H.S.H.S.

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Overview of in-use driving behaviour data from different regions

Revised version

By Heinz Steven

12.10.2010

WLTP-DHC-05-03-Rev.1

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Data Sources

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source Country vehcat distance in km remarksDE, Berlin 2007 Germany M1 869 floating vehicle, urban

DE, Aachen and region 1998 Germany M1 6,174 11 vehicles, instructed driversInfras Switzerland M1 18,179Infras Switzerland N1 732Vito Belgium M1 43,845 customer data, 11 M1 vehicles

Trafikverket Sweden M1 19,986Trafikverket Sweden N1 18,219

JRC Germany M1 23,411 customer data, 8 M1 vehiclesJRC Italy M1 57,121 customer data, 8 M1 vehiclesJRC Slovenia M1 48,893 customer data, 19 vehiclesPSA France M1 56,910PSA France N1 7,455PSA France 2nd dataset M1 63,320 customer data, 8 M1 vehicles

Japan Japan M1 24,291Japan Japan N1 25,586Korea Korea M1 13,498Korea Korea M2 6,747Korea Korea N1 6,936

EU M1 331,665EU N1 26,406

11 M1, 13 N1 vehicles

4 M1, 2 M2 and 2 N1 vehicles

customer data, 26 M1, 4 N1 vehicles

customer data, 5 M1, 2 N1 vehicles

customer data, 9 M1, 1 N1 vehicle(s)

Table 1

H.S.H.S.Comparison of vehicle speed distributions

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• Figure 1 shows the overall vehicle speed distributions for the different data sources. The speeds in Japan and Korea (and for some EU N1 vehicles) are significantly lower than the speeds for M1 vehicles in Europe.

• It is the other way round for the stop percentages.• Figure 2 shows the speed distributions without the

stops.

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vehicle speed in km/h

Switzerland, M1

Belgium, M1

Switzerland, N1

France, M1

France, N1

Germany, M1

Italy, M1

Slovenia, M1

Sweden, M1

Sweden, N1

Japan, M1

Japan, N1

Korea, M1

Korea, M2

Korea, N1

Japan, Korea, Sweden N1

Overall speed distributions

4Figure 1

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vehicle speed in km/h

Switzerland, M1

Belgium

Switzerland, N1

France, M1

France, N1

Germany, M1

Italy, M1

Slovenia, M1

Sweden, M1

Sweden, N1

Japan, M1

Japan, N1

Korea, M1

Korea, M2

Korea, N1

without standstill

Overall speed distributions

5Figure 2

H.S.H.S.Urban streets

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• Figure 3 shows the vehicle speed distributions for urban areas. Only that data was used where the road category is indicated. This was not the case for the Swedish data.

• For the JRC data the road category is only partly indicated. This might explain the low stop percentages.

• Figure 4 shows the distributions without the stops.• The envelopes of the speed curves are formed by

data from Germany (2007 the lower end, 1998 the higher end). The 2007 data is from an urban main street in Berlin, the 1998 data from Aachen and thoroughfares of villages in the Aachen region.

H.S.H.S.Urban streets

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• The differences can be explained by different traffic load conditions.

• The data from Japan and Korea is from agglomerations with high traffic loads, while the European data also contains conditions with lower traffic loads (e.g. M1 in Switzerland and Belgium).

• Interestingly enough, there seems to be no significant difference in the speed ranges for urban between the different regions.

• The differences between N1 and M1 are higher in Europe than in Japan or Korea with the tendency of lower speeds for N1 compared to M1. But this needs to be further investigated.

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vehicle speed in km/h

Switzerland, M1, urban Switzerland, N1, urban

Belgium, M1, urban France, M1, urban

France, N1, urban France, 2nd dataset, M1, urban

Germany, JRC, M1, urban Germany, 1998, M1, urban

Germany, 2007, M1, urban Italy, JRC, M1, urban

Slovenia, JRC, M1, urban Korea, M1, urban

Korea, M2, urban Korea, N1, urban

Japan, M1, urban Japan, N1, urban

Speed distributions for urban areas

8Figure 3

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vehicle speed in km/h

Switzerland, M1, urbanSwitzerland, N1, urbanBelgium, M1, urbanFrance, M1, urbanFrance, N1, urbanGermany, JRC, M1, urbanGermany, 1998, M1, urbanItaly, JRC, M1, urbanSlovenia, JRC, M1, urbanFrance, 2nd dataset, M1, urbanKorea, M1, urbanKorea, M2, urbanKorea, N1, urbanJapan, N1, urbanJapan, M1, urbanGermany, 2007, M1, urban

without stops

Speed distributions for urban areas

9Figure 4

H.S.H.S.Rural roads

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• Figures 5 and 6 show the speed distributions for rural roads.

• The Japanese, Korean and Belgium data have stop percentages around 14%, the distributions for M1 are almost the same. Korean M2 and N1 data have lower percentages of high speeds.

• The other European data have stop percentages below 5% and higher speeds up to 120 km/h compared to up to 100 km/h for Korea and up to 80 km/h for Japan.

• The highest speeds were found for the old German data from the Aachen region.

H.S.H.S.Rural roads

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• The comparison between M1 and N1 has no uniform result. No difference for Japan, lower speeds for N1 for Korea and France, higher speeds for N1 for Switzerland.

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vehicle speed in km/h

Switzerland, M1, rural

Switzerland, N1, rural

Belgium, M1, rural

France, M1, rural

France, N1, rural

France, M1, 2nd dataset, rural

Japan, M1, rural

Japan, N1, rural

Korea, M1, rural

Korea, M2, rural

Korea, N1, rural

Germany, 1998, M1, rural

Speed distributions for rural areas

12Figure 5

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vehicle speed in km/h

Switzerland, M1, rural

Switzerland, N1, rural

Belgium, M1, rural

France, M1, rural

France, N1, rural

France, M1, 2nd dataset, rural

Japan, M1, rural

Japan, N1, rural

Korea, M1, rural

Korea, M2, rural

Korea, N1, rural

Germany, 1998, M1, rural

without stops

Speed distributions for rural areas

13Figure 6

H.S.H.S.Motorways

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• The biggest differences between the regions (Europe, Korea, Japan) were found for motorways (Figures 7 and 8).

• The median values are 40 km/h for Japan, 60 km/h for Korea and between 100 km/h and 120 km/h for Europe.

• The 95% percentiles are around 90 km/h for Korea, 100 km/h for Japan and between 125 km/h and 145 km/h for Europe.

• Figure 9 shows the distributions for all road catego-ries for France, Korea and Japan. The motorway curve for Korea has a higher percentage of low speeds than the rural curve (figure 10).

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vehicle speed in km/h

Switzerland, M1, mot

Switzerland, N1, mot

Belgium, M1, mot

France, M1, mot

France, N1, mot

France, M1, 2nd dataset, mot

Japan, M1, mot

Japan, N1, mot

Korea, M1, mot

Korea, M2, mot

Korea, N1, mot

Speed distributions for motorways

15Figure 7

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vehicle speed in km/h

Switzerland, M1, mot

Switzerland, N1, mot

Belgium, M1, mot

France, M1, mot

France, N1, mot

France, M1, 2nd dataset,motJapan, M1, mot

Japan, N1, mot

Korea, M1, mot

Korea, M2, mot

Korea, N1, mot

without stops

Speed distributions for motorways

16Figure 8

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vehicle speed in km/h

Japan, M1, urban

Japan, M1, rural

Japan, M1, mot

Korea, M1, urban

Korea, M1, rural

Korea, M1, mot

France, 2nd dataset, M1, urban

France, M1, 2nd dataset, rural

France, M1, 2nd dataset, mot

Comparison of speed distributions

17Figure 9

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vehicle speed in km/h

Korea, M1, mot

Korea, M1, rural

Comparison of speed distributions

18Figure 10

H.S.H.S.Comparison of RPA

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• Basis of the RPA analysis are short trips with a minimum duration of 10 s.

• Figure 11 shows an overview of nearly all data except the second dataset from France. The differences between the regions are minor for M1 vehicles.

• Figure 12 shows the European data. The lowest dynamic is found for the Swedish M1 data, the highest for the Italian M1 and the old German data.

• Figures 13 to 15 show comparisons between M1 and N1 vehicles in Korea, Japan and Sweden. The differences for Japan and Korea are as expected, but the differences for Sweden need further investigation.

• Figure 16 shows the 2 French datasets.

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Comparison of RPA

20Figure 11

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Comparison of RPA

21Figure 12

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Comparison of RPA

22Figure 13

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Comparison of RPA

23Figure 14

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Comparison of RPA

24Figure 15

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Comparison of RPA

25Figure 16

H.S.H.S.Comparison of RPA

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• The next series of figures show the average RPA values versus average speed of the short trips for the different vehicles tested in each region/country.

• The differences between individual drivers are higher than the differences between the regions/countries.

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Average RPA, France, 1. dataset

27Figure 170 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

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FR, M1, veh 1FR, M1, veh 2FR, M1, veh 3FR, M1, veh 4FR, M1, veh 5FR, M1, veh 6FR, M1, veh 7FR, M1, veh 8FR, M1, veh 9FR, N1, veh 10

vehicle speed in km/h

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RPA

in m

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Average RPA, Belgium

28Figure 18

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BE, M1, veh 1BE, M1, veh 2BE, M1, veh 3BE, M1, veh 4BE, M1, veh 5BE, M1, veh 6BE, M1, veh 7BE, M1, veh 8BE, M1, veh 9BE, M1, veh 10BE, M1, veh 11

vehicle speed in km/h

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RPA

in m

/s²

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Average RPA, Switzerland

29Figure 19

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CH, M1, veh 3CH, M1, veh 14CH, M1, veh 17CH, M1, veh 23CH, M1, veh 24CH, M1, veh 25

vehicle speed in km/h

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RPA

in m

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Average RPA, Sweden

30Figure 20

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SV, M1, veh 1 SV, M1, veh 2

SV, M1, veh 3 SV, M1, veh 4

SV, M1, veh 5 SV, N1, veh 8

SV, N1, veh 9

average speed in km/h

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Average RPA, Germany

31Figure 21

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DE, M1, veh 3

DE, M1, veh 5

DE, M1, veh 6

DE, M1, veh 7

DE, M1, veh 13

DE, M1, veh 14

DE, M1, veh 15

DE, M1, veh 16

vehicle speed in km/h

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Average RPA, Italy

32Figure 220 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

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IT, M1, veh 1

IT, M1, veh 2

IT, M1, veh 4

IT, M1, veh 8

IT, M1, veh 9

IT, M1, veh 10

IT, M1, veh 11

IT, M1, veh 12

vehicle speed in km/h

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RPA

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Average RPA, Slovenia

33Figure 23

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0.35 SLO, M1, veh 18 SLO, M1, veh 20SLO, M1, veh 21 SLO, M1, veh 22SLO, M1, veh 23 SLO, M1, veh 24SLO, M1, veh 25 SLO, M1, veh 26SLO, M1, veh 27 SLO, M1, veh 28SLO, M1, veh 29 SLO, M1, veh 30SLO, M1, veh 31 SLO, M1, veh 32SLO, M1, veh 33 SLO, M1, veh 34SLO, M1, veh 35

vehicle speed in km/h

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RPA

in m

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Average RPA, Japan, M1

34Figure 24

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JP, M1, veh 1JP, M1, veh 2JP, M1, veh 3JP, M1, veh 4JP, M1, veh 5JP, M1, veh 6JP, M1, veh 7JP, M1, veh 8JP, M1, veh 9JP, M1, veh 10JP, M1, veh 11

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Average RPA, Japan, N1

35Figure 25

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0.35JP, N1, veh 12 JP, N1, veh 13

JP, N1, veh 14 JP, N1, veh 15

JP, N1, veh 16 JP, N1, veh 17

JP, N1, veh 18 JP, N1, veh 19

JP, N1, veh 20 JP, N1, veh 21

JP, N1, veh 22 JP, N1, veh 23

JP, N1, veh 24

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Average RPA, Korea

36Figure 26

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Korea, M1, veh 1

Korea, M1, veh 2

Korea, M1, veh 3

Korea, M1, veh 4

Korea, M2, veh 5

Korea, M2, veh 6

Korea, N1, veh 7

Korea, N1, veh 8

average speed in km/h

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H.S.H.S.Comparison of RPA

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• Figure 27 shows a comparison of the average values, figure 28 a comparison of the 95% percentiles for different regions/countries.

• Figure 28 is limited to M1 vehicles only. The French data is from the 2nd dataset.

• Figure 29 shows the comparison of M1 and N1 vehicles for Korea, Japan and Sweden.

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Average RPA, different regions

38Figure 27

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0.35M1, Belgium M1, France

M1, Germany M1, Italy

M1, Japan M1, Slovenia

M1, Sweden N1, France

N1, Japan N1, Sweden

M1, Korea M2, Korea

N1, Korea

average speed in km/h

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RPA

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Average RPA, different regions

39Figure 280 20 40 60 80 100 120

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Switzerland, x95 Belgium, x95 France, x95 Germany, x95

Italy, x95 Slovenia, x95 Japan, x95 Sweden, x95

Korea, x95

average speed in km/h

RPA_

95 in

m/s

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Average RPA, M1 vs N1

40Figure 29

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Japan, x95 Japan, N1, x95

Sweden, x95 Sweden, N1, x95

Korea, x95 Korea, N1, x95

average speed in km/h

RPA_

95 in

m/s

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H.S.H.S.Analysis of first short trips of the day

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• Since the WLTP cycle will be measured with a cold start, Sweden raised the question that the first short trip of the urban cycle part should be representative for the first short trip of the day of the in-use data.

• Therefore that part of the data that contained daytime information was analysed with respect to the first short trips per day. Short trips below 10 s duration were disregarded.

• The results are shown in Table 2. The first short trips show huge variances in all regions. The European data has the highest, the Korean data the lowest variance. The average and maximum speeds are lowest in Europe and highest in Korea.

H.S.H.S.Analysis of first short trips of the day

42Table 2

regionnumber of short trips

min ave maxStddev /

avemin ave max

Stddev / ave

Europe 3738 10 161 14,100 273% 4 2,486 456,805 468%

Japan 1409 10 165 3,979 237% 5 2,876 107,903 304%

Korea 50 14 197 1,877 194% 52 3,421 43,577 250%

min ave maxStddev /

avemin ave max

Stddev / ave

Europe 1.2 22.7 117.7 86.0% 1.4 37.6 181.0 81.6%Japan 1.6 30.6 115.5 71.8% 2.7 47.1 149.7 60.8%Korea 13.3 41.7 84.1 35.7% 18.9 62.2 132.0 32.3%

duration in s

average speed in km/h maximum speed in km/h

distance in m

H.S.H.S.End of presentation

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Thank you for your patience!