed. Thei r average ele vation is from two to thre e m iles .Cloud s are d ivid ed into thr ee primary formati on s the c r curl-c loud, whic hocc upies the hi ghest re gion , and con sistsof curl s or fib res divergi ng in every dire ctio n; th ecKm K/iis. orsta cKen- cloud ', whichis n ext in pos ition, which , from a ho rizo ntal jb ase, assum es a co ni cal figure; and the '

r fall-c loud , w hich con sists of hori zontal laye rs. It is lowest in place , andco mpreh ends fogs and mists. T he mo difica tions o f th e ab ov e arc the cthe c nd the c

alle d from tlie ir hav ing th e bl ended ap-

peara nce of h eir re spective prim aries. T hes the ra in-c loud, into which the

d iffe rent c loud s re solve themselves w henit rains .

51. T he poe t speaks o f thu nde r as if it wer e a r eal e n tity, where as it isn m er e sound , Vo x e t nihil pra sterea.It is the no ise whic h fo llows the pas sageof li ghtning th rough th e air from one clou dto another, or from a cloud to the gr ound.It is p roduc ed by the vibr ation o f the air,w hich is agi tated by th e e lectric d is charge.

51. M o disturb t he m indsof men .The thunder ro lls: be hushed the prostrate

worl d,W hile cloud to cloud re tur ns th e so lemn hymn.

THOMSON.

52. F ight ni ng is th e ra pidmo tion of vas t m asses o f electric matter.W hen two c louds, or a cloud and the earth a re in diffe rent electri c states, th e one being p ositiv ely electr ified , the o ther nega tiv ely, the e lectric eq ui librium is restore d by a unio n of the tw o electrici ti es, accom pa nied by the usual phe nomen a, fla shes of light, an d a l oud re po rt.

52. in ds are curren tsof air formed by a disturban ce of the eq uilibrium of the atm osphere. T he hea tedai r exp an ds and asc ends, wh ile the co ld airrushes in to o ccup y its place . Winds m ay thus be said t o cause c old. A g entlebreeze mo ves ab out five mi les per hou r; abrisk gale from ten to fifte en mile s; a highwind abo ut thirt y-fi ve mile s ; n storm sixtymile s; a hurric a ne one hu ndr ed.

53. N he architect of thewo rld did no t permit the winds, at thei rple asure , to po sses s the w orld, lest, unitingthei r forces , th ey might de stroy it.Ma ria ac ter ra s coalu mque profundum

Quipp e feran t ra pidi secum , ve rranlqu c p eraur a s. VIRGIL .

54. O his is on impersonalverb, from o carcely now are theypreventedfrom tearing the world to pieces, when they govern their blasts, each one ina different region.

56. F he winds are fabled to be the son of the gant Astrseus and Aurora.


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P. O V IDII NA SONIS

E urus ad Au ror am, Nabatheeaque reg na re cessit,Persi daqu e, et radiis jug a subdita matu tinis;V es per, et occiduo q ua littor a Sole tepe scunt,Proxima su nt Zephyro: Scythiam s ept emque Tr ionem 60Horrifer invasit Borea s jcontraria tell usN ubibus assid uis, pluvioqu e madescit ab Austro.Hsec sup er imposuit liq uidum et gravitate car entcm

NOT-ffi.Au rora to Astrxu s ba re the w inds,Of spir it untamed; east, west, and south and

north.Cl eaving his r ap id course. HESIOD .

Astraus is deriv ed from & s ndp robably m eans the su n, the gr ea terlight." As the s un's ra y s d isturb the temperature of t he air in th e mo rning, a ndcause the winds to rise, they are said, w ith poetic b eauty, to b e b orn of the su n andth e mor ning.

57. E h e poet describe s the fou rcardi nal w inds, east , west, north a nd south,and begi ns with E urus. This b lows from the equinoctia l east, and to the Italians was d ry, serene, ple asa nt, and hea lt hy.

57. A o the east, where th emo rning rises. B y m etonymy.

57. K he Nabathff ian kingd oms, ac cording to Jo sephus, comp risedthat po rtion of countr y lying betwe en theEuphrat es and the R ed Sea, and were reigne d o ver by twe lve princes, the sons

of Ish mael, of who m Nabath w as theeldest. Pliny mentio ns the Naba lh ffii inArabia Felix .

58. P his is a G ree k name of Pers ia, a celebrate d country of th e cast.It wa s a t first a sm all c ountry, bo unded onthe north by Med ia, on the eas t by Ca ro-m ania , on the so uth b y Sinus P ersicus, andon the west by Susian a. It is th ought toha ve de rived its n ame from P ers es, the son of Perseu s .

58. E he hills lyin g underthe rays of th e morning; a beau tiful periph rasis for th e eastern moun tains .

Wher e fi rst the sunGilds Indian mountains. TH OMSON.

59. V s Aurora was p ut for thecast, v s here put for the we st.

59. Q his is ano ther beautiful pe riphrasis for the shoresof the w est.

O r his setti ng beamsFlumes on the Atlantic isles. THOMSON.

60. P re next to Zcphyrus thewest wi nd. T hi s wind is from the equinoctial west and with its side winds iscloudy and moist and less healthful. Zc phyrus presides over fruits and flowersand is represented under the form of ayouth with wings like those of a butterfly and having his head crowned with flowers.

C O . S country in the north o f Asia remarkable for the coldness of its

LI BER L

vix obsistitur illiscum regant sua fla-mina q uisque divers etract u, quin lanicntmundum; d iscordiafratrum est tant a . Eu rus recessit ad Aur o-ram , N abathreaque

62. M adescit assid -uis nub ibus ab pluvi >Austro. Im posuit

climate and the rude character of its in habitants.

Scythiffiqne hyemes atq ue arida dive rtNubila. GKORGIC ii

ovidius - metamorphoses

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