our ecological footprint - 12 1. 12. icompost: meals, peels, and fields campus compost forum come...
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OUR Ecological Footprint - 121.
12
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iCompost: Meals, Peels, and Fields
Campus Compost ForumCampus Compost Forum
Come enjoy locally produced food and discuss issues surrounding our food sustainable campus.
Wednesday, November 19, 7:00 PMWednesday, November 19, 7:00 PMYMCA building, Latzer Hall (main level)YMCA building, Latzer Hall (main level)
Sponsored by Students for Environmental Concerns
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Objectives• I. Human Use of Sun’s Energy for Fuel• Relevant Ecological Concepts• Past formation of Fossil Fuels• Present-day Use of Non-renewable Fossil • Fuels• Present-day Need for Renewable Fuels• II. Human Use of Sun’s Energy for Food • Relevant Ecological Concepts• Challenges + Approaches to Feed 7-10 billion• Consequences of Moving Down Food Chain• Comparison of Diets across Earth
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I. Human Use of Energy for Fuel:relevant ecolgoical concepts:
• Sun: origin of (almost) all energy that humans use• Ecosystem = energy-transforming machine• Photosynthesis: sun energy transferred to chemical bond energy• Respiration: release (and transfer) of chemical bond energy; generation of heat• Aerobic• Anaerobic: less release as heat• Incomplete decomposition: accumulate biomass
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PAST SCENARIO: Accumulation of chemical bond energy from past photosynthesis
• A. Production > Decomposition• B. Death, then into decomposer food web• C. Bury by sediments; anaerobic --> deconposition slowed and incomplete• D. Organic matter (biomass) transformed to fossil fuels
Chemical Fossil Fuels from Geologic Composting!
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Physical Transformation of Organic Matter
• When? Carboniferous - 3-400,000,000 yrs ago• Where?• Ocean:• Algae (diatoms)• Sedimentation• Pressure/heat• (Crude) oil + natural gas
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Where? Land
• Woody plants in swamps• Biogas via anaerobic respiration by bacteria• Incomplete decomposition; much energy remains• Peat (a fuel)• Sedimentation; weight squeezed out water• Pressure + heat transformed• wood fragments --> thermogenic natural gas• leaves + wood --> oil + coal• If anaerobic -- S in coal• Trapped by overlying sediments• Retrieval by drilling/strip mining
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coal
Major coal deposits in USA -
red = high in S
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Chemical transformation of organicmatter
• Lipids, proteins, carbos, lignin, cellulose• Kerogens (complex heavy hydrocarbons)• Heat -->• Lighter hydrocarbons by breaking bonds of
kerogens
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PRESENT: break fossilized chemical bonds • Uses:• Drive ‘machines’• Heat• Electricity• Which fuels used for which use?• Relation of oil to gasoline• Relation to electricity• Sources• Relative cleanliness
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What’s in a barrel of oil?
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How is electricity made and used?
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Speed of Depletion of Non-renewable Energy Sources
• How old are the sources?
• When were they discovered + put to use?
• What % have we used?
• What is projected time of depletion?
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• "There are currently 98 oil producing countries in the world, of which 64 are thought to have passed their geologically-imposed production peak, and of those 60 are in terminal production decline."
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Renewable alternative fuels - relate to sun’s energy
•Solar•Wind•Biofuels (see PPT on 203 website)• Seed (e.g. corn) -> ethanol• Vegetable oil (from seed) -> biodiesel• Crop residues (e.g corn stalks) +• Non-crop cellulose
(e.g. switch grass + Miscanthus) -> ethanol
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EBI: Energy Biosciences Institute UI + U Cal-Berkeley
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Humans + Food Energy - Relates to:
• A. Population size +
“ need (‘demand’ for animal food• B. Primary and secondary productivity• C. Trophic level of consumption• D. Ecological efficiency• E. Land use + landscape/conservation ecology
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Global variation in estimated NPP - Humans consume 40% of global NPP!!
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What was the ‘Green Revolution’?
• A. Begun in 1945 to improve wheat production • in Mexico• B. Spread to all major continents• C. Used genetics and new technologies• D. Removed 2 major limiting factors:• Water + Nutrients• E. Funded by Rockefellow + Ford Foundations
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Challenges for future:• Less water for irrigation• Increasing temperatures -> drought• Loss of land to non-farm uses• Increased fuel costs• Increased fertilizer costs• Fewer new technologies on horizon
• Plan B Lester D. Brown Earth Policy Institutue
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How to feed 7-10 billion well!1. Improve land (plant) productivity
• A. Increase multi-cropping• B. Improve water-use efficiency +
plant less water-demanding crops• C. Move down food chain - less water to
produce animal feed• D. Raise cost of water• E. Put local people in charge to manage resources
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2. Produce animal protein more efficiently.
• A. 38% of grain used as animal feed in world• B. variation in efficiency in convert grain to protein
beef = low aquaculture herb. fish = high• C. variation among countries in type of meat eaten
China = # 1 = pork; 2nd in world = chickens;
fish on rise, too• D. most soybeans used as grain for animal food;
has improved efficiency greatly
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3.New animal protein production systems
• A. Milk in India: feed animals with roughage• B. Use crop residues (straw/corn stalk) for cows• C. China aquaculture: 4 fish at different trophic
levels
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Why does human population size depend on our trophic level?
Figure 2
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4. Move down food chain
• A. How many people can earth support - depends at our trophic level Country kg grain/person /yr billions supported• USA • Italy • India (almost all to humans)
• B. Of our 800 kg grain, • ? eaten as grain; ? to feed animals• C. Complete table below:
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Cultural Evolution of Diet
• A. Diets include carbos + protein• B. Must have amino acid complementarity -> can get all required AAs from plants• e.g. L.A.: Beans + rice (corn)• Asia: Soybeans + rice• Middle East: Chickpeas + wheat/millet What do all three have in common to get a lot of N?
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Government Policies Under Debate
• A. Plant corn for food or fuel?
• B. Farm bill with farm subsidies
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The Hungry Planet Peter Menzel
• Item Range • $ spent on food• Calories in diet• Sugar used• Obsesity level• Meat consumption
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•Calculate your daily required calories• A. Height (in)• B. Activity level• C. BMI (body mass index) 18.5 (small boned) 24.99 (large boned) 25-29.99 = overweight >30 = obese (60% of US = overweight or obese)• D. Weight (lb)• E. Calories if 30 yr (add 7 female or 10 male for each year below 30)• F. Calories for my age __________