overview and introduction to rapid lessons and tools
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Overview and Introduction to RAPID Lessons and Tools. John Young. 6 lessons from our work. Commission research. Analyse the results. Choose the best option. Establish the policy. Implement the policy. Evaluation. Policy processes are not... . Identify the problem. Cabinet. Donors. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Overview and Introduction to RAPID
Lessons and ToolsJohn Young
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6 lessons from our work
Policy processes and social realities are complex
Research plays a minor role in
policy and practice
But it is possible for research to
play a role
Must understand landscape
Policy and social
entrepreneurs need a set of
skills
Intent is necessary!
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Identify the problem
Commission research
Analyse the results
Choose the best option
Establish the policy
Evaluation
Implement the policy
Policy processes are not...
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Monitoring and Evaluation
Agenda Setting Decision
Making
Policy Implementation
Policy Formulation
Policy processes are more like ...
Civil Society
DonorsCabinet
Parliament
Ministries
Private Sector4
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Policy and complexity
• Interconnected• Feedback• Emergence• Nonlinearity• Sensitivity• Changing• Edge of chaos• Adaptive agents• Self-organising• Co-evolution
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The gap betweenresearch and policy
Research Policy
gap
Bridge6
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No gap between research and policy
Rese
arch
Policy
Technocratic networks
Ideological think tanks
Internal think tanksUN Think
tanks Public think tanks
Political parties
Lobbies
NGOs
corporations
Universities
Regulatory bodies
Executive
Crowded
Map
Think tanks
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The six lessons
Policy processes and social realities are complex
Evidence plays a minor role in
policy and practice
But it is possible for research to
play a role
Must understand landscape
Policy and social
entrepreneurs need a set of
skills
Intent is necessary!
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Policy makers are…
• Speed• Superficiality• Spin• Secrecy• Scientific Ignorance
Vincent Cable – Lib. Democrat MP & Shadow Minister of FinanceMore at: www.odi.org.uk/RAPID/Meetings/Evidence
…practically incapable of using evidence because of the 5 Ss…
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Evidence
Experience & Expertise
Judgement
Resources
Values and Policy
Context
Habits & Tradition
Lobbyists & Pressure Groups
Pragmatics & Contingencies
There are many factors
Source: Phil Davies Impact to Insight Meeting, ODI, 200510
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Different notionsof evidence
Source: Phil Davies Impact to Insight Meeting, ODI, 200511
• ‘Scientific’ (Context free)
• Proven empirically
• Theoretically driven
• As long as it takes
• Caveats and qualifications
Researchers
• Colloquial (Contextual)
• Anything that seems reasonable
• Policy relevant
• Timely
• Clear Message
Policy Makers
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The six lessons
Policy processes and social realities are complex
Research plays a minor role in
policy and practice
But it is possible for evidence to
play a role
Must understand landscape
Policy and social
entrepreneurs need a set of
skills
Intent is necessary!
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Health Care in Tanzania
“The results of household disease surveys informed processes of health service reform which contributed to a 43 and 46 per cent reduction in infant mortality between 2000 and 2003 in two districts in rural Tanzania.”
TEHIP Project, Tanzania: www.idrc.ca/tehip
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Some IE Examples
• Progresa-Oportunidades (2004)– IFPRI – Mexican Government– Direct impact on programme– Popularised RCTs
• Deworming in Kenya (2004)– International Child Support Africa + Kenyan
Government– JPAL
• Microcredit in Bangladesh (2008)– Highly contested– Political controversy re Microcredit
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The six lessons
Policy processes and social realities are complex
Research plays a minor role in
policy and practice
But it is possible for research to
play a role
Must understand landscape
Policy and social
entrepreneurs need a set of
skills
Intent is necessary!
15
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An analytical framework
The political context – political and economic structures and processes, culture, institutional pressures, incremental vs radical change etc.
The evidence – credibility, the degree it challenges received wisdom, research approaches and methodology, simplicity of the message, how it is packaged etc
External Influences Socio-economic and cultural influences, donor policies etc
The links between policyand research communities – networks, relationships, power, trust, knowledge etc.
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A practical framework
External Influences political context
evidencelinks
Politics and Policymaking
Media, Advocacy, Networking Research,
learning & thinking
Scientific information exchange & validation
Policy analysis, & research
Campaigning, Lobbying
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The six lessons
Policy processes and social realities are complex
Research plays a minor role in
policy and practice
But it is possible for research to
play a role
Must understand landscape
Policy and social
entrepreneurs need a set of
skills
Intent is necessary!
18
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Policy and social entrepreneurs
Researcher
Storyteller Networker
FixerEngineer
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The six lessons
Policy processes and social realities are complex
Research plays a minor role in
policy and practice
But it is possible for research to
play a role
Must understand landscape
Policy and social
entrepreneurs need a set of
skills
Intent is necessary
20
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To maximise impact you need to:
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• focus more on policy• establish different incentives• establish different systems• spend more on communications• engage with different actors• produce different products• be ready to seize unexpected policy
opportunities and move very fast
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Any questions?
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RAPID Outcome Mapping Approach
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Different time, different approaches
Academic research communications
Develop a network or partnership
Online communications
Media strategy
More research
Policy advocacy coalition
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Different roles and functions
Message based on
Mode of work
Ideology, values or interests
Applied, empirical or synthesis
research
Theoretical or academic research
Independent research
Consultancy
Influence/advocacy
The Media
Political parties
Applied research centers in Universities
Internal think tanks, ideological centers, interest groups, NGOs, lobbies
Chief scientific advisors, Academic/Opinion leaders
Oxbridge
Consultancies
“Independent Think tanks”
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Types of policy change
Procedural changes
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The steps
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Start by defining your policy objectives –
constantly review them during the
process
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The RAPID Framework
The political context – political and economic structures and processes, culture, institutional pressures, incremental vs radical change etc.
The evidence – credibility, the degree it challenges received wisdom, research approaches and methodology, simplicity of the message, how it is packaged etc
External Influences Socio-economic and cultural influences, donor policies etc
The links between policyand research communities – networks, relationships, power, competing discourses, trust, knowledge etc.
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Political economy analysis
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The steps
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Start by defining your policy objectives –
constantly review them during the
process
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Develop enthusiasm to address
topic
Learn in partnership
Develop awareness
and enthusiasm
Challenge existing beliefs
High
Gene
ral l
evel
of
alig
nmen
t Low
LowHigh
Interest in specific
topic
Identifying audiences
AIIM Matrix
1. Identify all stakeholders
2. Map them onto the alignment / interest matrix
3. Identify who has power
4. Identify who you can influence
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The steps
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Start by defining your policy objectives –
constantly review them during the
process
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Progress Markers
• Move from initial to more profound changes in behaviour
• Show transformation in a single boundary partner
• More informative than a single indicator
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Outcome Mapping
OUTCOME MAPPING:Building Learning and Reflection into Development ProgramsSarah Earl, Fred Carden, and Terry Smutylo
http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-9330-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
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The steps
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Start by defining your policy objectives –
constantly review them during the
process
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Force Field Analysis
5*
3
?
?
MEF
Time
?
?
Negative forces
4
1
2
?
Funds
CSOs
Public demand
?
Positive forces
5
1
?
?
Your influence on the force
Plan:
Minister of Trade puts forward pro-poor trade and complementary policy programme to the cabinet by April 2008
4
5
2
?
Your influence on the force
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Assessing internal capacity
Start by defining your policy objectives –
constantly review them during the
process
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SWOT Analysis
• What type of policy influencing skills and capacities do we have?
• In what areas have our staff used them more effectively?
• Who are our strongest allies?• When have they worked with
us?• Are there any windows of
opportunity?• What can affect our ability to
influence policy?
Strengths Weaknesses
Opportunities Threats
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Monitoring and Evaluating
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Start by defining your policy objectives –
constantly review them during the
process
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Stories
Stories of change1. Situation2. A change or challenge3. Action4. Result5. Lesson
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After Action Review
An after action review asks 4 simple questions:
• What was supposed to happen?
• What actually happened?
• Why was there a difference?
• What can we learn from it?
15 minute team debrief, conducted in a “rank-free” environment.
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• Progress Markers• Opportunities and
Threats timeline• Policy Objectives• AIIM• Force Field Analysis
• Force Field Analysis• Policy entrepreneur questionnaire• SWOT• Internal performance frameworks
• Log Frame (flexible)• Outcome Mapping• Journals or impact logs• Internal monitoring tools
• AIIM• Stakeholder analysis• Influence Mapping• Social Network Analysis• Force Field Analysis
• Publications, public relations• Media and events• Negotiation and advice• Develop a network or coalition• Research
• RAPID Framework• Drivers of Change• Power Analysis• SWOT• Influence Mapping• Force Field Analysis
Other tools
Start by defining your policy objectives –
constantly review them during the
process
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Resources• Bridging Research and Policy in International Development. An analytical and practical framework.
ODI/RAPID Briefing Paper 1. 2004 - http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=159&title=bridging-research-policy-international-development-analytical-practical-framework
• Helping researchers become policy entrepreneurs. How to develop engagement strategies for evidence-based policy-making. John Young and Enrique Mendizabal. ODI Briefing Paper 53. 2009 - http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1127&title=become-policy-entrepreneur-roma
• 3ie Clinic IE Case Studies - ?????• Tools for Policy Impact: A Handbook for Researchers, ODI Toolkits, September 2004 -
http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=156&title=tools-policy-impact-handbook-esearchers • Tools for Knowledge and Learning: A Guide for Development and Humanitarian Organisations ODI
Toolkits, June 2006 - http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=153&title=tools-knowledge-learning-guide-development-humanitarian-organisations
• Problem-driven governance and political economy analysis, Good Practice Framework, Verena Fritz, Kai Kaiser, Brian Levy, World Bank 2009 - http://www.odi.org.uk/events/docs/3791.pdf
• DFID Political Economy Analysis How To Note – July 2009 - http://www.odi.org.uk/events/docs/3797.pdf
• Outcome Mapping: Building Learning and Reflection into Development Programs. Sarah Earl, Fred Carden, and Terry Smutylo IDRC http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=121
• Knowledge to Policy. Making the Most of Development Research. Fred Carden. IDRC 2009. http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=70
• 3ie/ODI Policy Impact Toolkit - http://policyimpacttoolkit.squarespace.com/
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Any questions?