osteomalacia developing during treatment of osteoporosis

3
9 10 BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL VOLUME 281 4 OCTOBER 1980 (95-6 mg/100 ml)) a n d creatinine (170 1tmol/l ( 1 9 mg/100 ml)) concentrations, b u t electrolyte, liver function, a nd haematological values were normal. An excretory pyclogram performed i n Ma y 1980 showed no abnormalities. T wo mid-stream specimens o f (MSU) showed gross pyuria ( u p to 3 0 x 109/1 white blood cells) b ut n o significant bacterial growth aerobically. T h e result o f culture f o r Mycobacterium tuberculosis w a s negative. Subsequent MSUs were cultured both anaerobically a n d aerobically using a dilution technique,3 a n d t h e findings ar e shown in t h e table. A microaerophilic species, Streptococcus milleri (107/ml), and four species o f strict anaerobes were present in t w o successive specimens, with gross pyuria, b t f e w aerobic organisms were isolated ( < 103/ml). Days 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 14 0 160 180 2 0 0 22 0 2 4 0 26 0 2 8 0 S t r mierm + +_ + _ + + _ - a ' StrictO7nmny . anaerobic 4 4 ptococc 3 bactero'ides * 0 growth s p - - SPePtoacSPP~ spplO9/ml Aerobic growth . - Ni t rofurantoin Treatment - -' Cephradine Amoxycillin Patient away Amoxycillin Sulphadiazine 10 0 1 0 . WBCx1O9/t 1. 0 T 1 i 0 . 2 t t i Serial results o f MSU culture a n d white cell counts a n d treatment given. Three separate courses o f antibiotic treatment, first with cephradine ( 1 g 12-hourly) then twice with amoxycillin (500 mg 8-hourly), a l l produced a similar clinical response: the bacteriuria w a s initially eradicated a n d pyuria greatly reduced, b u t relapse occurred each time, S t r milleri returning in large numbers (>107/ml). Peptococcus sp w a s also present (101/ml) o n o n e occasion. Bacteriological relapse w a s associated with a n increase i n white cell excretion. Eventually Str milleri disappeared spontaneously, b ut an aerobic streptococcus (106/ml) wa s then found. Combined treatment with nitro- furantoin ( 5 0 m g 12-hourly) a n d sulphadiazine (150 m g 12-hourly) cleared t h e streptococci, b u t the urine then contained large numbers o f anaerobic species (predominantly Bacteroides spp, 109/ml). T h e patient remained symptom-free a t a l l times. I n view o f t he recurrent nature o f relapses a n d reinfections, a n d t h e fact that t h e patient w a s well, no further antibiotic treatment w a s given, a n d t h e infection cleared spontaneously. Four months later S t r milleri (106/ml) wa s again found;phenoxymethylpenicillin (250 mg 8-hourly)cleared this infection, a n d since March 1980 t he urine h as remained free of anaerobes an d microaerophilic bacteria. Comment Anaerobes a n d microaerophilic bacteria ma y b e isolated i n large numbers ( : 105/ml) i n mid-stream urine specimens from patients without signs o f infection' and from normal subjects (unpublished work). Nevertheless, we a r e convinced, after repeated cultures a nd temporary eradication o f bacteriuria together with concomitant reductions of pyuria after treatment, that genuine infective processes were occurring i n this patient. Ou r findings lend weight t o t h e theory that growth conditions f o r strict anaerobes a n d microaerophilic organisms ar e favourable i n t h e urinary tract4 a n d that such species c a n cause true infections. I n this case S t r milleri w a s usually t h e predominant species, often accompanied by several species strict anaerobes in large numbers ( -10)/ml) always including B melaninogenicus. Metronidazole was n o t given because i t i s inactive against S t r milleri. Ou r findings highlight t h e difficulty o f treating infections o f this nature, which c a n b e associated with- urological abnormalities. Thus when persistent "sterile pyuria" i s reported t h e clinician should look fo r microaerophilic a n d anaerobic bacteria a s well a s excluding infection b y M tuberculosis. I n this patient t h e use of appropriate culture techniques enabled us t o diagnose th e microaerophilic a n d anaerobic infection a n d eventually t o eradicate i t. Maskell , Pead L , Allen J . T h e puzzle of "urethral syndrome": a possible answer? Lancet 1979;i:1058-9. 2 Meijer-Severs G J , Aarnoudse J G , Mensink WFA, Dankert K . T h e presence o f antibody-coated anaerobic bacteria i n asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy. J Infect D i s 1979;140:653-8. 3 Gargan R A, Brumfitt W , Hamilton-Miller JMT. Do anaerobes cause urinary infection ? Lancet 1980;i:37. 4 Dankert J , Mensink WFA, Aarnoudse J G , Meijer-Severs GJ, Huisjes H J . T h e prevalence o f anaerobic bacteria i n suprapubic bladder aspirates obtained from pregnant women. Zentralbl Bakteriol (Orig A ) 1979;244: 260-7. 5 Finegold S M, Miller LG , Merrill S L, Posnick DJ. Significance o f anaerobic a n d capnophilic bacteria isolated from t h e urinary tract. I n : Kass EH , e d . Progress i n pyelonephritis. Philadelphia: F A Davis, 1965: 159-78. (Accepted 22 July 1980) Urinary Infection Clinic and Department o f Medical Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 W BRUMFITT, M D , FRCP, professor o f medical microbiology R A GARGAN, FIMLS, senior research assistant J M T HAMILTON-MILLER, MRCPATH, senior lecturer in medical micro- biology Osteomalacia developing during treatment o f osteoporosis with sodium fluoride an d vitamin D Combined treatment with sodium fluoride, calcium, an d vitamin D i s claimed t o b e beneficial in some patients with osteoporosis.' 2 Fluoride alone leads t o accumulation o f unmineralised bone, producing t h e histological picture o f osteomalacia. Th e addition o f calcium o r vitamin D, o r both, i s believed t o prevent this complication.' 2 We report a case where osteomalacia developed during sodium fluoride treatment despite large doses of vitamin D a n d associated high plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations. Case report A 61-year-old woman presented i n 1978 with a 15-year history o f lower back pain which h a d rapidly increased over t he previous nine months. Plasma concentrations were: calcium 2-50 mmol/l ( 1 0 mg/100 ml), phosphate 1 - 1 mmol/l ( 3 4 mg/l00 ml), a n d plasma alkaline phosphatase 9 KA U/100 ml . Radiographs showed severe osteoporosis with vertebral compression fractures o f T 7 , 8 , a n d 11 nd L 1 , 3 , a n d 5 . Iliac bone tissue w a s normal on biopsy (table). Sodium fluoride 50 mg daily, vitamin D, 5 0 0 0 0 U weekly, Quantitative bone histology before a n d after sodium fluoride an d vitamin D treatment. h e mineralisation rate was n o t measured i n t h e first biopsy Before After treatment treatment Normal (May (Mar ch (me an ± S D) 1978) 1980) Cancellous bone volume ( ° total cancellous area) 2 1 5 25 6 237 ±4 9 Osteoid volume ( total cancellous volume) 3 9 1 8 5 3 9±19 Total resorption surface ( U O total cancellous surface). 7 3 77 7 30±12 Calcification fronts ( " total osteoid surface) 60-0 33-3 76 4 ±7-8 Mineralisation rate (,uday) <0-1 0-64±0-06 a nd calcium gluconate 6 0 0 mg twice daily were given b y mouth. Calcium supplements were discontinued after tw o months because t h e patient wa s unable t o tolerate them. Dietary calcium intake was assessed at 8 5 1 mg/day. Renal function was normal. T he plasma 25-OHD concentration was measured by competitive protein-binding assay4 an d plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (l,25-(OH)2D3) b y radioimmunoassay.5 Undecalcified sections (8 tm) o f transiliac bone tissue were quantitatively assessed. Control v al ue s were obtained from s i x healthy women aged 51-69 years (mean 58). T h e mineral- isation rate was measured b y double labelling with demethylchlortetra- cycline. During treatment bone pain increased a n d three further vertebral com- pression fractures occurred. Plasma calcium, phosphate, a n d alkaline phosphatase concentrations remained normal throughout treatment an d in March 1980 were 2 4 9 mmol/l ( 1 0 mg/100 ml), 0 9 mmol/l (2-86 mg/l00 ml), a n d 1 1 KA U/100 ml respectively. A t this time t h e plasma 25-OHD concen- tration was 1 2 5 nmol/l ( 50 ng/ml) a n d t h e plasma 1,25-(OH)2D3 was 1 9 pg/ml. Bone biopsy i n March 1980 showed moderately severe osteomalacia an d secondary hyperparathyroidism. Most o f t he boneand osteoid showed a normal lamellar pattern under polarised light.

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Page 1: Osteomalacia Developing During Treatment of Osteoporosis

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MEDICAL JOURNAL VOLUME 2 81 4 OCTOBER 1980 9 1 1

i n o s t e o i d v o l u m e w i t h s o d i u m f l u o r i d e , c a l c i u m , a n dD t r e a t m e n t a r e w e l l d o c u m e n t e d . S m a l l d e c r e a s e s i n

r a t e h a v e a l s o b e e n r e p o r t e d . 2 B u t o s t e o m a l a c i a i n t h e

o f h i g h p l a s m a 2 5 -OHD c o n c e n t r a t i o n s h a s n o t b e e n d e s c r i b e d

p a t i e n t s t r e a t e d w i t h t h i s r e g i m e n . The p l a s m a 1 , 2 5 - ( O H ) 2 D 3i n o u r p a t i e n t w a s j u s t b e l o w t h e l o w e r l i m i t o f n o r m a l ,

t h e t o t a l p l a s m a 1 , 2 5 - ( O H ) 2 D ( 1 , 2 5 - ( O H ) 2 D 2 - + 1 , 2 5 - ( O H ) 2 D 3 )was p r o b a b l y n o r m a l s i n c e s h e w a s t a k i n g v i t a m i n D2

t h e r a d i o i m m u n o a s s a y d i d n o t m e a s u r e p l a s m a 1 , 2 5 - ( O H ) 2 D 2 .

he m e c h a n i s m s b y w h i c h f l u o r i d e may p r o d u c e o s t e o m a l a c i ah i g h p l a s m a 2 5 -OHD c o n c e n t r a t i on s r e qu i r e f u r t h e r i n v e s t i -o n . P o s s i b i l i t i e s i n c l ud e f l u o r i d e - i n d uc e d e n d - o r g a n r e s i s t a n c e

b o n e t o a c t i v e v i t a m i n D m et a b o l i t e s o r a n e f f e c t o f f l u o r i d e o n

o f b o n e m i n e r a l i s a t i o n t h a t a r e u n a f f e c t e d b y v i t a m i n D

A l t e r n a t i v e l y , f l u o r i d e m i g h t a f f e c t t h e m e t a b o l i s m o f

t o o t h e r m e t a b o l i t e s . A l t h o u g h l a c k o f c a l c i u m s u p p l e m e n t s

p r o b a b l y u n i m p o r t a n t i n o u r p a t i e n t , s i n c e t h e p l a s m a c a l c i u m

r e m a i n e d a b o v e 2 4 0 m m o l , l t h r o u g h o u t t r e a t m e n t a n dc a l c i u m i n t a k e w a s a d e q u a t e , we c a n n o t e x c l u d e i t a s a f a c t o r

h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f o s t e o m a l a c i a . Our r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t v i t a m i n

n d o s e s t h a t p r o d u c e h i g h p l a s m a 2 5 -OHD c o n c e n t r a t i o n s d o e s n o t

c t a g a in s t f l u o r i d e - i n d u c e d m i n e r a l i s a t i o n d e f e c t s a n d t h a t

t r e a t e d w i t h t h i s r e g i m e n r e q u i r e c a r e f u l s u p e r v i s i o n . T r a n s -

b i o p s y p r o v i d e s a s e n s i t i v e method f o r d i a g n o s i n g g e n e r a l i s e d

d i s e a s e s u c h a s o s t e o m a l a c i a a n d may b e n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e c t i t sw h e n , a s i n o u r p a t i e n t , p l a s m a b i o c h e m i c a l c h a n g e s a r e

d i a g n o s t i c .

t h a n k J S a i n s b u r y L t d a n d t h e S p e c i a l T r u s t e e s , S t T h o m a s ' s H o s p i t a l ,

g e n e r o u s f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t , a n d Dr T L C l e m e n s , t h e M i d d l e s e x H o s p i t a l ,

WI , f o r 1 , 2 5 - ( O H ) 2 D 3 a s s a y s .

J , R i g g s B L , K e l l y P J , H o f f m a n DL. E f f e c t o f c o m b i n e d t h e r a p yw i t h s o d i u m f l u o r i d e , v i t a m i n D a n d c a l c i u m i n o s t e o p o r o s i s . AmJ Me d1 9 7 2 ; 5 3 : 4 3 - 9 .

P J , B r e s s o t C , V i g n o n E , e t a l . R a d i o l o g i c a l a n d h i s t o l o g i c a le v o l u t i o n o f p o s t - m e n o p a u s a l o s t e o p o r o s i s t r e a t e d w i t h s o d i u m f l u o r i d e ,v i t a m i n D , a n d c a l c i u m . P r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s . I n : C o u r v o i s i e r B , D o n a t hA , Baud CA, e d s . F l u o r i d e a n d b o n e . B e r n e : Hans H u b e r , 1 9 7 8 : 2 6 3 - 7 6 .

R M, C r o f t J D , P e r k i n s P , Nye W, W a t e r h o u s e C , T e r r y R . Ne wb o n e f o r m a t i o n i n o s t e o p o r o s i s f o l l o w i n g t r e a t m e n t w i t h s o d i u m f l u o r i d e .A r c h I n t e r n Me d 1 9 6 6 ; 1 1 8 : 1 1 1 - 6 .

S , Charman M, Lawson DEM, K o d i c e k E . C o m p e t i t i v e p r o t e i n -

b i n d i n g a s s a y f o r 2 5 - h y d r o x y c h o l e c a l c i f e r o l . C l i n S c i Mol Me d 1 9 7 4 ; 4 6 :

2 3 1 - 4 0 .TL, H e n d y GN, Graham R F , B a g g i o l i n i EG, U s k o k o v i c MR ,O ' R i o r d a n JLH. A r a d i o i m m u n o a s s a y f o r 1 , 2 5 - d i h y d r o x y c h o l e c a l c i f e r o l .C l i n S c i Mol Me d 1 9 7 8 ; 5 4 : 3 2 4 - 3 2 .

5 A u g u s t 1 9 8 0 )

G a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l R e s e a r c h U n i t , Rayne I n s t i t u t e , and t h eo f S u r g i c a l P a t h o l o g y , S t Thomas's H o s p i t a l , London

E1 7EH

E COMPSTON, M D , M R C P , s e n i o r r e s e a r c h r e g i s t r a rB S C , r e s e a r c h a s s i s t a n t

MERRE TT, r e s e a r c h a s s i s t a n t

s t u d y o f e f f e c t o fo n t h y r o i d f u n c t i o n

o b s e r v a t i o n o f a v e r y l o w s e r u m t h y r o x i n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n ae u t h y r o i d p a t i e n t r e c e i v i ng f e n c l o f e na c s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h i s

a c i d g r o u p a nt i - i nf l a m ma t o r y a ge n t may d i s p l a c e

f r o m i t s b i n d i n g s i t e s . To t e s t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s a g r o u p o f

a b o u t t o b e g i v e n f e n c l o f e n a c f o r r h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s w e r e

methods, and r e s u l t s

s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n f r o m s e v e n e u t h y r o i d f e ma l e p a t i e n t s b e f o r e

t r e a t m e n t ( d a y 1 ) a n d a t m i d d a y o n d a y s 2 , 4 , 7 , a n d 1 4 . E a c h

s a m p l e w a s a n a l y s e d f o r t o t a l serum t h y r o x i n e ( T 4 ) a n d t r i i o d o t h y r o n i n e ( T 3 )

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s b y r a d i o i m m u n o a s s a y a n d f o r f r e e s e r u m T 4 a n d T3 c o n -

c e n t r a t i o n s b y a n e q u i l i b r i u m d i a l y s i s m e t h o d . ' A t h y r o i d hormone b i n d i n g

t e s t ( T h y o p a c 3 ) w a s a l s o d o n e a n d a d e r i v e d f r e e t h y r o x i n e i n d e x c a l c u l a t e d .A t m i d d a y o n d a y s 1 , 2 , a n d 1 4 2 0 0 - j u g t h y r o t r o p h i n r e l e a s i n g h o r m o n e

(TRH) t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d . F e n c l o f e n a c 6 0 0 mg w a s t a k e n a t 6 pm o n

d a y 1 a n d a t 8 am a n d 6 pm t h e r e a f t e r . T h e r e h a d b e e n n o c h a n g e i n d r u g

t r e a t m e n t i m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e t h e s t u d y a n d no o t h e r d r u g s known t oi n t e r f e r e w i t h t h y r o i d f u n c t i o n t e s t s w e r e b e i n g g i v e n d u r i n g t h e s t u d y .

T he mean t o t a l T4 c o n c e n t r a t i o n f e l l r a p i d l y t o 2 4 n mo l / l ( 1 8 6 j u g / 1 0 0 m l )

a n d t h e t o t a l s e r u m T3 c o n c e n t r a t i o n f e l l s i m i l a r l y b u t t o o n l y a b o u t h a l f

o f t h e i n i t i a l v a l u e ( f i g u r e ) . The T h y o p a c 3 t e s t r e s u l t s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e

1 00 -

8 0 _S e r u m

6

t h y r o x i n e 6 0

n m o l / I 4 0

2 0

S e r u m 1 . 5t r i i o d o -t h y r o n i n e 1 . 0n m o l / I

0 . 5 _

B i n d i n g 11 0 _

c a p a c i t y 90-

7 0 -

1 0 0 _F r e e

8

t h y r o x i n e 8 0i n d e x 6 0

4 0

25 -

S e r u m 2 0f r e e

h o r m o n e s 15

p m f o l / l 1 0 _1 0

F r e e T 4F r e e T 3

1 6

2 0 m i n u t e 12

T R H t e s tm U / I 8

1 2 4 7 14

D a y s

Mean (+ SEM) c h a n g e i n t h y r o i d f u n c t i o n

t e s t s a f t e r t h e s t a r t o f f e nc l o fe n ac t r e a t me n ti n s e v e n women w i t h r h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s .

C o n v e r s i o n 8 S I t o t r a d i t i o n a l u n i t s -

T h y r o x i n e : 1 n m o l / l l 0 - 0 7 8 t c g / 1 0 0 m l .

T r i i o d o t h y r o n i n e : 1 n m o l / l - 6 5 - 1 n g /

1 00 m l.

number o f f r e e o r u n o c c u p i e d b i n d i n g s i t e s d e c r e a s e d o v e r t h e f i r s t t h r e ed a y s a n d t h e n s t a b i l i s e d . The f r e e t h y r o x i n e i n d e x f e l l i n p a r a l l e l w i t h t h e

t o t a l T 4 . The f r e e serum T 4 c o n c e n t r a t i o n d i d n o t c h a n g e s i g n i f i c a n t l yu n t i l a f t e r t h e f o u r t h d a y , when i t f e l l s h a r p l y , a n d t h e mean v a l u e a t d a y 1 4

w a s j u s t b e l o w t h e n o r m a l r a n g e ( 1 1 - 6 - 3 3 - 5 p m o l / l ( 0 - 9 0 - 2 - 6 0 n g / 1 0 0 m l ) ) .The f r e e serum T 3 c o n c e n t r a t i o n f e l l f r o m 5 - 5 t o 4 0 p m o l / l ( 3 5 0 - 2 6 0p g / 1 0 0 m l ) (p=0 0 5 ) b u t r e m a i n e d w i t h i n t h e n o r m a l r a n g e o f 3 7 - 7 - 0

p m o l / l ( 0 2 4 - 0 - 4 6 p g / 1 0 0 m l ) . The t h y r o t r o p h i n r e s p o n s e t o TRH was

b l u n t e d 1 8 h o u r s a f t e r t h e s t a r t o f t r e a t m e n t ( p = 0 0 0 5 ) a n d was s t i l l

d e p r e s s e d on d a y 1 4 ( p = 0 0 1 ) .

Comment

T h i s s t u d y s h o w s t h a t f e n c l o f e n a c r a p i d l y d e p r e s s e s t h e t o t a l

s e r u m T 4 c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d , t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t , t o t a l serum T 3 . The

m a g n i t u d e o f t h e f a l l i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t s e e n d u r i n g p h e n y t o i n t r e a t -m e n t . 2 The r e s u l t o f t h e t h y r o i d hormone b i n d i n g t e s t s u g g e s t s t h a t

t h i s e f f e c t i s c a u s e d b y t h e d r u g c o m p e t i n g f o r b i n d i n g s i t e s . The

t o t a l s e r u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h y r o x i n e - b i n d i n g g l o b u l i n a n d

t h y r o x i n e - b i n d i n g p r e a l b u m i n w e r e n o t m e a s u r e d , b u t t h e r a t e o f f a l l

i n t o t a l s e r u m T 4 c o n c e n t r a t i o n m a k e s i t u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e s e w e r e

a f f e c t e d . The l o w s e r u m T 4 a n d T 3 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a n d a l o w n o r m a l

f r e e s e r u m T4 c o n c e n t r a t i o n d u r i n g l o n g- t e r m f e n c l o f e n a c t r e a t m e n t

h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d . 3The r a p i d f a l l i n t o t a l t h y r o i d h o r m o n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a n d t h e

b l u n t e d TRH r e s p o n s e m i g h t h a v e b e e n e x p e c t e d t o b e a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h a r i s e i n f r e e T 4 a n d T 3 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . B u t t h e r e w a s a f a l l i nf r e e h o r m o n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . C o n c e i v a b l y a s h o r t - l i v e d p e a k o f f r e e