Restricted UNFPA/SUD/79/P10 Terminal Report SUDAN

Out-of-School Population Education Project

Project Findings and Recommendations

Serial N o . F M R / E D / S C M / 8 7 / 2 2 5 ( U N F P A )

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

United Nations Fund for Population Activities

Paris, 1987

S U D A N

OUT-OF-SCHOOL POPULATION EDUCATION PROJECT

Project Findings and Recommendations

Report prepared for the Government of the Republic of the Sudan by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) acting as Executing Agency for the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA)

United Nations Educational, United Nations Scientific and Cultural Fund for Population Organization Activities

UNFPA/SUD/79/P10 Terminal Report FMR/ED/SCM/87/225(UNFPA) 11 May 1987

® Unesco 1987 Printed in France

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 1 - 2

III. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS (2 - 9)

Coordinators 2 - 3

Fellowships 3

National Conference 3 - 4

Socio-cultural, study 4

School Gardening and Nutrition Education Centres .4

Training programme

a) Courses and seminars 4 - 5

b) Specialized workshops 5 - 6

Audio-visual materials 6 - 7

Instructional materials 7

Evaluation 7 - 8

Pilot project 8

Women: concerns and interests 8

Technical cooperation 8 - 9

IV. ACHIEVEMENT OF IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES 9 - 1 1

V. FINDINGS 12

VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 12 - 14

APPENDICES

15

16 APPENDIX A - Unesco Experts

APPENDIX B - Counterpart Staff

APPENDIX C - Unesco Fellowships 17

APPENDIX D - Major Items of Equipment 18

APPENDIX E - Bibliography of Documents 19

SUD/79/P10 - Out-of-School Population Education

TERMINAL REPORT

I . INTRODUCTION

1. Sudan is one of the few countries in the Arab world with two Unesco popula­tion education projects funded by UNFPAf-, serving both the in-school and out-of-school sectors. This is an indication that UNFPA and the Government of the Sudan recognize the urgency of the population situation, which is one of a very high level of infant, child and maternal mortality and morbidity, with high fertility, substantial internal and external migration, and low per capita income, particu­larly in the traditional sector. Furthermore, the mass of the population is suffer­ing from generally low levels of health caused by endemic and epidemic diseases, which has an adverse effect on the productivity of the existing labour force and prevents large numbers of men and women from playing an effective part in the eco­nomic and social development of the country.

2. The Out-of-School Population Education (OSPE) Project is the first of its kind in the Sudan. Following the recommendations made by the UNFPA Needs Assess­ment Mission, which took place in September 1978, the Project was formulated late in 1979 and approved rather rapidly by UNFPA and the Government for a four-year period. It was funded jointly by the Government of Sudan and UNFPA and started opera­tions in 1981, although the first International Adviser did not take up his duties until October 1982. Due to the successful implementation of the project it was extended for a further two years until 1986. Unesco acts as the executing agency and provides backstopping and other necessary services. The Project is under the administration and supervision of the Ministry of Education.

3. The Ministries of Education, Agriculture, Health and Internal Affairs, together with other ministries and institutions, have development-oriented acti­vities and a network of field-workers covering the whole country. They carry out extensive out-of-school educational/development programmes in which population con­cepts can be meaningfully incorporated. These programmes reach groups which are deprived of the school system, such as unschooled youth and particulalry girls, urban and rural unskilled workers, women and rural populations in general. In view of this, a population education project to serve the educational needs of the dis­advantaged sector of the population in the Sudan was given high priority.

II. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

4. The long-term aim of the Project is to assist the Government in-utilizing its non-formal education and development programmes as a means of reducing the high rates of morbidity, mortality, fertility and migration that affect the health and well-being of Sudanese families and the socio-economic development of the country.

5. In more specific terms, the long-term objective of the OSPE Project is to enable the participating agencies and institutions to achieve self-reliance in plan­ning and implementing OSPE objectives in the framework of development-oriented programmes. The strategy to carry out this objective is to provide training in popu­lation education to national teams in each of the agencies and institutions con­cerned, and to strengthen the educational programmes of these agencies by helping them to develop curricula and teaching/learning materials on population and family life matters.

+ UNFPA: United Nations Fund for Population Activities

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6. The more immediate objectives of the OSPE Project are:

a) to provide short fellowships and study tours abroad for selected out-of-school personnel to observe on-going out-of-school popula­tion education projects;

b) to strengthen the capabilities of two School Gardening and Nutri­tion Centres in rural Khartoum;

c) to provide an orientation to top-level personnel and decision-makers in government departments and other concerned institutions, of the nature of population education in the Sudan;

d) to set up teams of selected staff members from each of the agencies and institutions involved in the Project;

e) to enhance the awareness of the national teams of the reciprocal relationships between socio-economic development and demographic trends in the Sudan;

f) to provide the national teams with a common core of population con­cepts for integration into out-of-school educational programmes;

g) to organize training courses and workshops with diversified objec­tives, contents and methods in order to relate population education to specialized fields of action;

h) to assist in the development of literacy and audio-visual materials for use in out-of-school population education;

i) to promote the development of decision-making on matters related to population issues that affect the quality of life;

j ) to increase public awareness of the population situation in the Sudan, particularly through the mass media; and

k) to involve relevant institutions of higher education in training for out-of-school population education.

III. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

7. In order to achieve the above objectives, certain activities were carried out according to the workplans of the Project. However, many other activities were also implemented which were not written into a workplan and for which no budget had been made. This demonstrates the high motivation of the project staff and espe­cially the very serious commitment of the Government to population education. In fact, this official support has also taken the form of large amounts of extra funds, over and above those specified as the local component in the original project docu­ment, being allocated to the Project for various activities and the purchase of equipment.

Coordinators

8. To assist in the implementation of the Project, a team of coordinators from the cooperating agencies has been established. These coordinators, together with

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the National Director and the International Adviser, meet once a month to evaluate past activities and plan new ones.

9. The official cooperating agencies are:

a) School Gardening and Nutrition Education Division of the Ministry of Education

b) Health Education Division of the Ministry of Health

c) Social Welfare Department of the Ministry of Health

d) Maternal and Child Health/Family Planning Programme of the Ministry of Health

e) Agricultural Extension Department of the Ministry of Agriculture

f) College of Agricultural Studies, Shambat, Khartoum Polytechnic

g) Ahfad University College for Women, Omdurman

h) National Council for Literacy and Adult Education

i) National Training Centre for Literacy and Adult Education, Shendi

j) Supreme Council for Religious Affairs and Endowments'

k) Population Studies Centre of the University of the Gezira

1) Ministry of Information and Communications

Fellowships

10. The training activities of the OSPE Project started in early 1981 with the selection of programme coordinators to undertake training abroad. One coordinator from the Ahfad University College for Women undertook a six-week fellowship on popu­lation education at Florida State University, USA; two agricultural extension edu­cators from the College of Agricultural Studies went for a four-week study visit to FAO-sponsored agricultural extension programmes in Tanzania and Kenya; and another coordinator visited out-of-school population education projects in south­east Asia for three weeks. (See Appendix C)

National Conference

11. A National Conference on Population, Education and Development was held in Khartoum from 26-28 April 1982. The Conference examined the relationships between population, education and development, and elaborated a conceptual framework for in- and out-of-school population education activities carried out by different mini­stries and other national organizations in the Sudan.

12. Furthermore, and mcst important of all, the Conference articulated four recommendations under the heading of population education, as follows:

i) That population education be introduced into all educational insti­tutions, from the primary stage up to the level of higher education and that, also, efforts be made to spread population education outside the schools, among the target population.

+ FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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ii) That the papers presented and the discussions held at the Confer­ence, as well as its recommendations, serve as the basis for the formulation of the aims and structure of the content of population education in the Sudanese educational system.

iii) That a measure of coordination between the ministries (i.e. Health, Internal Affairs, Education, Agriculture, etc) and organizations concerned with the population question, should aim at an attempt to formulate a national policy in the area of population education, both within and outside the school system.

iv ) That civics be introduced into the curricula of general education.

Socio-cultural study

13. A Socio-cultural Case Study was concluded in May 1982. The Case Study was undertaken to increase awareness of population and family matters among the target groups and to collect qualitative data for the elaboration of relevant curricula content, both for in-school and out-of-school population education. The Case Study provided rich material in terms of population concepts, issues and problems, which are being integrated wherever possible into out-of-school educational pro­grammes .

School Gardening and Nutrition Education Centres

14. Ten Nutrition Centres in rural Khartoum, under the School Gardening and Nutrition Education Division of the Ministry of Education, have had assistance in becoming established through the supply of equipment, materials and a land-rover, and the training of personnel.

Training programme

15. The Project has successfully implemented the following:

a) Courses and seminars

i) A first national training course for personnel from various cooperating agencies, in March 1983, at Khartoum, attended by 45 participants;

ii) a second national training course for additional personnel from various cooperating agencies, in May/June 1983, at Khartoum, attended by 58 participants;

iii) a training seminar for regional and provincial directors of literacy and adult education, in October 1983, at Shendi, attended by 27 participants;

iv) a training seminar for regional and provincial directors of agricultural extension, in November 1983, at Shambat, attended by 31 participants;

v) a training seminar for staff of the Social Welfare Depart­ment of the Central Region's Ministry of Health, in July 1984, at Wad Medani, attended by 21 participants;

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vi) a course in population education as a compulsory component of the Rural Extension Programme, for the academic year 1983/84, at Ahfad University College for Women, attended by 106 students;

vii) a six-month course in population education at the School Gardening and Nutrition Education Division of the Ministry of Education in Khartoum, from September 1985 to February 1986, attended by 35 primary and intermediate school-teachers,-

viii) a course in population education as a compulsory component of the Rural Extension Programme, for the academic year 1984/85, at Ahfad University College for Women, attended by 125 students;

a second six-month course in population education at the School Gardening and Nutrition Education Division of the Ministry of Education in Khartoum, from March to August 1986, attended by 34 primary and intermediate school-teachers;

a three-week training course in population education at the School Gardening and Nutrition Education Division of the Ministry of Education in Khartoum, in June 1986, attended by 50 Village Nutrition Guides;

a course in population education as a compulsory component, of the Rural Extension Programme, for the academic year 1985/86, at Ahfad University College for Women, attended by 136 students;

a six-week training course in population education at the School for Environmental Health Overseers, from June to September 1986, attended by 65 students;

xiii) a four-month training course in population education at the Abu. Halima Social Centre, from July to October 1986, attended by 135 participants;

xiv) a course in population education as a compulsory component of the Rural Extension Programme, for the academic year 1986/87, at Ahfad University College for Women, attended by 198 students;

xv) a four-month training course in population education at the Soba Centre for Training Girls, from November 1986 to February 1987, attended by 200 participants; and

xvi) a three-day orientation seminar for top level personnel of various cooperating agencies in the Central Region, from 10-12 August 1986, at Wad Medani, attended by 40 participants.

b) Specialized workshops

i) A training workshop on population education and integrated rural development was carried out in August 1983, at Shendi, attended by 38 participants ,-

ix)

x)

xi)

xii )

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ii) a workshop to develop a master list of population topics, to be included in new basic literacy primers being developed by the National Council for Literacy and Adult Education, was held in November 1983, at Bakht-er-Ruda, attended by 12 participants;

iii) a specialized workshop to define the types, content and scope of audio-visual materials needed in health, nutrition and population education activities was successfully carried out in March 1984, at Khartoum, attended by more than 30 participants. These materials are currently being developed for mass production and distribution;

a training workshop on health, nutrition and out-of-school population education was carried out in May 1984, at Wad Medani, attended by 40 participants;

a workshop to develop the outline of content, for a set of new advanced literacy books being developed by the National Council for Literacy and Adult Education, was held in July 1984, at Shendi, attended by 15 participants;

a training workshop on the role of women in development and family-life/population education was carried out in October 1984, at Khartoum, attended by 33 participants ;

vii) a workshop, where population education was integrated into the outline of the new advanced literacy books, was held in October 1984, at Bakht-er-Ruda, attended by 25 partici­pants ;

viii) a training workshop on population education and family-life education, for staff from the Abu Halima Social Centre and the Soba Centre for the Training of Girls, was carried out in January 1985, at Khartoum, attended by 38 participants;

a training workshop for staff of the Shambat College of Agri­cultural Studies was carried out in May 1985, at Shambat, attended by 31 participants;

a training workshop for staff of the Khartoum Nursing College, the School of Hygiene, the School of Environmental Health Overseers, the Health Education Division of the Ministry of Health, and the Ahfad College for Women was carried out in September 1985, at Khartoum, attended by 33 participants; and

a writing workshop, where population education was integrated into the syllabi of fourteen course subjects, took place at the Shambat Agricultural College from 26-30 October 1986, attended by 14 participants.

Audio-visual materials

16. The audio-visual materials being produced are essentially intended for illi­terate audiences, mostly rural men and women involved in the development programmes

iv)

v)

vi)

ix)

x)

xi)

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of the agencies and institutions involved in the OSPE Project. Even so, the whole process of preparing, revising and producing these materials is currently on-going.

17. Posters form the basis of most of the visual materials produced, as they can be reduced in size for other purposes, can be photographed for making slides and film-strips and for accompanying audio-cassettes.

18. The graphic work is now completed on the production of a picture story book on "The life of Omer", which illustrates the main population-related events of a typical Sudanese man from birth to death. This book was field-tested in July 1985 in Shendi, and again in October 1985 at Soba. As a follow up, it is planned to develop this into a slide/tape series. This form of medium would overcome many of the short-comings associated with simple printed materials.

19. Work is also well advanced on the production of a series of booklets on income-generating activities. The key introductory booklet concerns family-life education centred on the themes of family income, expenses and savings.-The last ten pages of the booklet depict ten different ways in which family income can be supplemented through family members embarking on certain income-generating enterprises, such as raising poultry, making and selling clay water containers, stoves, food, tea, coffee and other beverages, doing washing, ironing clothes, etc. Each of these activities provides the basis for a separate explanatory booklet. The art work on all eleven booklets is complete and ready for printing.

20. Work has also begun on the making of a video film, for use in workshops and training courses, on environmental health problems in the three towns of Omdurman, Khartoum North and Khartoum. Although the programme has been worked out and filming begun, it has temporarily been halted until some technical problems have been resolved.

Instructional materials

21. The main activity under this heading is the production of literacy primers and advanced literacy books, incorporating population education messages, for use by the National Council for Literacy and Adult Education in their new "Arab Strategy" for eradicating illiteracy. The integration of population education messages into the primers was concluded in November 1983. Work on the advanced books was completed at a workshop to ratify the final editions, at Shendi in July 1985.

22. Three of the series of five advanced literacy books have already been received from the printers - Mathematics, Islamic Studies, and Arabic for Women - and are being distributed for future use. The printing of the books on General Knowledge and Arabic for Men is still awaited.

23. Additionally, various other instructional materials have been prepared and distributed in the training courses and workshops mentioned under Paragraph 15. These are listed in Appendix E.

Evaluation

24. In addition to the field testing of audio-visual materials and instructional materials (e.g. literacy books), evaluation is a standard component of the Project's training courses and workshops. This takes three forms:

first, as a means of assessing a change in the understanding and knowledge of population issues and population education, a test paper is completed by the participants at the beginning and then at the end of a training session. The two papers are then compared to measure the progress and knowledge gained;

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secondly, a questionnaire is administered to the participants, both before and after training, in order to assess their changes of attitude towards certain population issues ; and

thirdly, an evaluation schedule is completed by the participants at the end of a training session, when they are asked to comment on matters such as content, the teaching/learning process, course organization and achieve­ment of objectives. These comments are taken into consideration when plan­ning new courses.

Pilot project

25. Several visits have been made to the Central Region during the past three years, and meetings held with key personnel and the regional coordinators of the cooperating agencies, in order to develop a population education programme for the three provinces of the Region. This officially commenced with a two-day seminar for top-level personnel of the Region in July 1986, including a briefing with the Acting Governor.

26. The second phase of the Project (starting in 1987) concerns the further inte­gration of population education into the pre-service and in-service training courses of all those agencies that have field-workers in daily contact with the out-of-school population. This is an enormous task and, initially, would be done on a pilot basis. To this end, the Central Region has been selected as a model for the universalization of population education in all such training courses at a future date.

Women; concerns and interests

27. It is to be noted that several of the major population issues in the Sudan are directly concerned with the well-being of women. These are, for example, high fertility, maternal morbidity and mortality, infant and child mortality and the role of women in development.

28. In cognizance of this situation, the Project attaches paramount importance to the participation of women in its activities in order to achieve the objective of ameliorating these population problems. For this reason, the participation of women is about '80% in all the project activities described above.

Technical cooperation

29. Various forms of technical cooperation with other projects and agencies in the Sudan has been a continuing feature of the Project's activities. In general terms, this means the sharing or exchange of technical resources, skills and capabilities. More specifically, this is exemplified as follows:

SUD/79/P01-P02 - Demographic Analysis of Census: staff from this project are used as resource persons and for presentation of papers in population education training courses. Researchers from the Project are also referred to them.

SUD/79/P04 - Population Studies Centre, University of the Gezira: the Director of the Centre represents the University of the Gezira in the regional Coordinator's team responsible for the pilot project in out-of-school population education in the Central Region. The Centre also puts its valuable manpower skills and technical resources at the disposal of the Project.

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SUD/79/P07 - Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning (MCH/FP): staff from this project are used as resource persons and for presenta­tion of papers in population education training activities. It is envisaged that, in the future, population education will be inte­grated into the training of MCH/FP personnel.

SUD/79/P11 - Population Information Communication Centre: discussions are underway with staff of this project to work out details of future technical cooperation concerning, in particular, the content and communication media of population education messages.

SUD/84/P01 - Workers Education in Population Education: cooperation with this project to date has taken the form of participation in each others training activities. However, in the future it is expected that such cooperation will be quite extensive, following the esta­blishment of the pilot project in the Central Region.

522-SUD-10 - AGFUND* Support of National Literacy and Adult Education Programme: the production of literacy books (as mentioned above) which contain population education concepts, is a joint venture between the two projects.

GCP/SUD/030/FIN - Training of Rural Development Workers: continuing cooperation with this project, which is based at the Shambat Agri­cultural College (an official cooperating agency of the OSPE Project), concerns the integration of population education into the new curri­culum of rural development workers at the College.

GCP/SUD/033/NET - Fuel-wood Development for Energy in the Sudan: this project is in the process of developing audio-visual materials on the effects of the population on the environment and vice versa, with particular reference to desertification and fuel-wood. The popu­lation education adviser and coordinators have been liaising with the FAO personnel in this process.

SUD/85/02A/IDA/EDUC.III - Rehabilitation and Extension of Technical Education and Vocational Training: a part of this project is con­cerned with developing the Integrated Rural Education Centres. Dis­cussions are underway with an ILO1"expert who is responsible for non-formal education and based at Bakht-er-Ruda, regarding the inclusion of population education into the IREC's** community education pro­gramme .

IV. ACHIEVEMENT OF IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES

30. In order to make an assessment of the achievement of the immediate objectives, these will be discussed one-by-one as listed in paragraph 6. They are listed more-or-less in chronological order of implementation of the activity.

* AGFUND: Arab Gulf Trust Fund

** IREC: Integrated Rural Education Centre

+ ILO: International Labour Organization

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a) "To provide short fellowships and study tours abroad for selected out-of-school personnel to observe on-going out-of-school population education projects."

31. In addition to several agency coordinators attending seminars, workshops and training courses in Tunisia, Morocco and Kenya in December 1984, November 1985 and September 1986, respectively (which, strictly speaking, were not fellowships or study tours as they were awarded at the very beginning of the Project's life), the fellowships and study tours undertaken during the Project are described in para­graph 15 and detailed in Appendix C.

32. All fellowships and study tours provided for in the project document were carried out.

b) "To strengthen the capabilities of two School Gardening and Nutri­tion Centres in rural Khartoum."

33. This objective was achieved during the Project's initial phase, when the ten centres were equipped with sewing machines, home science equipment and materials, staff were trained and a land-rover was supplied to the School Gardening and Nutri­tion Education Division of the Ministry of Education in 1982, for their supervision.

c) "To provide an orientation to top-level personnel and decision-makers in government departments and other concerned institutions, of the nature of population education in the Sudan."

34. To a large extent, this object was achieved through the medium of the National Conference on Population, Education and Development, which was held in the presti­gious Friendship Hall in Khartoum in April 1982. This was attended by personnel from the highest echelons of government and other concerned institutions.

35. However, since then there have been two changes of government and much move­ment of personnel at policy-making levels. In order to keep up with these changes, the Project has endeavoured to keep this strata of functionaries informed of popula­tion education in the Sudan by personal briefings and through invitations for their attendance at the opening ceremonies of all project activities.

d) "To set up teams of selected staff members from each of the agencies and institutions involved in the Project."

e) "To enhance the awareness of the national teams of the reciprocal relationships between socio-economic development and demographic trends in the Sudan."

36. Activities to achieve these objectives took place almost simultaneously with the selection of certain staff members from the official cooperating agencies who were made responsible for population education activities in their organizations, and their training in population education in two national training courses in March and May/June 1983, in Khartoum. A total of 103 persons were trained at this time.

37. As the Project progressed and more agencies officially cooperated with the Project, staff from these agencies were given training in subsequent courses and workshops.

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f ) "To provide the national teams with a common core of population concepts for integration into out-of-school educational programmes."

38. This objective was achieved in November 1983, when the International Adviser developed a master list of such population concepts which were then discussed by the agency coordinators and finalized into a common core of messages. These were circulated to all the official cooperating agencies and used in subsequent training courses, seminars and workshops.

g) "To organize training courses and workshops with diversified objec­tives, contents and methods in order to relate population education to specialized fields of action."

39. A total of 16 training courses and seminars have been held and attended by 222 agency personnel and 1,074 trainees of the cooperating agencies. Many of these training courses and workshops were additional to those specified in the official workplan.

40. A total of 11 specialized workshops were carried out, attended by 309 staff from the various institutions. Details of both the training courses and workshops are enumerated under paragraph 15.

h) "To assist in the development of literacy and audio-visual materials for use in out-of-school population education."

41. This objective has only partially been achieved in that some of the literacy and audio-visual materials being produced by the Project have not yet been commer­cially developed and distributed. Details are given in paragraphs 16-23.

i) "To promote the development of decision-making on matters related to population issues that effect the quality of life."

42. The success, or otherwise, of achieving this objective is extremely difficult to measure. However, its attainment is a related by-product of the achievement of objectives a) - g) above.

j ) "To increase public awareness of the population situation in the Sudan, particularly through the mass media."

43. Throughout the past four years a great deal of publicity has been given to the Project's activities through the media of the national television service, local television stations, the national radio network, national newspapers and news publi­cations throughout the Middle East. In addition, one of the Project's official coordi­nators is a staff member of the Ministry of Information and Communications, and he has zealously ensured that the population education programme has been given exten­sive coverage in the mass media.

k) "To involve relevant institutions of higher education in training for out-of-school population education."

44. The achievement rate of this objective is fairly high. From the start of the Project, the Ahfad University College for Women, the Shambat College of Agricul­ture, and the Khartoum Polytechnic have been the "vanguard" for including population education in their training curricula. More recently, two other institutions of higher education - the Higher Nursing College, and the School of Hygiene and Environmental Studies - have embarked upon similar activities.

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V. FINDINGS

45. One of the difficult questions yet to be resolved is whether population edu­cation should be infused or integrated into an existing course, or kept as a separate course, in an institution's training curriculum. In most cases, the method employed has been that of integration, for which the subject of health education lends itself most appropriately. However, infusion into other subject syllabi has been carried out at Shambat Agricultural College, together with a separate population education course for all first year students. The infusion method is also taking place at Ahfad University College, along with the integration of population education into the Rural Extension Programme. In order for institutions to be fully self-reliant in teaching population education, the infusion method would appear the most acceptable, not hav­ing to rely on outside expertize resource persons. On the other hand, population education has more impact if it is integrated into a curriculum or, better still, kept as a separate course where the content is not diluted. These are the methods used with other training courses and the trend is to have concentrated two-or three-week courses, as opposed to integration which continues for many months. The reasons for this have been for administrative and logistical expediency.

46. The experience of the past four years has reinforced the belief that any training in population education should comprise a large amount of inductive learning through the use of practical work. In fact, this has been a "hallmark" of training to date. Perhaps this is one of the salient features of the Project's activities which has made it so popular with all the participants from the different cooperat­ing agencies. Much has been written elsewhere about the innovative characteristics of teaching population education, and the acquired wisdom of this Project serves to confirm this point of view.

47. One certain inadequacy, to which attention must be drawn for the future wel­fare of the Project, has been the absence of the National Coordinator from the day-to-day operations of the Project. Originally it was intended that the National Coordin­ator would be the national counterpart to the International Adviser, who would assume the latter's functions on his departure. However, the National Coordinator has other full-time employment commitments several hours drive from Khartoum and has only inter­mittently participated in the Project's activities. As a result, the National Director has had to assume a dual role, one which, it must be added, he has done with enor­mous diligence and competence. At this point, it should be added that, to a very large degree, the Project's success has been due to the National Director's dynanism and personal commitment.

VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

48. The OSPE Project is the first of its kind to be established in the Sudan. It has been conceived as a multi-sectoral project and presently involves the parti­cipation of various agencies and institutions, the Ministry of Education acting as its focal point. To stop its activities now - destroying structures that have been built up and discouraging efforts that have already been made - would do untold harm.

49. The institutionalization of population education into a country's non-formal education/development programmes is a systematic process and necessarily takes time for it to be done successfully. Once the process is set in motion there is a respon­sibility for it to be followed through to its natural conclusion.

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50. The view is held by everyone involved in the Project that:

the activities to date have been extremely useful and rewarding;

this first phase should be allowed to be completed successfully;

a second phase should follow, without a break from the first; and

population education should thereby be systematically introduced into the pre-service and in-service training curricula of more agencies involved in non-formal education and development programmes in the field.

51. The Government of the Sudan is firmly committed to this task but does not have the resources which are required. It has, therefore, sought extra assistance from UNFPA for this all-important activity to be completed successfully.

52. This was consequent to a second UNFPA Needs Assessment Mission which took place in the Sudan in 1985, to reassess the situation and take account of activities carried out during the previous years. Despite the successful implementation of cer­tain population education activities, it was found, inter alia, that many population problems still exist and that further support should be given to maintain the momentum generated by those activities. As a result, a new project document for a second phase was prepared in August 1986 and submitted to UNFPA for approval.

53. A review of the activities carried out during the first phase of the project, vis-a-vis the objectives, shows that, to one degree or another, the latter have been successfully achieved. However, as the Project's activities became more extensive, and the fact that the National Director holds the same position with the in-school population education aspect, it became apparent that the appointment of a new national coordinator - to be employed full-time on the project - should be a priority. Further­more, another major cause for concern is the phenomenally high rate of emigration of trained personnel from the Sudan, to the neighbouring oil producing countries in particular. The resulting high turnover of trained project coordinators and other staff of the cooperating agencies, who have been trained in population education, creates a problem which can only be solved by conducting more training for those agencies which have non-formal education/development programmes. This is in order to consolidate the objective of creating teams of staff in those agencies who will be self-reliant in planning and implementing out-of-school population education acti­vities.

54. Whilst this has been the major focus of the first phase, and to some extent will be continued in the second phase, the major objective of phase two will be to systematically institutionalize population education into the pre-service and in-service training curricula of those agencies concerned with rural development work, in order that population education messages can be carried by the field-workers to the main target groups who comprise the bulk of the population. This is in order to achieve the long-term development objective of reducing the high rates of mor­bidity, mortality, fertility and migration that affect the health and well-being of Sudanese families and the socio-economic development of the country.

55. The relevance and popularity of population education has led to a demand from institutions of higher education for it to be included in their curricula. Such institutions enrol students who, after graduation, work in key positions to facili­tate the diffusion of population education to the masses. Examples of these are the Higher College of Nursing, the School of Hygiene, and the College of Agricultural Studies. The potential role of these institutions within the overall framework is immense, and due consideration must be given to enable them to participate in the Project's activities.

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56. One such prototype institution which has already proved the point is the Ahfad University College for Women. Although not included in the workplan, a course in population education as a compulsory component of the Rural Extension Programme for all third-year students has been carried out by the Project for the past four academic years. This course is going from strength to strength but now requires offi­cial support for its continuation and expansion before becoming self-reliant.

57. Another major activity is the development of appropriate audio-visual mater­ials for use in population education training and related field-work activities. These materials will need to be tested, revised and produced for universal distribu­tion to the various training institutions. Although a start has been made in the production of these materials, their usefulness cannot be accurately evaluated until they are actually utilized in the institutions concerned and by the out-reach workers in the field.

58. Lastly, there is the subject of the importance of fellowships, study tours and study abroad. There is no doubt that the Project and, in turn, the country, would benefit from selected personnel undergoing specialized short-term study abroad and/or study visits to countries which have established population education projects. The cross-fertilization of ideas and broadening of horizons is always of great value to all concerned.

15

APPENDIX A

Unesco Experts

Country of Field of Duration of Contract Name Origin Specialization From To

Ramos, M. Philippines Out-of-School Popula- 2.10.82 1.10.83 tion Education (Project Adviser)

Davies, C.T. UK Out-of-School Popula- 23.10.83 31.12.86 tion Education (Project Adviser)

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APPENDIX B

Counterpart Staff

Name Position Held Agency

Mubarak Yahia Abbas

Yassin Ahmed A/Wahid

Samira Ali

Hanim Suliman Shorbagi

Hassan Ahmed Ali

Ahmed Sid Ahmed El Hassan-

Bakri Ahmed Babiker

Hamouda Khalifa

Abu Obeida Magzoub

Najwa Mohd. Abdulla

Abdel Aal Ahmed Said

Sittana Hassan Ishag

Sanaa Arbab

Fathia A/Rahim El Amin

Hussein Adam

Mohamed Ahmed Abdel Gadir

Farouk Suliman

.Amna Sadig Badri

Awatif Mustafa

Amna Ahmed Rahma

Said Bashir

Abdel Moneim Ali Atta

Project Director

Project Coordinator

Agency Coordinator

Ministry of Education

Ministry of Health

Department of Social Welfare

Ministry of Agriculture

Ministry of Information and Communication

Ahfad University College

Shambat Agricultural College

School of Environmental Health Overseers

- 17 -

APPENDIX C

Unesco Fellowships

Name Country of Origin

Field of Study

Place of Study

Duration of Contract from to

Yassin Ahmed A/Wahid

Sudan

Osman Mohamed Sudan

Population Education

Population Education

Philippines Indonesia Thailand

Kenya Tanzania

08.01.81 - 08.02.81

06.01.81 - 01.02.81

Mohamed El Tigani

Sudan Population Education

Kenya Tanzania

06.01.81 - 01.02.81

Amna Sadig Badri

Sudan Population Education

USA 10.07.82 - 12.08.82

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APPENDIX D

Major Items of Equipment

2 LWB Land-rovers

10 sets of home science equipment for Nutrition Centres

1 IBM electric typewriter

58 correcting films

18 lift-off tapes

14 sewing machines

stationary

1 Sony high-speed cassette to cassette printer

1 generator set

1 public address system complete with spares

1 35 mm camera plus films

1 cassette tape recorder plus cassettes

1 16 mm cine projector plus spares

1 portable colour video tape recorder plus spares

1 National colour monitor

5 overhead projectors

2 Kodak slide projectors

- 19 -

APPENDIX E

Bibliography of Documents

Title of Report, Paper, etc. Remarks

1. A Conceptual Framework for Out-of-School Population Education

2. Population Policies in the Demo­cratic Republic of the Sudan

3. Population and Quality of Life

4. Curriculum Development for Out-of-School Population Education

5. Development of Integrated Learning Materials for Out-of-School Population Education

6. Training Strategies and Instruc­tional Methodologies for Out-of-School Population Education

7. Teeming Billions

8. Evaluation of Out-of-School Popu­lation Education Programmes

9. Programme Planning and Develop­ment for Out-of-School Population Education

M. Ramos

10. Population Education and Rural Development: the Asian Experience

11. Assignment Report

12. Population Education in Family Sciences Training Programmes for Rural Women: "Family Finance"

13. Population Education and Family Planning

Amna Badri

A Unit prepared by Amna Badri during her fellowship at State University, Florida, August 1982

A paper presented by Amna Badri at a conference held by the Sudanese Volun­tary Fertility Control Association in collaboration with the Regional Arab Voluntary Fertility Control Association

- 20 -

Title of Report, Paper, etc. Remarks

14. A report on the Training Programme for Regional Directors of Adult Education

Yassin Ahmed A/Wahid

15. A report on the Seminar/Workshop on Strengthening Integrated Rural Development through Population Education Programmes

National Staff

16. A report on the Training Programme for Regional Directors of Agricul­tural Extensionists

C T . Davies

17. A report on the First Training Programme

National Staff

A report on the Second Training Programme

19. A Check-list of Population Educa­tion Concepts for OSPE

C.T. Davies

20. A paper on Out-of-School Popula­tion Education: Origin, Concept and Content

21. Preparatory Workshop for Audio­visual Materials in Health and Population Education: Final Report

C T . Davies and National Staff

22. Specialized Training Workshop on Health, Nutrition and Population Education: Final Report

M II

23. A report on the Training Course in Population Education at the Ahfad University College for Women, 1983-1984 (Arabic)

National Staff

24. Audio-visual Materials for Out-of School Population Education

C.T. Davies

25. A background paper for Out-of-School Population Education in the Sudan: the Macro and the Micro

26. Out-of-School Population Educa­tion Project: Orientation Paper

ii II

27. Health, Nutrition and Population Education

•i H

- 21 -

Title of Report, Paper, etc.

28. Conceptual Framework for Out-School Population Education

29. Population and Development and the Role of Population Education in the Development Process in the Suda

30. Report for UNFPA Needs Assessment Mission to the Sudan, March 1985

31. Specialized Training Workshop on the Role of Women in Development and Family-life/Population Educa­tion: Final Report

32. Specialized Training Workshop on Population/Family-life Education for Abu Halima Social Centre and Soba Centre for Training Girls: Final Report

33. Specialized Training Workshop on Population/Family-life Education and Agricultural Training: Final Report

34. Population Education Programme at Ahfad University College for Women: First Semester 1984-1985

35. Conceptual Framework for Out-of-School Population Education

36. Historical Overview and Present Status of Women in the Sudan

37. Past, Present and Future Roles of Women in Development in the Sudan

38. Review of Non-formal Education and Development Programmes for Women and Girls in the Sudan

39. SGNED Training Curriculum

40. Agriculture and Population Education

41. Islam and Population Education

Remarks

C.T. Davies

ti il

C.T . Davies and National Staff

ti il it ii

it tt il il

C.T. Davies and Mubarak Yahia Abbas

Prepared by Ahfad's Rural Extension Programme Coordinator

Mohamed Muzzamil Bashir

Afaf Rehiman

Zeinab Bashir El Bakri, El Wathig (Dr) and A. Kamir

Awatif Mustafa

Tahra Mubarak

Mohamed Mirghani Abdel Salam

Sheikh/Abdel Gadir Sheikh Idris

- 22 -

Title of Report, Paper, etc.

42. Population, Nutrition and Food

43. Family Health and Hygiene

44. Adult Education for Women in the Sudan

45. Soba Centre Training Curriculum

46. Abu Halima Centre Training Curriculum

47. Plans for Strengthening Curriculum and Syllabi of the Diploma in General Agriculture

48. A report on the Specialized Training Workshop on Population and Family-life Education for Staff of selected Health Education Institutions

49. The Status of Health in the Sudan: a Case for Population Education

50. The Khartoum Nursing College

51. The School of Hygiene

52. The Present Situation of Health Education in the Sudan

53. New Trends of Training for Environ­mental Health Overseers in the Sudan

54. Theory and Practice of Rural Health Services in the Sudan: Personnel, Activities and Coordination

55. Development and Production of Health Learning Materials

56. Family Health and Hygiene

57. Out-of-School Population Education Project (for Transitional Military Council)

58. Document to Request Extension of Out-of-School Population Education Project (SUC/79/P10)

Remarks

Suzan Wesley

Sittana Hassan

Hanim Suliman and Haram El Suni

Said A. Bashir

Mohaylam Suleiman

Daw El Beit Abdalla

C.T. Davies, Mubarak Yahia Abbas and Coordinators

Eisa Abu Bakr and Haider Abu Ahmed Mohamed

Fawzia Mohamed Abdel Halim and Awatif Ahmed Osman

Bashir Mohamed Hassan

Abu Obeida Magzoub

Mohamed El Hassan Saleh

Magda Mohamed Ahmed Ali

Abdel Rahman Abdel Salaam

Sittana Hassan Ishag

C.T. Davies and Mubarak Yahia Abbas

H II II II II

- 23 -

Title of Report, Paper, etc. Remarks

59. Training in Out-of-School Popula- C T . Davies tion Education: Trends and Future Directions

60. Agriculture and Population Educa- " " tion: Guidelines for Writing the Paper

61. Coordination among Population Mubarak Yahia Abbas Education Oriented Projects: it's Impact on Fulfilment of the Objec­tives of these Projects

62. Population Education in the Sudan: C.T. Davies School of Hygiene

63. Methodology of Visual Aids Produc- " " tion

64. Steps in Making Visual Aids: an " " Aide Memoire