outline - weber state university...compound lipids o simple lipid + phosphate = phospholipid o lipid...
TRANSCRIPT
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OutlineO Definition of Hyperlipidemia
O Epidemiology
O Clinical Aspects
O Treatment
O Effects of Exercise
O Exercise Testing
O Exercise Prescription
O Summary and Conclusion
O References
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What is Hyperlipidemia?
Hyper- Lipid -Emia
Excess Fat A condition
of the blood
Hyperlipidemia is excessive amounts of
fatty substances in the blood (aka
Hyperlipemia).
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Three Types of Lipids
OSimple Lipids
OCompound Lipids
ODerived Lipids
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Simple Lipids
O Triacylglycerol aka Triglyceride
(storage form of fat; mostly adipose tissue)
O Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
O “Neutral Fats”
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Compound Lipids
O Simple Lipid + Phosphate = Phospholipid
O Lipid Bilayer of cell membranes
O Simple Lipid + CHO Group (Galactose) = Glycolipids
O Nerve cell membrane (esp. myelin sheath)
O Blood Lipids (Triglyceride, Phospholipid, or Cholesterol)
+ PRO (Apolipoprotein)
Lipoprotein
O 5 Types: Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL
O Principle means for lipid transport in the blood
O Without this process, blood lipids would float to the top
LIPID + ANOTHER COMPOUND = COMPOUND LIPID
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5 Kinds of
Lipoprotei
ns
Glycolipids
within
myelin
sheath of
nerve cell
Phospholipi
d Bilayer
Compound Lipids
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Derived LipidsO Substances derived from Simple and Compound
Lipids.O Cholesterol (most widely known, exists only in animal
tissue)O Exogenous Cholesterol
O Food Intake
O Endogenous CholesterolO Synthesized within the body
O 50-200 mg daily
O The body forms more cholesterol when SFA intake is high because SFA facilitates cholesterol synthesis in the liver.
O Serves many rolesO Helps synthesize hormones
O Component for bile
O Building of plasma membranes
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Lipoproteins
O Chylomicrons = Apolipoprotein + Exogenous
Triglyceride
O Synthesized in mucosa of intestine from dietary fat
O After fatty meal, blood is so full of chylomicrons that it
looks milky
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LipoproteinsO Very-Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) =
Apolipoprotein + Endogenous Triglyceride (↑ %)
+ Cholesterol
O Synthesized in the liver
O Primary transport mechanism for endogenous
triglyceride to muscle and tissue when needed
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Lipoproteins
O Intermediate Density Lipoproteins (IDL)
O Intermediate step in changing VLDL into LDL.
O Lipoprotein Lipase (enzyme) acts on VLDL to
change it into LDL
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LipoproteinsO Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)- “Bad” Cholesterol
O Principle carrier of cholesterol
O Greatest affinity for cells in arterial wall
O LDL oxidizes here, which causes damage and
narrowing to artery walls
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Lipoproteins
O High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)- “Good” Cholesterol
O Reverse cholesterol transport
O Moves cholesterol from artery walls, back to the liver
where intestinal tract excretes it
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LipoproteinsO Metabolism of lipoproteins is altered by:
O Gender
O Age
O Body Fat Distribution
O Dietary Composition
O Cigarette Smoking
O Certain Medications
O Genetics
O Physical Activity
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Types of HyperlipidemiaO Hyperlipidemia
O Elevated blood triglyceride and cholesterol
O HypertriglyceridemiaO Elevated triglyceride
O Exaggerated Postprandial LipemiaO Prolonged levels of triglyceride in the blood
O Fat’s version of hyperglycemia/diabetes
O HypercholesterolemiaO Elevated cholesterol
O High LDL-cholesterol AND/OR Low HDL-cholesterol
O Hyperlipoproteinemia or DyslipoproteinemiaO Elevated Lipoprotein concentrations
O Genetic abnormalities or secondary to underlying diseases (diabetes, kidney failure/disease, hypothyroidism, etc.)
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Hyperlipidemic Blood
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Epidemiology
O Adults, age 20+, from 2005-2008
O 15% had HIGH total blood cholesterol levels
O Mean total blood cholesterol level for adults was
197.7 mg/dL
O Youth
O 20.3% had at least one abnormal lipid level (LDL,
HDL or Total Serum)
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Symptoms
O There aren’t any symptoms due to
Hyperlipidemia itself, but there are
symptoms from the illnesses it may
cause, which include:
O Atherosclerosis
O Angina
O Heart Attack
O Stroke http://www.health.com/health/static/hw/media/me
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Laboratory Diagnosis
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Laboratory EvaluationsO Triglycerides
(milligrams/deciliter)
<150 Normal
150-199 Borderline High
200-499 High
≥500 Very High
O Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)
<200 Desirable
200-239 Borderline High
≥240 High
O LDL (mg/dL)
<100 Optimal
100-129 Near Optimal
130-159 Borderline High
≥190 Very High
O HDL (mg/dL)
Men <40, Women <50 Low
≥60 High
O Lipoprotein-a (mg/dL)
<30 Normal
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Testing
O Cholesterol and triglyceride testing is done:
O As part of a routine physical exam
O To check someone’s response to medicines used to treat lipid disorders
O To help determine someone’s chance of having heart disease, especially if other risk factors are present
O If unusual symptoms are present, such as yellow fatty deposits in the skin (xanthomas), which may be caused by a rare genetic disease that causes very high cholesterol levels
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Tests
O Types of tests include:
O HDL Test
O LDL Test
O Total Cholesterol Test
O Triglyceride Test
O Lipoprotein-a analysis
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ComplicationsO Possible Primary and Secondary
Complications of High Cholesterol
O Atherosclerosis
O Coronary Artery Disease
O Stroke
O Heart Attack (which can result in death)
O Possible Complications of High Triglyceride
O Pancreatitis
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Treatment- Lifestyle
O Lose excess weight (even 5-10 lbs. can help)
O Eat heart-healthy foodsO Get <10% daily cals from SFA, replace with MUFA if necessary
O Eliminate Trans FatO Do not eat anything with “partially hydrogenated” oil on the
ingredients list
O Limit dietary cholesterol to <300 mg/day or <200 mg/day for those with heart disease
O Increase fiber intake
O Drink alcohol in moderationO If you already consume alcohol, then doing so in moderation may
increase HDL levels- but starting to drink just for this effect is not necessary
O Exercise regularly
O Don’t smoke
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Treatment- DrugsO Statins-
O Block a substance the liver needs to make cholesterolO Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A
reductase aka HMG-CoA reductaseinhibitors
O Allows liver to remove cholesterol
O Also may help the body reabsorb cholesterol from deposits on artery walls
O Examples: Lipitor, Lescol, and Altoprev
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Treatment- Drugs
O Bile-acid Binding Resins-
O Liver uses cholesterol to make bile acids
O These medications bind directly to bile
acids, causing the liver to use excess
cholesterol in order to synthesize more bile
O Examples: Prevalite, Welchol, and
Colestid
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Treatment- Drugs
O Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors-
O Reduces blood cholesterol by limiting the
absorption of dietary cholesterol from the small
intestine before it is released into the blood
O Example: Zetia
O Zetia can be combined with any of the statin
drugs
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Treatment- DrugsO Fibrates-
O Decrease triglycerides by reducing the liver’s production of VLDL (contains mostly triglyceride) and speeding up the removal of triglyceride from the blood
O Examples: Lofibra, Lopid, and TriCor
O Niacin-
O Decreases triglycerides by limiting the liver’s ability to produce LDL and VLDL
O Prescription Niacin has least side-effects; OTC Niacin not effective and may damage liver
O Example: Niaspan
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Treatment- DrugsO Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplements-
O Can help lower cholesterol and triglycerides
O Prescription supplements are available
O If taking OTC supplements, ask doctor first
O Example: Lovaza
O May be taken with other cholesterol lowering meds
O Side Effects of Cholesterol Lowering Medications
O Muscle pains
O Stomach pains
O Constipation
O Nausea
O Diarrheahttp://gripewaterforbabies.org/wp-
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Treatment-Alternative Medicine
O Artichoke
O Barley
O Beta-sitosterolO Found in oral supplements & some margarines, such as
Promise Activ
O Blond psylliumO Metamucil
O Garlic
O Oat bran O Found in oatmeal
O SitostanolO Found in oral supplements & some margarines, such as
Benecol
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Effects on Ability to Exercise
O Dyslipidemia alone does not affect the exercise response
O Many times other conditions are prevalent, so those conditions must be considered
O People with excessively high levels of cholesterol should achieve medical management of dyslipidemia before beginning an exercise program on their own
O Supervised exercise is recommended
O All prescribed medications should be taken into account before testing or training
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Effects of Medication on Exercise
O Muscle damage and toxicity (rhabdomyolosis)
may occur when combining statins with niacin
and fibrates
O Muscle discomfort is a side-effect of statin use
O Many of the prescribed medications can cause
muscle tenderness, weakness or pain
O Exercise may enhance/worsen all of these side
effects!
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Acute Effects
O Total plasma cholesterol levels rise immediately post-exercise (≈24% increase), including LDL & HDL
O Due to changes in plasma volume which are a result of vigorous exercise
O Return to baseline within 60 minutes post-exercise
O Increases in HDL found about 48 hrs P.E.
O Decrease in plasma-triglyceride concentration
O Triglycerides form from excess calories; exercise reduces this
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Chronic EffectsO Endurance exercise consistently lowers triglycerides
O Attributed to increases in skeletal muscle & adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity (enzyme for breakdown of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins)
O Reduction in postprandial lipemia
O Decrease in body fat lowers triglycerides
O Exercise increases size of LDL so they cannot get into linings of heart/blood vessels and cause damage
O Stimulates enzymes that help move LDL from the blood to the liver, where it is converted to bile and excreted.
O ↑ amounts of exercise = ↑ amounts LDL expelled
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Exercise Testing
O If dyslipidemia is congenital and without symptoms, exercise testing can follow the usual guidelines for individuals at risk for CAD
O If dyslipidemia shows and signs/symptoms of comorbidities, testing should follow the recommendations for the particular disorder
O Primary objectives of testing are to:O Diagnose CAD
O Determine functional capacity
O Determine proper intensity range for aerobic exercise training
O Special Considerations for individuals with HyperlipidemiaO High risk of cardiac and arterial insufficiency
O Intravascular sludging and ischemia can result
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Exercise TestingMethods Measures
Aerobic
• Cycle (ramp protocol 17 W/min;
staged protocol 25-50 W/3 min
stage)
• Treadmill (1-2 METs/3 min stage)
• 12-lead ECG,
HR
• BP, RPP
• RPE (6-20)
Endurance
• 6 min walk • Distance
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Exercise Prescription
O Should complement dietary modifications and
lipid lowering medications
O Moderate intensity exercise (40-80% of VO2max)
O ≥5 days per week, 1-2 times per day (depending
on individual)
O Incorporates resistant training at 60-80% of 1RM
O Incorporates flexibility exercises to decrease risk
of injury
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Summary
O Hyperlipidemia is an asymptomatic condition in
which there are elevated amounts of fatty
substances in the blood
O Triglycerides <150 mg/dL, Total Cholesterol <200
mg/dL, LDL <200 mg/dL, and HDL ≥60 mg/dL are
desirable
O Hyperlipidemia can lead to atherosclerosis, CAD,
stoke or MI
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Summary
O Decreasing blood lipids requires lifestyle
modification (diet, exercise, weight loss and not
smoking) and possible prescription medication to
lower cholesterol or triglycerides in the blood
O Exercise testing for individuals w/o other
conditions can follow ACSM’s guidelines for
people who are at risk for CAD
O Exercise prescription should include moderate
intensity aerobic exercise training which has been
shown to decrease blood lipids
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ReferencesO Chylomicron. (n.d.). In MedicineNet.com MedTerms Dictionary online. Retrieved
February 16, 2011, from http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11296
O Davis, S. (2008). Exercise to lower cholesterol. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/features/exercise-to-lower-cholesterol
O Dugdale, D.C. (2010). High blood cholesterol and triglycerides. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000403.htm
O Durstine, J.L., Moore, G.E., Painter, P.L., & Roberts, S.O. (2009). ACSM’s exercise management for persons with chronic diseases and disabilities (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
O -emia. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/-emia
O George, D. (2009). The effects of exercise on cholesterol. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/37736-effects-exercise-cholesterol/
O hyper. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hyper
O Krum, H., Conway, E.L., & Howes, L.G. (1991). Acute effects of exercise on plasma lipids, noradrenaline levels and plasma volume. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1764814
O lipid. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lipid
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ReferencesO Mayo Clinic Staff (2010). High cholesterol. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/high-blood-
cholesterol/DS00178/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs
O McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., & Katch, V.L. (2006). Essentials of exercise physiology (3rd
ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
O Newell, L. (2010). Hyperlipidemia symptoms. Livestrong.com. Retrieved February 16,
2010, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/88420-hyperlipidemia-symptoms/
O Parks, R. (2009). Cholesterol management health center. Retrieved February 16,
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triglycerides-tests
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the Center for Disease Control. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from
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O Zieve, D. (2010). Lipoprotein-a. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from
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Questions???
Arlena HarmonWSU, Spring 2011
Exercise Management for
Special Populations
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Maximal Cycle Ergometer ProtocolStage Speed
(rpm)
Resistanc
e (kg)
Workload Time O2 uptake *METs
1 60 2.5 900 kgm
(150 W)
2 2.1 L/min *8.8
2 60 3.0 1080 kgm
(180 W)
4 2.5 L/min *10.5
3 60 3.5 1260 kgm
(210 W)
6 2.9 L/min *12.1
4 60 4.0 1440 kgm
(240 W)
8 3.4 L/min *14.2
5 60 4.5 1620 kgm
(270 W)
10 3.8 L/min *15.9
6 60 5.0 1800 kgm
(300 W)
12 4.2 L/min *17.6
7 60 5.5 1980 kgm
(330 W)
14 4.6 L/min *19.3
For: normal risk *METs depend on
weight
Initial workload: 900 kgm (150 W), ↑ 180 kgm every 2 min (METs if wt=150
McArdle et al. Continuous