overview of current technologies

Overview of Current Technologies

CMB-S4 Collaboration meeting at University of California, San DiegoDetector Parallel Session

October 17th 2019

Aritoki Suzuki

Trapezoidal AntennaAntenna Coupled KIDs

• Cost = < $3 / pixel• Current production

time is 5 arrays per week

• We can also make up to 10mm lenslets

Transmission:

Lenslet Arrays for SPT-3GJoaquin Vieira, Andrew Nadolski

99% 97% 92%

1–3%0.2–0.6%

(a) Exploded-view schematic of the lenslet-prescription AR coating, lenslet, lenslet seating wafer, and detector wafer; (b) Infraredphotograph of a lenslet AR coating after lamination. Dashed lines mark the approximate boundaries of the original materials; (c)Cutaway of a lenslet AR coating after the molding and Stycast procedures. The coating and lenslet surface were marred duringcross-sectioning; (d) Close-up photograph of an assembled, AR-coated, and laser-diced lenslet array; (e) Photograph of an AR-coated lenslet array. The array comprises 271 coated elements; (f) Photograph of the SPT-3G detector array taken before its finalintegration with the detector cryostat. The ten white hexagons are AR-coated lenslet arrays.

See: Nadolski, Kofman, Vieira, et al. 2018, SPIENadolski, Vieira et al. in prep. (to be submitted to Applied Optics)

Reflectance:

6 mm

Metamaterial GRIN LensletsLithographically defined

metal squares on Si wafers

Stack wafers to create lenslet arrayPlanar AR on top from etched holes in Si

19 Pixel Test Array• 38 Stacked GRIN wafers• Metal fill factor decreases radially• Planar AR Coating

Vary index-gradient (size of square) to collimate wavefront. Interface to free space via planar AR

Advantages• Repeatable fabrication – all standard

photolithography techniques• Scalable• CTE matched to Si• Broadband-Planar AR structures made

from simple etched holes in Si• Tailored optical properties• Wider waist improve detector efficiency

-3dB -3dB

Preliminary beam maps agree with simulations

Si

Free Space

GRIN Layers

Free Space

AR

Sinuous Antenna

SO Feedhorn Production

Custom drill and reamer set ~1 week/array→can parallelize

between many shops Profile vetting system

Take a cross-section of a horn and measure with laser metrology system

Adjust depth and verify profile with new drill/reamer

Witness samples between every array to check for tool wear, etc.

Validate full detector beams at every frequency at room temperature

JPL Antenna array detectors for CMB

Antenna Array coupled TES bolometers:• Strong heritage with BICEP, tightest

constraints on r (<0.06).• Developed from 30GHz to 270GHz.• Can support dual color design- will

deploy 30/40GHz this winter in BICEP Array. Have made 180-320 GHz design as well.

• For fixed beam width and edge taper, uniform illumination results in areas a factor of 2 smaller than Gaussian illuminations

• With conservative assumptions (close hex packed circles, space for bolometers, etc), can increase detector packing density by another factor of ~1.5 beyond dual-color gaussian designs.

Roger O’Brient, James Bock, Peter Day, Anthony Turner, Alexis Weber, Krikor Megerian, Cliff Frez, and many many others

Multicolor performance

Uniform illumination

Antenna Array Spectra Sample Beam

Target Beams Illuminations

• Dashed: uniform illumination (array size)

• Rainbow: Gaussian pattern

• Solid green: horn size.

Key for illumination maps

Johnson, et al. (2018) J. Low Temp. Phys., 193:103-112.

Daniel Flanigan, Ph.D. Thesis, Columbia University, 2018.

We are developing scalable arrays of horn-coupled, polarization-sensitive MKIDs that are each sensitive to two spectral bands between

125 and 280 GHz (150 GHz and 235 GHz).

Prototype arrays work and have high yield.Sensitivity study underway. OMT-coupling, CPW MIKDs

Multi-Chroic Dual-Polarization MKIDs

Project supported by series of grants from NSF/ATI.

ASU Cosmology Instrumentation Group

• Multichroic Lenslet Trapezoidal Antenna Coupled Kinetic Inductance Detectors

• W-band Phase shifter

• The non-linear kinetic inductance goes as square of bias current

• Tuning the phase shift by changing the Non-Linear kinetic inductance of superconductors

• On-Chip Superconducting Fourier Transform Spectrometer

• Using two STLs with different phase velocities we can make an interferogram

• 90 GHz Quantum Noise-Limited Amplifier

• Using the phase shifter circuit we can amplify signals using three-wave mixing

• Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors

• Hot spot formation due to breaking of quasi particles forms hot spots

• Kinetic Inductance Nanowire Magnetic Sensor

• Magnetic sensing using no-linear kinetic inductance of nanowires

• High multiplexity


Hot spot Theory Array of NanowiresA Prototype Design of

nanowire KI Magnetic Sensor

Circuit diagram & Design of an on-chip

FTS

5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

frequency (GHz)

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

ad

ded

no

ise (

pho

ton

s)

noise, 40mK, 14.747 GHz pump

Quantum Limit

Low Frequency Cryogenic Coherent Detector Work At JPLCOMAP Detectors

Superconducting Parametric Amplifiers

QUIET 94 GHz Q/U Detectors

20 GHz recently measured at 1.5xql.

At 20 GHz, coherent differential polarimeters will have the lowest noise and systematics.

~16,000 detectors (3-color dual-pol pixels) running on sky for 3 years. On-sky measurements show photon noise dominated.

Developing TES with lower Tc and lower Rnthat is appropriate for CMB-S4.

Developing fabrication of OrthomodeTransducers suitable for feedhorn coupling.

130 mm

150 mm ~5 mm

SO MF lenslet coupled detector array design

Batch fabrication10 detector arrays in 15 working days

~x5 increase in fabrication throughput. 95% warm yield

• Detector fabrication with SeeQC Inc.• High throughput (~x5), reduce cost

• Successful detector array fabrication• Sinuous coupled 90/150 GHz design• Batch fabrication, 10 arrays in 15 days

• Horn coupled detector array R&D started• Equipment installation & demo wafer

LBNL/SeeQC Detector Fabrication

Horn coupled detector fabricationCMB-S4 R&D, SBIR

Equipment commissioning and demo in progress

Sinuous Antenna

TES bolometerSuzuki et al. LTD18 (2019)

Detector Fabrication• Long history in detector design and fabrication

• Marvell Nano Fabrication Facility• APEX-SZ, SPT-SZ, PB1, EBEX, ASTE, PB2, SO, LiteBIRD

• 6” sinuous antenna coupled detector fabrication• Fabrication process for R = 1 Ω and 10 mΩ• TES process for Tb = 100 mK• Psat design that cover all relevant range for CMB-S4

UC Berkeley Detector & Lenslet Fabrication and Development

POLARBEAR-2 Array (90%~95% yield)

Beckman et al. LTD18

σ(Psat) ~ 10%σ(Rtes) ~ 4%

Simons Observatory ArrayPOLARBEAR-2 Array Simons Observatory Array

Lenslet Array Fabrication• PB: “1-shot mold” epoxy anti-reflection coating method• SO: Direct machined silicon + epoxy AR array

Westbrook et al. LTD17

Multichroic Multi-Scale Array Development• Combine energy from multiple pixels for lower frequency band

• Higher mapping speed (x2~x4 improvement)• Lower edge taper, especially for lower frequency band• Less readout channels required

• Demonstrated with 90/150/220 GHz array (Cukierman LTD17)

Pixel Size

50 GHz

70 GHz

95 GHz 150 GHz

230 GHz

300 GHz

0 dB

-5 dB

-10 dB

-20 dB

-15 dB

CMB-S4

• We have creativity, know how, and drive to make amazing devices

• What is the best configuration for CMB-S4? What is the best configuration to achieve sensitivity and systematic error goals within schedule and budget?

Reference design → Baseline design

• Next talks on how to converge on this topic

overview of current technologies

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