Overview of Emissions on World-Overview of Emissions on WorldHarmonised and Non-road Cycles from

th AECC E VI Pthe AECC Euro VI ProgrammeM G Ri k tMr. G. Rickert

AECC Technical Steering Committee

AECC Technical Seminar on Heavy-duty Engine Emissions

Brussels, 25 October 2007

Contents

• Introduction

• WHTC

• NRTC

• Steady-state cycles (WHSC and NRSC)

• Summary

2

AECC heavy-duty Euro VI test engine• 6 cylinder 7.5 litre engine designed for US2007

- Common railT b h d- Turbocharged

- EGR - No modification to base engine calibrationg- No change to calibration or regeneration strategy.

• AECC emissions control system + Bosch advanced airless urea dosing systemurea dosing system- Basic urea dosing system calibration for the ESC, ETC and WHTC- No specific calibration for other cycles.

(optional)NOx sensor

NOx sensor

• No thermal management.

Mixer SCR + ASCDOC1m mixing length between injector and SCR face.

3

No thermal management.

PM vs NOx (ESC test)

0.160

0.1802002 2006 2007 (Euro V & EEV data)

0 120

0.140

0.160

Euro III limits (<0.75dm3 & >3000min-1 rated power speed)

0 080

0.100

0.120

M g

/kW

h Euro III limits

( p p )

0.060

0.080PM

AECC Euro V tailpipe result

0.020

0.040

Euro IV limitsEuro V limits

0.0000.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00

NOx g/kWh

S KBA d t J 2002 J 2006 M h 2007AECC Euro VI tailpipe result

4

Source: KBA data, June 2002, January 2006, March 2007

ETC and WHTC cycle comparison

800 ETC

WHTC operates at lower speeds and loads than ETC.

600

ETCWHTCPowermap

400

m)

200

Torq

ue (N

m

200

0500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

-400

-200

5

Speed (rpm)

ETC and WHTC tests: CO & HC emissions for engine o t and tailpipefor engine-out and tailpipe

ETC, tailpipeETC, engine-0ut WHTC, tailpipeWHTC, engine-0ut

Engine Out12.0

14.0

Engine Out

1.0

Engine Out10.0

h]

Engine Out

0 6

0.8

Wh]

Euro V NMHC limit

6.0

8.0

CO

[g/k

Wh

90% conversion 79%

conversion Tailpipe0.4

0.6

otal

HC

[g/k

W Euro V NMHC limit

63% conversion

69% conversion

Tailpipe

Tailpipe

2 0

4.0Euro V limit

conversion

Tailpipe0.2

To

conversion

Tailpipe

0.0

2.0

ETC WHTC (5 min hot soak,0.0

ETC WHTC (5 min hot soak,

6

10% cold weighting)(

10% cold weighting)

ETC and WHTC tests:PM emissions for engine o t and tailpipe

0 80

ETC, tailpipeETC, engine-0ut WHTC, tailpipeWHTC, engine-0ut

PM emissions for engine-out and tailpipe

E i O t

Engine Out

0.70

0.80

10.0mg/kWh

Engine Out

0.50

0.60

s [g

/kW

h] 8.0

Wh]

0.30

0.40

Par

ticul

ate

Mas

99.8% 99.7% i Tailpipe

4.0

6.0

ate

Mas

s [m

g/kW

TailpipeTailpipe0.10

0.20conversion conversion

Tailpipe

Tailpipe

2.0

Par

ticul

a0.00

ETC WHTC (5 min hot soak,10% cold weighting)

0.0ETC WHTC (5 min soak,

10% cold weighting)

7

ETC and WHTC tests:NO emissions for engine o t and tailpipe

2 5ETC, tailpipeETC, engine-0ut WHTC, tailpipeWHTC, engine-0ut

NOx emissions for engine-out and tailpipe

2.0

2.5

Euro V limit

Engine OutEngine Out1.5

/kW

h]

g

1.0NO

x [g

/

86% conversion

76% conversion

Tailpipe

Tailpipe0.5

0.0ETC WHTC (5 min hot soak, 10% cold weighting)

8

Tailpipe cold and hot start WHTC results showing effect of hot soak period

3.0Cold Start 5 min Soak 10 min Soak 20 min Soak

showing effect of hot soak period

No EGR or SCR at

cold start

2.0

[g/k

Wh]

cold start

1 0mis

sion

s [

1.0Em

0.0NOx THC CO PM*100

9

NOx THC CO PM 100

SCR temperatures for ETC and cold start WHTCand cold start WHTC

600WHTC ColdStart Test Temperature at SCR inlet

500

Start TestETC Test

ETC is a

400

re [°

C]

hot start test

300

Tem

pera

rtur

100

200

Urea injection for SCR t t d ti ft

0

100

EGR valve starts operating after ~570s

on cold start tests

started operating after ~800s on cold start

tests

10

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Time [s]

SCR temperatures for WHTC options

600WHTC Cold Start TestWHTC Hot Start After 5 min Soak

Note: SCR inlet temperature plotted. The urea injection is triggered by an the average of the inlet & outlet temperatures over the SCR

500

WHTC Hot Start After 10 min SoakWHTC Hot Start After 20 min Soak

Urea injection forUrea injection forUrea injection for

inlet & outlet temperatures over the SCR catalyst. Hence on the cold start test, the SCR temperature may be in excess of the 200°C threshold before urea injection is observed

400

re [°

C]

Urea injection for SCR started operating after ~675s on hot test after 20 min. soak

Urea injection for SCR re-started operating after ~490s on hot test after 10 min. soak

Urea injection for SCR started operating after ~80s on hot test after 5 min. test soak

200

300

Tem

pera

tur

short period of urea injection around ~90s on hot test after 10 min. soak

100

200

EGR valve started Urea injection for

00 300 600 900 1200 1 00 1800

EGR valve started operating after ~570s on cold start tests

Urea injection for SCR started operating after ~800s on cold start t t

Note: EGR valve operated from the start on the hot tests

11

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Time [s]

Summary of WHTC composite results

Engine Tail Conv Engine Tail Conv Engine Tail Conv Engine Tail Conv

Emissions [g/kWh]Test ProcedureTHC NOx CO PM

Engine Out

Tail pipe

Conv. Effy.

Engine Out

Tail pipe

Conv. Effy.

Engine Out

Tail pipe

Conv. Effy.

Engine Out

Tail pipe

Conv. Effy.

WHTC cold 0.662 0.159 76% 2.338 1.689 28% 6.314 1.570 75% 0.594 0.002 99.6%

WHTC hot ( 5 min) 0.624 0.202 68% 1.131 0.147 87% 9.403 1.962 79% 0.735 0.002 99.7%

10% cold weighted 0.628 0.198 69% 1.252 0.301 76% 9.094 1.922 79% 0.721 0.002 99.7%

WHTC cold 0.662 0.159 76% 2.338 1.689 28% 6.314 1.570 75% 0.594 0.002 99.6%

(EU-composite WHTC)

WHTC hot (10 min) 0.570 0.204 64% 1.232 0.191 84% 8.039 1.794 78% 0.735 0.002 99.8%

10% cold weighted 0.579 0.199 66% 1.343 0.341 75% 7.866 1.772 77% 0.721 0.002 99.8%

WHTC cold 0.662 0.159 76% 2.338 1.689 28% 6.314 1.570 75% 0.594 0.002 99.6%

WHTC hot (20 min) 0.574 0.161 72% 1.193 0.178 85% 8.321 1.993 76% 0.735 0.002 99.8%

10% cold weighted 0.583 0.161 72% 1.308 0.329 75% 8.121 1.951 76% 0.721 0.002 99.8%

14% ld i ht d 0 586 0 160 73% 1 357 0 394 71% 8 034 1 933 76% 0 715 0 002 99 8%14% cold weighted 0.586 0.160 73% 1.357 0.394 71% 8.034 1.933 76% 0.715 0.002 99.8%

Hot NOx conversion efficiencies ~85%.PM d ti ffi i i 99 5%

(US-composite WHTC)

12

PM reduction efficiencies >99.5%.

Continuous trace for NO2 on the WHTC

World Harmonised Transient Cycle (WHTC)

250 Engine Out: NO2Nitrogen Dioxide

y ( )

150200250

nt [p

pm]

Post DPF: NO2Tailpipe: NO2

g

50100

onst

itue

00 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Time [s]

C

13

Profile of nitrogen species through the emissions control systemthe emissions control system

World Harmonised Transient Cycle (WHTC)

70pm]

Engine Out

y ( )

50

60

ntra

tion

[p Post DPFTailpipe

20

30

40

s C

once

n

0

10

20

erag

e G

a

Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrous Oxide AmmoniaAve

14

WHTC and NRTC cycle comparison

WHTC vs NRTC Cycle Comparison800 WHTC

600

NRTCPowermap

400

m)

200

Torq

ue (N

m

200

0500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

-400

-200

15

Speed (rpm)

Non-Road Transient CycleC ld t t i hti f t EU i 10% US i 5%Cold start weighting factors: EU is 10%; US is 5%.Soak time between the cold and hot tests is 20 minutes.Cold start: EGR and low SCR inlet temperature for first 300s. Hot tests: SCR inlet temperature reaches 200°C after 60s.600

WHTC Test(Hot tests)

500NRTC Test

(Hot tests)

300

400

pera

ture

[°C

]

200

Tem

p

0

100

16

00 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Time [s]

HC and CO for non-road transient cycle

0.20

0.25

0.10

0.15

Tota

l HC

[g/k

Wh]

0.00

0.05

WHTC ( 5 min) WHTC (10 min) WHTC (20 min) Europe ETC (hot) USA Japan JE05 (hot) NRTC (20 min)( ) ( ) ( ) p ( )FTP (20 min)

p ( ) ( )

2.00

2.50

1.00

1.50

CO [g

/kW

h]

0.00

0.50

WHTC ( 5 min) WHTC (10 min) WHTC (20 min) Europe USA Japan JE05 (hot) NRTC (20 min)

17

WHTC ( 5 min) WHTC (10 min) WHTC (20 min) EuropeETC (hot)

USAFTP (20 min)

Japan JE05 (hot) NRTC (20 min)

NOx and PM for non-road transient cycle1 00

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

NOx [g/kW

h]

0.00

0.10

0.20

WHTC (5 min) WHTC (10 min) WHTC (20 min) EuropeETC (hot)

USAFTP (20 min)

JapanJE05 (hot)

NRTC (20 min)0.0030( ) ( ) ( )

0.0020

0.0025

ass [g/kW

h]

Partial flow (MDLT) measurement system

0.0005

0.0010

0.0015

Par

ticulate Ma

Note: PM limit for Stages IIIB & IV is 25mg/kWh Average test result is <1mg/kWh

0.0000WHTC ( 5 min) WHTC (10 min) WHTC (20 min) Europe

ETC (hot)USA

FTP (20 min)Japan

JE05 (hot)NRTC (20 min)

18

Note: PM limit for Stages IIIB & IV is 25mg/kWh. Average test result is <1mg/kWh

Particle numbers measurements o er non road transient c cleover non-road transient cycle

1.0E+13

3 orders of magnitude reduction

1 0E+12

gfrom engine-out emissions

(4.66E+14/kWh cold NRTC; 4.71E14/kWh hot NRTC)

1.0E+12

icle

/kW

h

1.0E+11

part

1 0E+101.0E+10

19

NRTC composite results

Test Procedure Emissions [g/kW.h]THC NOx CO PM

Engine Out

Tail pipe

Conv. Effy.

Engine Out

Tail pipe

Conv. Effy.

Engine Out

Tail pipe

Conv. Effy.

Engine Out

Tail pipe

Conv. Effy.

NRTC cold cold 0.584 0.070 88% 2.217 1.220 45% 4.380 0.719 84% 0.541 0.001 99.8%

NRTC hot hot (20 min) 0.775 0.122 84% 1.486 0.388 74% 6.820 1.007 85% 0.505 0.001 99.8%

NRTC (EU) 10% cold wtd. 0.756 0.116 85% 1.559 0.471 70% 6.576 0.978 85% 0.509 0.001 99.8%

NRTC cold cold 0.584 0.070 88% 2.217 1.220 45% 4.380 0.719 84% 0.541 0.001 99.8%

0 775 0 122 84% 1 486 0 388 74% 6 820 1 007 85% 0 505 0 001 99 8%

N ti i ti d t k

NRTC hot hot (20 min) 0.775 0.122 84% 1.486 0.388 74% 6.820 1.007 85% 0.505 0.001 99.8%

NRTC (US) 10% cold wtd. 0.766 0.119 84% 1.523 0.429 72% 6.698 0.992 85% 0.507 0.001 99.8%5%

• No optimisation was undertaken.- No change to engine calibration from US2007 HD basis.- ‘One-shot’ system sizing: would be optimised for production.

U d i t ti i d f d l- Urea dosing was not optimised for non-road cycles.- No thermal management strategy to improve cold NOx emissions.

20

HC and CO for steady-state tests

0.25

0.30h]

0.10

0.15

0.20

THC

[g/k

W.h

0.00

0.05

ETC wtd-WHTC[20] ESC WHSC NRSC

2.00

2.50

.h]

0 50

1.00

1.50

CO

[g/k

W

0.00

0.50

ETC wtd-WHTC[20] ESC WHSC NRSC

21

NOx and PM for steady-state tests

0.80

1.00

.h] NRMM

0.40

0.60

NO

x [g

/kW Stage IV

NOx limit

0.00

0.20

ETC wtd-WHTC[20] ESC WHSC NRSC

8.0

10.0

kW.h

]

4.0

6.0

M, M

DLT

[mg/

k

0.0

2.0

ETC wtd-WHTC[20] ESC WHSC NRSC

PM

22

Summary• Over the EU-composite World Harmonised Transient Cycle,

NOx emissions were 0.3g/kWh and PM emissions were 2mg/kWhPM emissions were 2mg/kWh.

• NOx conversion efficiency over the hot-start WHTC was similar to that for the ETC (85%). Cold start efficiency was ( ) ylower as the EGR did not operate until 570s and the system did not reach minimum urea injection until 800s on cold tests.Th t t f ll ti i d th th l• The system was not fully optimised; there was no thermal management to assist cold start NOx emissions.

• The Non-Road Transient Cycle has higher speeds and loadsThe Non Road Transient Cycle has higher speeds and loads than the WHTC, resulting in faster achievement of operating temperatures.

• Over the EU-composite Non-Road Transient Cycle,NOx emissions were 0.471g/kWh andPM emissions were 1mg/kWh

23

PM emissions were 1mg/kWh.

Acknowledgements

the OE engine manufacturerBosch, urea dosing system supplier

Yara International, urea supplierRi d UK d th AECC M bRicardo UK and the AECC Members

Thank you for your attention

24